Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Mexico City Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México),[1] constituted by the Federal District—itself comprised of 16 boroughs—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. A conurbation is an Urban area or Agglomeration comprising a number of Cities, large Towns and larger urban areas that through Population Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Mexico City —politically and administratively constituted as the Federal District—is divided into sixteen boroughs ( Spanish: delegaciones) for administrative Municipalities ( municipios in Spanish) are the second-level administrative division in Mexico (where the first-level administrative division is the Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the For normative purposes, however, Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México) an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. In the study of human settlements an agglomeration is an extended City or Town area comprising the built-up area of a central place ( usually a Municipality In 2005, Greater Mexico City had a population of 19. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 23 million. [2]
Since the 1940s there have been different proposals to establish the limits of the growing conurbation of Mexico City, and different definitions were used unofficially as the city continued to grow. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Federal Government (represented by the Department of Social Development) the Federal District, and the State of Mexico agreed on an official definition of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, and the Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area on December 22, 2005. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [3] Per the agreement, most urban planning projects will be administered by Metropolitan Commissions.
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Components of the agglomeration
Mexico City Metropolitan Area
The Mexico City Metropolitan Area is defined to be integrated by:
- The 16 boroughs (delegaciones) of the Federal District (Mexico City proper)
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- The 40 conurbation municipalities of the State of Mexico
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- One conurbation municipality of the State of Hidalgo
- Tizayuca
Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico
The definition of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area is positive, in that all municipalities form a single conurbation. Azcapotzalco (Āzcapotzalco|aːskapo'ʦaɬko From Nahuatl Azcalli=ant Potzulli=ant hill co= place Lteraly "In the place of the ant hills" is one of the Álvaro Obregón is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Benito Juárez is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Coyoacán is one of the 16 Delegaciones ' (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Cuajimalpa de Morelos (more commonly known simply as Cuajimalpa is one of the 16 boroughs of Mexico City, and the name of a neighboring municipality within the Cuauhtémoc is one of the 16 delegaciones ( boroughs) of the Mexican Federal District. Gustavo A Madero is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Iztacalco is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Iztapalapa is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Magdalena Contreras is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Miguel Hidalgo is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Milpa Alta is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Tláhuac is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Tlalpan is the largest of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District ( Mexico City) is divided Venustiano Carranza is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided Xochimilco is one of the sixteen ''delegaciones'' or boroughs within Mexican Federal District. Acolman de Nezahualtcóyotl is a municipality on the outskirts of Mexico City in México State approximately 24 miles (38 kilometres northeast of the city San Salvador Atenco is the Municipal seat of Atenco, in the Mexican state of Mexico. Ciudad López Mateos is a city in the State of México, México and the seat of the municipality called Atizapán de Zaragoza. Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias is a city that is municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of Chalco. Chicoloapan de Juárez is the municipal seat and largest city in the municipality of Chicoloapan in the state of México, Mexico. Chiconcuac de Juárez, typically referred to simply as Chiconcuac is a town and municipio ( municipality) in the State of Mexico, approximately Chimalhuacán ( Nahuatl for "place of those who have shields" is a city and municipality located in the eastern part of Mexico State, Cuautitlán is a city and municipality in the State of Mexico, just north of the northern tip of the Federal District (Distrito Federal within the Greater Mexico Cuautitlán Izcalli (pronounced kwa-ooh-tit-LAN iss-CAL-ee is a city and Municipality in Mexico State, Mexico. San Cristóbal Ecatepec de Morelos is a city in the State of México and the seat of the municipality of Ecatepec de Morelos however both the city and the municipality Huixquilucan (de Degollado is a town and municipality in Mexico State, Mexico. Ixtapaluca is a city and a municipality in the eastern part of the State of México in Mexico. Los Reyes Acaquilpan is a city and governing head of the municipality of La Paz in Mexico State, Mexico. Naucalpan de Juárez is a city and the seat of the municipality called Naucalpan de Juárez in the Mexican state of México. Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl (aka Ciudad Neza is a city and seat of the municipality of Mexico State adjacent to the northeast corner of Mexico Ciudad Nicolás Romero is the largest city and municipal seat of the municipality of Nicolás Romero in Mexico State, Mexico. Teoloyucan is a city and municipality located in Mexico State, Mexico. Teotihuacan is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the Pre-Columbian Americas Tepetlaoztoc or Tepetlaoxtoc ( Nahuatl for " Tepetate -cave place" is an Archaeological site located in the Central Mexico plateau region Tepotzotlán is a city and a Municipality in Mexico State in Mexico. Texcoco is a municipio ( municipality) of Mexico State, located in the Valley of Mexico to the east of the national capital Tlalnepantla de Baz is a city and a municipality of the State of Mexico in the north of Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico Tultepec is a city and municipality located in State of Mexico, Mexico. Tultitlán de Mariano Escobedo is the seat of the municipality of Tultitlán located in the northeastern part of the state of México in Mexico. Xico is a city in Mexico State, Mexico, located. It serves as the municipal seat of Valle de Chalco Solidaridad municipality, with which it Zumpango de Ocampo (also known simply as Zumpango is a city located in the northeastern part of the state of México in Mexico and seat of the municipality By contrast, the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico is considered a normative definition, in that it incorporates 18 additional strategic municipalities in the territorial administration of the region, even if they are not fully integrated as of yet. Many urban projects, mostly related to the improvement of air quality and water sanitation, are coordinated for all constituent municipalities of this agglomeration. The majority of the population reports of urban areas in Mexico refer to this agglomeration, and not to the MCMA conurbation. Gdl3jpg|thumb| Guadalajara]] Metropolitan areas in Mexico have been traditionally defined as the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other usually
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Geography and environment
Greater Mexico City spreads over the valley of Mexico, also called the valley of Anáhuac a 9,560 sq km (3,691 sq mi) valley that lies at an average of 2,240 m (7,349 ft) above sea level but below the Tropic of Cancer. Amecameca de Juárez is a town and the seat of the municipio (municipality of Amecameca in México State, Mexico. Isidro Fabela Alfaro (b June 28, 1882 d Aug 12, 1964) is a Mexican Judge, Politician, Professor Nopaltepec is a village and municipality in Mexico State, Mexico. Valley of Mexico is a highland Plateau in central Mexico roughly coterminous with the present-day Distrito Federal and the eastern half of the State For the novel by Henry Miller, see Tropic of Cancer (novel. The Tropic of Cancer, or Northern tropic, is one of five Originally, a system of interconnected lakes occupied a large area of the valley, of which Lake Texcoco was the largest. Lake Texcoco (Lago de Texcoco was a natural Lake formation within the Valley of Mexico, a basin with an average Elevation of 2236 m Above Mexico City was built on the island of Tenochtitlan in the middle of the lake. During conquest of Mexico the dikes that protected the city from recurrent floods were destroyed and colonial authorities preferred to drain the water of the lake, which was, for the most part, shallow. The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. In 1900, president Porfirio Díaz inaugurated the Valley's System of Drainage that hinders the growth of water bodies in the valley (and prevents floods). Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori was a Mexican politician ( September 15, 1830 – 2 July 1915) that would later become the president of Mexico The basin of the valley of Mexico was thus integrated artificially to the Moctezuma river basin which connects to Pánuco river. Pánuco may refer to any of the followingMexico Pánuco River Pánuco Sinaloa Pánuco Veracruz Pánuco The last remnants of the system of lakes are found in the boroughs of Xochimilco and Tláhuac, and in the municipality of Atenco. Xochimilco is one of the sixteen ''delegaciones'' or boroughs within Mexican Federal District. Tláhuac is one of the 16 delegaciones (boroughs into which Mexico 's Federal District is divided San Salvador Atenco is the Municipal seat of Atenco, in the Mexican state of Mexico.
The valley of Mexico is surrounded by mountains on all four sides creating a basin with only one small opening at the north, trapping all exhaust emissions of the city. At the southern part of the basin the mountain range reaches an altitude of 3,952 m (12,965 ft) above sea level; and to the east the volcanoes reach an altitude of more than 5,000 m (16,000 ft). The region receives anti-cyclonic systems, producing weak winds that do not allow for the dispersion of accumulated air pollutants, produced by the 50,000 industries operating in Greater Mexico City and the 4 million vehicles circulating in its roads and highways. [4]
There are several environmental programs in operation in all municipalities of Greater Mexico City. One of them is Hoy No Circula (known in English as "One Day without a Car"), whereby only vehicles with certain ending numbers on their license plates are allowed to circulate on certain days in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. Hoy No Circula (literally in Spanish: "today it car does not circulate" though known abroad academically as One Day Without a Car) is the name of an The program groups vehicles by their ending license plate digits, and every weekday vehicles having any of the day's two "hoy no circula" digits are banned from circulating. For instance, on Fridays, vehicles with plates ending in 9 or 0 may not drive. This program is controversial since it has resulted in households buying additional vehicles, whether new cars for better-off houses, or very old cheap –and thus more polluting– vehicles. Moreover newer vehicles are exempt from complying with the program –in that they are manufactured with stricter pollution-reduction equipment– a move said to have been pushed by auto makers to boost sales of new vehicles.
Other environmental programs include the IMECA (Índice Metropolitano de la Calidad del Aire, "Metropolitan Index of Air Quality") a real-time monitoring of the concentrations of several pollutants on the atmosphere of the valley of Mexico. If the IMECA values reach a critical level, an environmental contingency is declared whereby Hoy No Circula is extended to two days per week, industrial activities are reduced, certain gas power plants shut down, and elementary school entry hours are changed. There has been a decrease in the number of environmental contingencies since the 1990s (due to an improvement fuels, the implementation of industrial controls and relocation of factories), from more than 5 to only one or zero a year in the last few years.
Political administration
Like it is the case with all trans-municipal metropolitan areas in Mexico, there is no elected government institution in charge of administering the entire metropolitan area. Gdl3jpg|thumb| Guadalajara]] Metropolitan areas in Mexico have been traditionally defined as the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other usually Each municipality is autonomous to administer its local affairs, regulated by the government of the states they belong to. However, unlike some other large metropolitan areas that are entirely contained in one state, like Greater Guadalajara and Greater Monterrey in which the state government coordinates metropolitan activities, Greater Mexico City spreads over three federal entities –two states and the Federal District–, and therefore most of the metropolitan projects have to be agreed upon by government officials of each federal entity and/or overseen by the federal government, –since the budget of the Federal District is approved by the Congress of the Union, being the capital of the federation–, or through metropolitan commissions. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area ( Spanish: Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara) is the most populous metropolitan area of the Mexican state The Monterrey metropolitan area refers to the conurbation around the city of Monterrey, officially called Area Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Monterrey or AMM Congress (formally Congreso de la Unión or Congress of the Union) is the Legislative branch of the Mexican government.
Economy
From 1940 and until 1980, Greater Mexico City experienced an intense rate of demographic growth concurrent with the economic policy of import substitution. Mexico Dic 06 209jpg|thumb|250px|Partial view of Santa Fe]] Santa Fe is one of Mexico City's major business districts located in the west part of the city in the delegaciones Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Mexican industrial production was heavily centralized in Greater Mexico City during this period which produced intense immigration to the city. Close to 52% of the economically active population of Greater Mexico City worked in the industry sector in 1970. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [5] This situation changed drastically during the period of 1980 to 2000, in which the economic based shifted to the service sector which in 2000 employed close to 70% of the economically active population in the conurbation. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. [5] The annual rate of growth decreased sharply as well as the regional and national patterns of immigration: residents are moving out of the core city to the suburbs or to nearby cities, whereas the northern states now receive a larger number of immigrants as new hubs of industrial production. Greater Mexico City's main industries are now related to trade, financial services, insurance companies, telecommunications, informatics and transportation. [5] In spite of the recent shifts in economic production and the decentralization of the economic activity promoted by the government, Greater Mexico City's share of total economic activity in the country is still high, though decreasing. Mexico City proper alone produces 21. 8% of the nation's Gross Domestic Product. [6]
Demographics
Greater Mexico City is the largest metropolitan area in Mexico and the area with the highest population density. Gdl3jpg|thumb| Guadalajara]] Metropolitan areas in Mexico have been traditionally defined as the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other usually In 2005, 19,231,829 persons lived in this urban agglomeration,[2] of which 8,720,916 lived in Mexico City proper. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In terms of population, the biggest municipalities that are part of Greater Mexico City (excluding Mexico City proper) are:[7]
- Ecatepec de Morelos (pop. San Cristóbal Ecatepec de Morelos is a city in the State of México and the seat of the municipality of Ecatepec de Morelos however both the city and the municipality 1,688,258),
- Nezahualcóyotl (pop. Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl (aka Ciudad Neza is a city and seat of the municipality of Mexico State adjacent to the northeast corner of Mexico 1,140,528),
- Naucalpan (pop. Naucalpan de Juárez is a city and the seat of the municipality called Naucalpan de Juárez in the Mexican state of México. 821,442),
- Tlalnepantla de Baz (pop. Tlalnepantla de Baz is a city and a municipality of the State of Mexico in the north of Mexico City (Ciudad de Mexico 683,808),
- Chimalhuacán (pop. Chimalhuacán ( Nahuatl for "place of those who have shields" is a city and municipality located in the eastern part of Mexico State, 525,389),
- Cuautitlán Izcalli (pop. Cuautitlán Izcalli (pronounced kwa-ooh-tit-LAN iss-CAL-ee is a city and Municipality in Mexico State, Mexico. 498,021)
The above municipalities are located in the state of Mexico; in fact, approximately 75% –10 million– of the State of México's population live in municipalities that are part of Greater Mexico City's conurbation. Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the Mexico State or State of Mexico (often abbreviated to " Edomex " from Estado de México in Spanish) is a state in the
Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country until the late 1980s. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Since then, and through a policy of decentralization in order to reduce the environmental pollutants of the growing conurbation, the annual rate of growth of the agglomeration has decreased, and it is lower than that of the other four largest metropolitan areas (namely Greater Guadalajara, Greater Monterrey, Greater Puebla and Greater Toluca) even though it is still positive. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area ( Spanish: Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara) is the most populous metropolitan area of the Mexican state The Monterrey metropolitan area refers to the conurbation around the city of Monterrey, officially called Area Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Monterrey or AMM Metropolitan area of Puebla or Greater Puebla is the fourth largest agglomeration in Mexico with a population of 2 Greater Toluca or the Metropolitan Area of Toluca is the Conurbation formed by Toluca, as the core city and 12 adjacent municipalities of the State [2] The net migration rate of Mexico City proper from 1995 to 2000, however, was negative,[8] which implies that residents are moving to the suburbs of the metropolitan area, or to other states of Mexico. Net migration rate is the difference of Immigrants and Emigrants of an area in a period of time divided (usually per 1000 inhabitants (considered on midterm population Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
Transportation
Greater Mexico City is connected through a private network of toll expressways to the nearby cities of Querétaro, Toluca, Cuernavaca, Pachuca and Puebla. An expressway is a Divided highway for high-speed traffic with at least partial Control of access. Cuernavaca (Cuauhnāhuac|kʷaw̥'naːwak is the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico. Pachuca, formally Pachuca de Soto ( La Bella Airosa, en The windy beauty) is the capital of the Mexican state of Hidalgo The city of Puebla, officially Heroic Puebla de Zaragoza (nicknamed Angelópolis) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Puebla. Internally, the Federal District is serviced by arterial roads, locally called ejes viales, while the metro area is connected by two ring roads: the Periférico and Circuito Interior, with an elevated highway running on top of the first one. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico An arterial road is a moderate or high-capacity Road which is immediately below a Highway Level of service. In 2007 the Eje Troncal Metropolitano will be finished, a highway that will connect Xochimilco with Ciudad Azteca. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Xochimilco is one of the sixteen ''delegaciones'' or boroughs within Mexican Federal District.
The federal government has started the construction of a toll expressway that would connect the expressways of Querétaro and Puebla, so that traffic moving across the country would not have to go into the city. The project is partially completed and local residents of the outermost municipalities use it as a high-speed alternative to travel across the suburbs without having to use the internal arterial roads of the city.
The most important public transportation is the metro, one of the largest in the world with 207 km and 175 stations, that only services Mexico City proper, even though it is further extended by the Xochimilco Light Rail and new lines A and B. The Mexico City Metro (formally Sistema de Transporte Colectivo Metro or STC Metro) is a Rubber-tyred metro system that serves The Xochimilco Light Rail (locally known as el tren ligero) is a Light rail line that services the south of Mexico City, Mexico. A transmunicipal train, the Tren Suburbano, will serve several municipalities of the metropolitan area one it starts operating by mid-2007. The Ferrocarril Suburbano de la Zona Metropolitana de México ( Suburban Railway of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area) is an electric Regional rail system in Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
Unlike other large metropolitan areas, Greater Mexico City is served by only one airport, the Mexico City International Airport or best known as Benito Juarez International Airport, whose traffic exceeds the current capacity. Mexico City International Airport (Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México or AICM also called Benito Juárez International Airport is a commercial airport that Benito Pablo Juárez García (benit̪o paβ̞lo xwaɾes gaɾsia ( March 21, 1806 – July 18, 1872) was a Zapotec Amerindian The 2000-2006 federal administrations proposed the construction of a second airport for the metropolitan area to be located at the municipality of Texcoco. Local residents, however, opposed the project, and the government decided to build a second terminal on the restricted area of the current airport, and decentralize flights to the nearby metropolitan areas of Toluca, Puebla, Pachuca and Cuernavaca, which, along with Greater Mexico City, conform a megalopolis (known in Spanish as a corona regional or ciudad-región). Is a Mexican state located in the center east of the country to the east of Mexico City. Pachuca, formally Pachuca de Soto ( La Bella Airosa, en The windy beauty) is the capital of the Mexican state of Hidalgo Cuernavaca (Cuauhnāhuac|kʷaw̥'naːwak is the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico. [9]
Landmarks
Important landmarks of Greater Mexico City include the Historic Center of Mexico City, the floating gardens of Xochimilco, the Pre-Hispanic city ruins Teotihuacan, located at the municipality of the same name, all three declared World Heritage sites by UNESCO in 1987. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Xochimilco is one of the sixteen ''delegaciones'' or boroughs within Mexican Federal District. Teotihuacan is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the Pre-Columbian Americas United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) The National Parks at the southern portion of the Federal District (over the mountainous range of Ajusco), the Parks of Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl and the National Reserve of Lake Texcoco are some of the environmental landmarks of the valley as well. Ajusco (3930m is a Volcano located in the south of Mexico City, Mexico in the Tlalpan burrough of the city Popocatépetl (commonly referred to as Popo, El Popo or Don Goyo) (popokaˈtepetɬ is an active Volcano and at 5426 m Iztaccíhuatl (alternative spellings include Ixtaccíhuatl, or either variant spelled without the accent (istakˈsiwatɬ or as spelled with the x, iʃtakˈsiwatɬ
See also
References
- ^ INEGI: Delimitación de las Zonas Metropolitanas de México
- ^ a b c Síntesis de Resultados del Conteo 2005 INEGI
- ^ News article of the agreement to define the metropolitan area
- ^ Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Distrito Federal, SMA (2002) Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Gobierno del Distrito Federal
- ^ a b c Expansión y Reconversión Económica de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, Una Mirada de 1970 a 2000 by Rodolfo Montaño Salazar, UNAM
- ^ Producto Interno Bruto por entidad federativa, INEGI
- ^ Population figures as reported in the 2005 Census at http://www.inegi.gob.mx
- ^ Tasa de emigración, inmigración y migración neta de las entidades federativas
- ^ Cap 2: Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México PROAIRE, Programa para Mejorar la Calidad del Aire ZMVM 2002-2010
External links
- Escenarios Demográficos y Urbanos de la Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México, published by the Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO). Gdl3jpg|thumb| Guadalajara]] Metropolitan areas in Mexico have been traditionally defined as the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other usually
- http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/placemarks/cl-11-23-07-406114082.kmz
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