Great Northern War
Part of Russo–Swedish Wars, Polish–Swedish wars and Dano-Swedish Wars
Great Northern War. Clockwise from top: Battle of Poltava, Battle of Gangut, Battle of Narva, Battle of Gadebusch, Battle of Storkyro
Date February 1700–1721 Location Europe Result Coalition victory Territorial changes Russia gained many of the Swedish dominions, including Livonia. The Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa on 28 June 1709 ( 8 July, N The naval Battle of Gangut took place on August 7 1714 during the Great Northern War (1700-21 in the waters north of the Hanko Peninsula For other Battles of Narva see Battle of Narva (disambiguation. The Battle of Gadebusch was Sweden 's final great victory in the Great Northern War. The battle of Storkyro ( Napue) was fought on February 19, 1714 near the village of Napue in Isokyrö, Finland between Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland Prussia gained part of the Swedish Pomerania. Swedish Pomerania (Svenska Pommern Schwedisch-Pommern was a Dominion under the Swedish Crown from the 17th to the 19th century situated on what is now the Hanover gained Bremen-Verden. Bremen-Verden ( Duchy of Bremen, German Herzogtum Bremen was a dominion of Sweden from 1648 to 1712, when it was captured by Denmark and in 1715 ceded
Belligerents
Swedish Empire  Ottoman Empire (1710–14) Poland–Lithuania (from 1704 to 1709) Zaporozhian Cossacks Madagascar pirates (1718) 1	Russia Denmark–Norway Saxony Poland–Lithuania (from 1701 to 1706 and from 1709) Prussia (from 1715) Hanover (from 1715)
Commanders
Charles XII  † Stanislaus Leszczynski Ahmed III Ivan Mazepa	Peter the Great Fyodor Apraskin Frederick IV Augustus II the Strong
Strength
77,000-393,400 77,000-135,000 Swedish troops (1700 and 1707, respectively) 100,000-200,000 Ottomans (participated in one battle) 8,000-40,000 Cossacks 16,000 Polish troops (1708) 1,400 pirates	310,000 170,000 Russians +40,000 Danes/Norwegians +100,000 Poles and Saxons (as the most) Unknown number of German troops from Prussia and Hannover
Casualties and losses
About 25,000 Swedes killed in battle, a total of 175,000 was killed by famine, disease and exhaustion etc. Sweden was between 1611 and 1718 one of the Great powers of Europe The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Year 1710 ( MDCCX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Year 1704 ( MDCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Zaporozhian Cossacks (Запорожці Zaporozhtsi,were Cossacks who lived in Zaporizhia, in Central Ukraine Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Piracy is Robbery committed at sea or sometimes on shore without a commission from a sovereign Nation (as distinct from Privateering Year 1718 ( MDCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Denmark–Norway ( Danish: Danmark-Norge Norwegian: Danmark-Norge or Danmark-Noreg is the historiographical name for a former political entity union The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic Year 1706 ( MDCCVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Electorate of Hanover (or more formally the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg; Kurfürstentum Hannover Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg became the ninth Electorate Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Killed in action ( KIA or K I A) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own forces by other Stanisław I Leszczyński (October 20 1677 – February 23 1766 was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i sālis) ( December 30, 1673 &mdash July Ivan Stepanovych Mazepa (Іван Степанович Мазепа historically spelled as Mazeppa; 20 March 1639 &mdash 2 October Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin (also Apraxin, Russian: Фёдор Матвеевич Апраксин ( October 27 1661 - November 10 Frederick IV (11 October 1671 &ndash 12 October 1730 was the king of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death Royal titles In Latin: Augustus Secundus Dei Gratia rex Poloniae magnus dux Lithuaniae Russie Prussiae Masoviae Samogitiae Livoniae Kijoviae Volhyniae [1]	Around 75,000 Russians and 14,000-20,000 Poles, Saxons and an additional 8,000 Danes killed in the large battles. Unknown numbers died out of disease, exhaustion, famine etc.
1 The Madagaskar pirates were only collaborating with the Swedish navy and state, they were not formally in war with any of the Coallition countries. [2] [3]

The Great Northern War (1700-21) was fought between Russia and Sweden for supremacy in the Baltic Sea. Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Initially, Russia joined the coalition in the war with Denmark and Saxony - composed of the so-called Northern Alliance, but after the outbreak of hostilities the Union collapsed, and was rebuilt in 1709. At various stages of the war other participants attended: on the side of Russia - England (c 1707 UK), Hannover, Holland, Prussia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; on the side of Sweden - England / Britain and Hanover. The war ended with the defeat of Sweden in 1721, leaving Russia dominant in the Baltic Sea and a major player in European politics. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The war began as a coordinated attack on Sweden by the coalition in 1700 and ended in 1721 with the Treaty of Nystad and the Stockholm treaties. The Treaty of Nystad (Ништадтский мир Uudenkaupungin rauha was signed in 1721 in the then Swedish town of Nystad (which is called Uusikaupunki With the death of Charles XII of Sweden in 1718 it was obvious that the Great Northern War was coming to a close

Background

History of Scandinavia
Stone Age Bronze Age Viking Age Christianization Kalmar Union Great Northern War Monetary Union Defence Union Nordic Council

Between 1560 and 1658, Sweden created a Baltic empire centered on the Gulf of Finland and comprising the provinces of Karelia, Ingria, Estonia, and Livonia. The history of Scandinavia is the history of the Nordic countries — Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland. The Nordic Stone Age refers to the Stone Age of Scandinavia. Late Upper Paleolithic See also Upper Paleolithic As the ice receded The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age) is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. The Christianization of Scandinavia refers to the process of conversion to Christianity of the Scandinavian people starting in the 8th century with The Kalmar Union ( Danish, Norwegian and Swedish: Kalmarunionen) is a historiographical term meaning a series of Personal The Scandinavian Monetary Union (Skandinaviska myntunionen Skandinaviske møntunion Skandinaviske myntunion was a Monetary union formed by Sweden and Denmark A Scandinavian defence union that would include Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark was planned between the four countries after World The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers is an intergovernmental forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries. Sweden proper, or Egentliga Sverige, is a term used to distinguish those territories that were fully integrated into the Kingdom of Sweden, as opposed to Baltic Seven Islandsgif|right|thumb|330px|A contemporary transnational Euroregion encompasses the islands of the Baltic countries The Gulf of Finland ( Finnish: Suomenlahti, Russian: Финский залив, Finskiy zaliv, Swedish: Finska viken Karelia ( Karelian and Finnish Karjala, Карелия ( Kareliya) Karelen the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in For the Italian municipality see Ingria Italy. For the Brachiopod Genus, see Ingria (brachiopod. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland During the Thirty Years' War Sweden gained tracts in Germany as well, including Western Pomerania, Wismar, the Duchy of Bremen, and Verden. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Wismar (ˈvɪsmaʁ is a small port and Hanseatic League town in northern Germany on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,about Bremen-Verden ( Duchy of Bremen, German Herzogtum Bremen was a dominion of Sweden from 1648 to 1712, when it was captured by Denmark and in 1715 ceded Verden (Aller, or Verden (ˈfeːɐdn is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, on At the same period Sweden conquered Danish and Norwegian provinces north of the Sound (1645; 1658). Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province ( Øresund or The Sound (Øresund Öresund is the Strait that separates the Danish island Zealand (Danish Sjælland) from the These victories may be ascribed to a well trained army, which despite its comparatively small size was far more professional than most continental armies. In particular, it was able to maintain a high rate of small arms fire due to proficient drilling. Small arms is a term used by the Armed forces to refer to Infantry Weapons such as the Firearms that an individual soldier can carry A military parade is a formation of soldiers whose movement is restricted However, the Swedish state was unable to support and maintain its army as the war was prolonged and the costs of warfare could not be passed to occupied countries.

The foreign interventions during the Time of Troubles resulted in Sweden's gains in the Treaty of Stolbovo (1617). For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms. The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War, fought between Sweden and Russia. The treaty deprived Russia of direct access to the Baltic Sea, meaning that the Russians were not in a position to challenge the Swedish regional hegemony. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. Regional hegemony refers to the influence exercised over neighboring countries by an independently powerful nation the regional hegemon. Russian fortunes reversed during the later half of the 17th century, notably with the rise to power of Peter the Great, who looked to address the earlier losses and re-establish a Baltic presence. In the late 1690s, the adventurer Johann Patkul managed to ally Russia with Denmark and Saxony by the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye and in 1700 the three powers attacked. Johann Reinhold Patkul ( July 27, 1660 &ndash October 10, 1707) was a Livonian Politician and agitator of Baltic German The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye (or the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoe) was negotiated by Johann Patkul and signed on November 22, 1699 in Preobrazhenskoye

Opposing armies

Charles XII had left a standing army based on annual training, consisting of 77,000 men in 1700, but by 1707 this number had risen to at least 120,000 in spite of casualties. It was the army with the best morale in northern Europe, but not the greatest bulk. The large Ottoman forces were poorly disciplined and lacking in morale.

Though able to mobilize 170,000 men, Russia was not able to put all in action at the same place. Furthermore, the Russian mobilization system was ineffective, and the expansive nation had to be defended everywhere—garrisons had to be supported and the war paid for. A great mobilization over vast territories would have been unrealistic. Peter the Great aimed to have an army with the same morale as the Swedish.

The Danes added 20,000 in their invasion against Holstein-Gottorp and several more against other fronts. Poland and Saxony together could mobilize at least 100,000 men.

Swedish victories

The Swedish Victory at Narva, 1700 by Gustaf Cederström, painted 1910

From the very beginning of the Great Northern War, Sweden suffered from the inability of Charles XII to view the situation from anything but a purely personal point of view. For other Battles of Narva see Battle of Narva (disambiguation. Gustaf Olof Cederström ( 12 April, 1845 &ndash 20 August, 1933) was a Swedish painter, most known for his painting Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting His determination to avenge himself on enemies overpowered every other consideration. Time and again during the eighteen years of warfare it was in his power to dictate an advantageous peace, but he decided against from moral beliefs. He would not take over the Polish throne, instead he gave it to the other candidate, Stanisław. He also had the chance to crush Saxony but chose instead to let them walk out because he believed highly in the word of royals. The early part of the war consisted of a continual string of Swedish victories under Charles XII. Denmark was defeated in the summer of 1700, in what was to be the first major campaign of the war, and in such a way that she could not participate in the war for a number of years. Russia then suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Narva in November.

After the dissipation of the first coalition through the peace of Travendal and the victory at Narva, the Swedish chancellor, Benedict Oxenstjerna, rightly regarded the universal bidding for the favor of Sweden by France and the maritime powers, then on the eve of the War of the Spanish Succession, as a golden opportunity of ending the war and making Charles the arbiter of Europe. The Peace of Travendal (also Treaty of Travendal and sometimes spelled Traventhal) concluded between King Charles XII of Sweden and King Count Bengt Gabrielsson Oxenstierna (1623-1702 Swedish statesman was the son of Axel Oxenstierna ’s cousin Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna (1586-1656 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714 several European powers combined to stop French succession to the Spanish throne and what would likely have been a resulting

At that time, the representatives of Poland-Lithuania (which considered itself neutral despite its king's active participation in the anti-Swedish coalition) offered to serve as mediators between the Swedish king and Augustus. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic But Charles, intent on dethroning Augustus of Saxony from the Polish throne, attacked Poland, therefore ending the official neutrality of Poland-Lithuania. Royal titles In Latin: Augustus Secundus Dei Gratia rex Poloniae magnus dux Lithuaniae Russie Prussiae Masoviae Samogitiae Livoniae Kijoviae Volhyniae Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Five years later, on September 24, 1706, he concluded the Polish War through the treaty of Altranstadt, but, this treaty brought no advantage to Sweden, not even compensation for the expenses of six years of warfare. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1706 ( MDCCVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Altranstädt is a village of Germany, in Prussian Saxony near Merseburg, with (in 1900 813 inhabitants But he did attain his goal of dethroning August II and putting his ally Stanisław on the throne. Stanisław I Leszczyński (October 20 1677 – February 23 1766 was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke Since he believed that Poles in general were not responsible he didn't do anything more. That has been regarded as a mistake since it became very easy for August II to retake the throne.

Russian victories

Main articles: Battle of Poltava and Greater Wrath

During the years between 1700 and 1707, two of Sweden's Baltic provinces, Estonia and Ingria, had been seized by the Tsar, and a third, Livonia, had been essentially ruined. The Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa on 28 June 1709 ( 8 July, N The Greater Wrath (Isoviha Stora ofreden is a term used in Finnish history for the Russian Invasion and subsequent Military occupation from 1714 Year 1707 ( MDCCVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region For the Italian municipality see Ingria Italy. For the Brachiopod Genus, see Ingria (brachiopod. Livonia (Līvõmō Latvian and Livonija Estonian: Liivimaa; Finnish: Liivinmaa; German and Swedish: Livland To secure his acquisitions, Peter founded the city of Saint Petersburg in Ingria in 1703. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year He began to build a navy and a modern-style army, based primarily on infantry drilled in the use of firearms.

The Russian Victory at Gangut, 1714 by Maurice Baquoi, etched 1724

Yet even now Charles, by a stroke of the pen, could have recovered nearly everything he had lost. The naval Battle of Gangut took place on August 7 1714 during the Great Northern War (1700-21 in the waters north of the Hanko Peninsula Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1724 ( MDCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In 1707, Peter was ready to retrocede everything except Saint Petersburg and the line of the Neva, and again Charles preferred risking the whole to saving the greater part of his Baltic possessions. The year following, he invaded Russia, but was frustrated in Smolensk by Generalissimo Menshikov and headed to Ukraine for the winter. Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. However, the abilities of his force were sapped by the cold weather and Peter's use of scorched earth tactics. A scorched earth policy is a military strategy or operational method (possibly more often referred to as a tactic but this is not entirely correct as there is a difference between When the campaign started again in the spring of 1709, a third of his force had been lost and he was crushingly defeated by a larger and better-fed Russian force under Peter in the Battle of Poltava, fleeing to the Ottoman Empire and spending five years in exile. Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Battle of Poltava (or Pultowa on 28 June 1709 ( 8 July, N The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Peter's victory shook all European courts. In just one day, Russia emerged as a major European power.

This shattering defeat did not end the war, although it decided it. Denmark and Saxony joined the war again and Augustus the Strong, through the crafty politics of Boris Kurakin, regained the Polish throne. Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin ( Борис Иванович Куракин in Russian) (7 Peter continued his campaigns in the Baltics, and eventually he built up a powerful navy. In 1710 the Russians captured Tallinn and Viipuri. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Vyborg (Вы́борг Viipuri Viborg Wiborg is a town in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, situated on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of In 1714, Peter's galley navy managed to capture a small detachment of the Swedish navy in the first Russian naval victory near Hanko peninsula. The naval Battle of Gangut took place on August 7 1714 during the Great Northern War (1700-21 in the waters north of the Hanko Peninsula Hanko (ˈhɑŋko in Finnish Hangö in Swedish, and Гангут in Russian) is a Bilingual port town on the south coast

The Russian army occupied Finland mostly in 1713-1714, Viipuri had been captured already in 1710. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Year 1713 ( MDCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The last stand of the Finnish troops was in the battle of Napue in early 1714 in Isokyrö, Ostrobothnia. The battle of Storkyro ( Napue) was fought on February 19, 1714 near the village of Napue in Isokyrö, Finland between Isokyrö ( Storkyro in Swedish) is a municipality of Finland. The occupation period of Finland in 1714-1721 is known as the Greater Wrath (Finnish: isoviha). The Greater Wrath (Isoviha Stora ofreden is a term used in Finnish history for the Russian Invasion and subsequent Military occupation from 1714 Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside During the bloody occupation period thousands of Finns were killed or deported to Russia.

Conclusion

Though Charles returned from the Ottoman Empire and resumed personal control of the war effort, initiating a series of Norwegian Campaigns, he accomplished little before his death in 1718. The Great Northern War was the war fought between a coalition of Denmark–Norway, Russia and Saxony - Poland (from 1715 also Prussia Year 1718 ( MDCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Only the firmness of the Chancellor, Count Arvid Horn, held Sweden in the war until Charles finally returned from the Ottoman Empire, arriving in Swedish held Stralsund in November 1714 on the south shore of the Baltic. Count Arvid Bernhard Horn of Ekebyholm ( April 6, 1664 &ndash April 17, 1742) was a Swedish Soldier, Stralsund (ˈʃtʁaːlzʊnt is a city in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, situated at the southern Coast of the Strelasund (a sound Charles was then at war with all of Northern Europe, and Stralsund was doomed. Charles remained there until December, 1715, escaping only days before Stralsund fell. By this point, Charles was considered mad by many, as he would not consider peace and the price Sweden had paid was already dear, with no hope in sight. All of Sweden’s Baltic and German possessions were lost.

Over the next few years little changed, but a series of raids on Sweden itself demonstrated that there was little fight left, and soon Prussia, Hanover, and many smaller German states entered the war in the hope of gaining territory when peace was made. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen Eventually a series of massive seaborne invasions by combined Danish and Russian navies of the Swedish homeland forced the issue.

The war was finally concluded by the Treaty of Nystad between Russia and Sweden in Uusikaupunki in 1721. The Treaty of Nystad (Ништадтский мир Uudenkaupungin rauha was signed in 1721 in the then Swedish town of Nystad (which is called Uusikaupunki Uusikaupunki (ˈuːsiˌkɑupuŋki or Nystad in Swedish, is a town and municipality of Finland. Year 1721 ( MDCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Sweden had lost almost all of its "overseas" holdings gained in the 17th century, and ceased to be a major power. Russia gained its Baltic territories, and became the greatest power in Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Prussia and Hanover, which made peace agreements with Sweden before Russia, gained territory from Sweden's German possessions. Sweden's dissatisfaction with the result would lead to its fruitless attempts at recovering the lost territories, such as Hats' Russian War, and Gustav III's Russian War. The Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743, known as the Hats' Russian War in Sweden and the Hats' War in Finland, which resulted in the Lesser The Russo-Swedish War of 1788–90, known as Gustav III's Russian War in Sweden, Gustav III's War in Finland and Catherine II's Swedish

Endnotes

1. ^ Ericson, Lars, Svenska knektar (2004) Lund: Historiska media
2. ^ Liljegren, B. (2000). Karl XII: En Biografi. Lund: Historiska media, p. 308-309. ISBN 91-85377-14-7
3. ^ Bergstrand, F. (1997). Då Madagaskar skulle bli svenskt-och England katolskt. Karolinska förbundets årsbok (KFÅ).

Bibliography

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
• Sweden and the Baltic, 1523 - 1721, by Andrina Stiles, Hodder & Stoughton, 1992 ISBN 0-340-54644-1
• The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic: 1600-1725 by Jill Lisk; Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1967
• The Northern Wars, 1558-1721 by Robert I. Frost; Longman, Harlow, England; 2000 ISBN 0-582-06429-5
• Norges festninger by Guthorm Kavli; Universitetsforlaget; 1987; ISBN 82-00-18430-7
• Admiral Thunderbolt by Hans Christian Adamson, Chilton Company, 1958
• East Norway and its Frontier by Frank Noel Stagg, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. 1956

See also

Extensive information on the major battles and campaigns of the Great Northern War can be found as part of these articles:

• Peter I of Russia | Charles XII of Sweden | Battle of Narva | Battle of Holowczyn | Battle of Lesnaya | Battle of Poltava | Battle of Gangut | Battle of Gadebusch | Treaty of Nystad | Great Northern War and Norway | Russo-Turkish War, 1710-1711

• Greater Wrath

External links

• Great Northern War timeline