The Great Ape Project (GAP), founded in 1993, is an international organization of primatologists, psychologists, ethicists, and other experts who advocate a United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Great Apes that would confer basic legal rights on non-human great apes: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. Greg Avery (born 1963 is a British Animal rights activist He is chiefly known as a founding member of several influential animal rights campaigns David Barbarash was the North American press officer for the Animal Liberation Front from mid-1999 until late-2002 Rodney Adam Coronado is a Native American eco-anarchist and Animal rights activist who has been convicted of Arson, conspiracy and other crimes For the Welsh footballer see Barry Horne (footballer Barry Horne ( March 17, 1952 &ndash November 5, 2001 Ronnie Lee (born 1951 is a British Animal rights activist who in 1976 founded the Animal Liberation Front (ALF and the magazine Keith Mann is a British Animal rights campaigner and writer alleged by police to be "at the top of the Animal Liberation Front pyramid Ingrid Newkirk (born June 11, 1949) is an English-born Animal rights activist author and president and co-founder of People for the Ethical Treatment Alexander Fernando Pacheco (born August 1958 is an American Animal rights activist Jill Phipps ( 15 January, 1964 &mdash 1 February, 1995) was a British Animal rights activist. Henry Spira ( June 19, 1927 &ndash September 12, 1998) is widely regarded as one of the most effective animal rights activists of the 20th century Andrew Tyler is the director of Animal Aid, the UK's second largest Animal rights organization (after peta Jerry Vlasak (born circa 1958 in Austin Texas) is an American trauma Surgeon and Animal rights activist Paul Watson (born December 2, 1950) is the founder of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and a significant figure in the Environmental movement Robin Webb runs the Animal Liberation Press Office in the UK which releases material to the media on behalf of animal rights activists operating as the Animal Liberation See also Animal rights movement Organizations Broadly-focused national and international groups Animal Aid (UK Animal Aid, founded in 1977 is a British Animal rights organisation For other uses of the term 'ALF' see ALF (disambiguation. The Animal Liberation Front (ALF is a name used internationally by animal liberation activists The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection ( BUAV) is a British animal protection group based in London UK which campaigns for the complete abolition of all The Hunt Saboteurs Association (HSA is a worldwide organization using Direct action to stop the Hunting of Animals HSA activists use a model of Leaderless The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM is a Non-profit organization based in Washington D In recent years several Political parties were founded that have as their main goal the improvement of Animal welfare and the recognition of Animal rights The Primate Freedom Project is a 501(c(3 not-for-profit Grassroots abolitionist Animal rights organization based in Atlanta Georgia The Sea Shepherd Conservation SPEAK the Voice for the Animals is a British Animal rights campaign that aims to end animal experimentation in the UK Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC is an international Animal rights campaign to close down Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS For the concept see Animal rights. For other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. The Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (AETA is a United States federal law introduced by Republican Thomas Petri of Wisconsin. Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation. A bile bear or battery bear is the term used for Asiatic black bears kept in captivity in Vietnam and China so that Bile may be extracted from them for sale as a Bloodsport or blood sport is any Sport or Entertainment that involves violence against animals Covance Inc ( formerly Corning Incorporated with headquarters in Princeton New Jersey, is a Contract research organization, (also known as a Clinical research Animal testing on rabbits The Draize Test is an acute toxicity test devised in 1944 by Food and Drug Administration (FDA Toxicologist John H Factory farming is the practice of raising Farm animals in confinement at high stocking density where a farm operates as a Factory &mdash a practice typical in The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal Fur. A great ape research ban, or severe restrictions on the use of non-human Great apes in research is currently in place in the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS is a contract animal-testing company founded in 1952 in England now with facilities in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire and Eye Suffolk in the UK Animals used by laboratories for testing purposes are largely supplied by dealers who specialize in the trade In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a Nafovanny in Vietnam is the largest captive-breeding primate facility in the world supplying long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) to animal Open rescue is a term for a form of Direct action practiced by certain Animal rights and Animal welfare activists. Operation Backfire is a multi-agency criminal investigation led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI into destructive acts in the name of Animal rights The international trade in primates sees 32000 wild non-human Primates (NHPs trapped and sold on the international market every year Sealing redirects here for other uses see Sealing (disambiguation. Speciesism involves assigning different values or rights to beings on the basis of their Species membership Britches was the name given by researchers to a Stump-tailed macaque monkey born into a breeding colony at the University of California Riverside (UCR in March 1985 The Brown Dog affair was a political controversy about Vivisection that raged in Edwardian England from 1903 until 1910 Cambridge University primate experiments are licensed by the British government for the purpose of research into Brain function The pit of despair, or vertical chamber, was a device used in experiments conducted on Rhesus macaque monkeys during the 1970s by American comparative The Silver Spring monkeys were seventeen Macaque monkeys living inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring Maryland, who became what one writer Unnecessary Fuss is a film produced by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA showing footage Steven Best (born December 1955 is an American Animal rights activist author talk-show host and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso Stephen Richard Lyster Clark (born October 30, 1945) is a British philosopher and international authority on Animal rights, currently professor Gary Lawrence Francione (born 1954 is an American legal scholar Dr Gillian Rose Langley (born 1952 is a British scientist and writer who specialises in Alternatives to animal testing, Animal rights and animal protection issues Tom Regan (born November 28, 1938 in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania) is an American Philosopher who specializes in Animal rights theory Bernard E Rollin is a philosopher widely recognized for his approach to Animal rights, as well as his influence in politics Richard D Ryder (born 1940 is a British Psychologist who after performing psychology experiments on animals began to speak out against the practice and became Peter Albert David Singer (born July 6, 1946 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is an Australian philosopher. Steven M Wise (born 1952 is an American legal scholar who specializes in animal protection issues Primatology, and animal intelligence Behind the Mask The Story Of The People Who Risk Everything To Save Animals is a 2006 Documentary film about the Animal Liberation Front (ALF Earthlings is a 2003 multi-award winning documentary written produced and directed by Shaun Monson and co-produced Arkangel is a British-based bi-annual animal liberation magazine first published in the winter of 1989 For the song of the same name see Bite Back (song Bite Back is a Malaysia-registered website and magazine that promotes the cause of No Compromise was a San Francisco-based bi-annual Animal rights magazine first published in the winter of 1989 Animal Liberation is a book by Australian philosopher Peter Singer, published in 1975 Primatology is the study of Primates It is a diverse Discipline and primatologists can be found in departments of Biology, Anthropology Mental health professional A psychologist is a practitioner of Psychology, the systematic investigation of the mind including Behavior, Cognition, An ethicist is one whose judgment on Ethics and Ethical codes has come to be trusted by a specific Community, and (importantly is expressed in some way The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. Bonobos is a Japanese dub band from Osaka, Japan. They formed in August of 2001. Gorillas, the largest of the living Primates are ground-dwelling Herbivores that inhabit the Forests of Africa. The orangutans are two Species of great apes known for their intelligence long arms and reddish-brown hair The rights suggested are the right to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture. (See Declaration on Great Apes. The Great Ape Project, founded by Italian philosopher Paola Cavalieri and Australian philosopher Peter Singer, is campaigning to have the United Nations )
The organization also monitors individual great ape activity in the United States through a census program. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Once rights are established, GAP would demand the release of great apes from captivity; currently 3,100 are held in the U. S. , including 1,280 in biomedical research.
The book of the same name, edited by philosophers Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer, features contributions from thirty-four authors, including Jane Goodall and Richard Dawkins, who have submitted articles voicing their support for the project. Paola Cavalieri is an Italian philosopher most known for her work arguing for extension of human rights to the other Great apes. Peter Albert David Singer (born July 6, 1946 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is an Australian philosopher. Dame Jane Goodall, DBE (born Valerie Jane Morris Goodall on 3 April 1934) is an English UN Messenger of Peace primatologist Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science The authors write that human beings are intelligent animals with a varied social, emotional, and cognitive life. If great apes also display such attributes, the authors argue, they deserve the same consideration humans extend to members of their own species.
The book highlights findings that support the capacity of great apes to possess rationality and self-consciousness, and the ability to be aware of themselves as distinct entities with a past and future. Documented conversations (in sign languages) with individual great apes are the basis for these findings. Other subjects addressed within the book include the division placed between humans and great apes, great apes as persons, progress in gaining rights for the severely mentally retarded (once an overlooked minority), and the situation of great apes in the world today. Mental retardation is a generalized triarchic disorder characterized by subaverage cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors with onset before the age
From a biological point of view, Dr. Pedro A. Ynterian, a GAP Project Board Member wrote in a GAP press release "Between the two of us we could even have a 0. 5% difference in our DNA. The difference between a Chimpanzee and us is only 1. 23%. Human blood and Chimpanzee blood, with compatible blood groups, can be exchanged through transfusion. Neither our nor the chimps blood can be exchanged with any other species. We are closer genetically to a chimp than a mouse is to a rat. "[1]
Their biological similarity with humans is also key to the traits for which they are valuable as research subjects. For example, testing of monoclonal antibody treatments can not be done in species less similar to humans than chimpanzees. Because the antibodies do not elicit immune responses in chimpanzees, they persist in the blood as they do in humans, and their effects can be evaluated. In monkeys and other non-apes, the antibodies are rapidly cleared from the bloodstream. Monoclonal antibody treatments are being developed for cancer; autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease; and asthma. Chimpanzees also contain unique advantages in evaluating new Hepatitis B and C vaccines, and treatments for malaria, again because of the similarity in their response to these antigens to humans. [2]
Professor Colin Blakemore, head of the Medical Research Council in Great Britain from 2003-2007, is also opposed to granting rights to non-human apes, stating "I can see no current necessity for the use of great apes, and I'm pleased that they're not being used and that every effort is being made to reduce the use of other primates. But I worry about the principle of where the moral boundaries lie. There is only one very secure definition that can be made, and that is between our species and others. " Blakemore suggests that it would be necessary to perform research on Great Apes if humans were threatened by a pandemic virus that afflicted only humans and other Great Apes. [3]
Contents |
References
- The Great Ape Project. Accessed May 22, 2006.
- The Great Ape Project: Equality beyond humanity. 1993. Editors, Peter Singer and P. Cavalieri. , Fourth Estate publishing, London, England. Pp. 312.
- Peter Singer. 1993. Practical Ethics. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, U. S. A. Pp. 395.
- Peter Singer. 2002. Animal Liberation. HarperCollins, New York, U. S. A. Pp. 324.
Citations
- ^ [1] Great Ape Project Press Page
- ^ A unique biomedical resource at risk. Nature 437, 30-32 (1 September 2005) | doi:10. 1038/437030a;
- ^ [Scientists 'should be allowed to test on apes' Independent, The (London), Jun 3, 2006 by Steve Connor, Science Editor]
See also
- Declaration on Great Apes
- Great Ape personhood
- International primate trade
- Nafovanny
- Non-human primate experiments
- Great Ape Trust
External links
The Great Ape Project, founded by Italian philosopher Paola Cavalieri and Australian philosopher Peter Singer, is campaigning to have the United Nations Great ape personhood is a movement to create legal recognition of Bonobos Common chimpanzees Gorillas and Orangutans (the non- Human The international trade in primates sees 32000 wild non-human Primates (NHPs trapped and sold on the international market every year Nafovanny in Vietnam is the largest captive-breeding primate facility in the world supplying long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) to animal Scientific research involving Non-human primates (NHPs includes Drug pre-clinical Toxicology studies studies of Infectious disease The Great Ape Trust is a 200-acre ape sanctuary and language study in Des Moines Iowa that houses Orangutans and bonobos.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic