| À | à |
| Ầ | ầ |
| Ằ | ằ |
| È | è |
| Ề | ề |
| Ḕ | ḕ |
| Ì | ì |
| Ǹ | ǹ |
| Ò | ò |
| Ồ | ồ |
| Ṑ | ṑ |
| Ù | ù |
| Ǜ | ǜ |
| Ẁ | ẁ |
| Ỳ | ỳ |
The grave accent ( ` ) is a diacritical mark used in written Catalan, French, Greek until 1982 (polytonic orthography), Italian, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Scottish Gaelic, Vietnamese, Welsh, and other languages. Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Â, â ( A - Circumflex) is a letter of the Romanian and Vietnamese alphabets Ă ( Upper case) or ă ( Lower case) usually referred to in English as A-breve, is a letter used in standard Romanian language È can be The letter E with a Grave accent. 鄂 or È is an abbreviation for the Hubei province of the Ê, ê ( E - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Vietnamese language. Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Ò, ò ( O - grave) is a letter of Kashubian language. This letter also appears in Catalan, Italian, Occitan, The Vietnamese alphabet has the following 29 letters in collating order Description The Vietnamese alphabet called Chữ Quốc Ngữ Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Letter Ü The letter Ü occurs in Hungarian, Karelian, Turkish, Estonian, Azeri, Turkmen, Crimean Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the Pitch The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word in cases where the A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic
The word grave is derived from the Latin gravis (heavy). Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In English the word is normally pronounced "grahv", IPA /ɡɹɑːv/, not like grave meaning "serious" or a "tomb". It comes from French, where it is pronounced similarly: accent grave /aksɑ̃ ɡʁav/.
Contents |
Pitch
The grave accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred only on the last syllable of a word, in cases where the normal high pitch (indicated by an acute accent) was lowered because of a following word in the same sentence. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Pitch accent is a linguistic term of convenience for a variety of restricted tone systems that use variations in pitch to give prominence to a Syllable History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. Since Modern Greek has a stress accent instead of a pitch accent, this diacritic has been replaced with an acute accent mark in the modern monotonic orthography. Modern Greek (el Νέα Ελληνικά or el Νεοελληνική lit In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels.
Stress
The grave accent marks the stressed vowel of a word in Catalan and Italian. In Linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain Syllables in a word Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Some examples from Italian are città "city", morì "[he/she] died", virtù "virtue", Mosè "Moses", portò "[he/she] brought, carried". Especially with capital letters, or when using a keyboard without accented letters, an apostrophe is sometimes used instead of it in Italian, thus E’ instead of È "[he/she/it] is", though this is considered (at least) inelegant and inaccurate (though the phrase un po’ meaning "a little" is never spelt un pò, because it's a truncated version of un poco).
In Italian there are pairs of words, one accented and the other not, with different pronunciation and meaning, such as pero "pear tree" and però "but", and papa "pope" and papà "dad"
In Norwegian (both Bokmål and Nynorsk), the grave accent is used to indicate stress on a syllable that would otherwise be unstressed. Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language Bokmål (lit "book language" or Dano-Norwegian is the most commonly used of the two official Norwegian written Standard languages the other Nynorsk (literally "New Norwegian" is one of the two official Norwegian Standard languages the other being Bokmål. Popular usage, possibly because Norwegian rarely uses diacritics, does not respect these rules much, and there is a certain interchangeability with the acute accent. History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels.
Height
The grave accent marks the height or openness of the vowels e and o, indicating that they are pronounced open: è [ɛ] (as opposed to é [e]); ò [ɔ] (as opposed to ó [o]), in several Romance languages:
Disambiguation
The grave accent is used to distinguish homophones in several languages:
- Catalan, where it distinguishes, for example, ma "my" from mà "hand". In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract The open-mid vowels make a class of Vowel sounds used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official
- French. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The grave accent on the letters a and u has no effect on pronunciation and only serves to distinguish homonyms that are otherwise spelled the same. It distinguishes the preposition à "to" and the verb a (third person singular present tense of avoir), as well as the adverb là "there" and the feminine definite article la; it is also used in the word déjà and the phrase çà et là ("hither and thither"; without the accent, it would literally mean "it and the"). It is used on the letter u only to distinguish où "where" and ou "or". In those French comic books which are hand-lettered all in capitals, the symbol is very short atop the E or U, but slides down on the right of the A, though not descending past the cross-bar.
- Italian, where it distinguishes for example the conjunction e "and" from the verb è "he/she/it is", or the feminine article la from the adverb là "there". Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy.
- Norwegian, where it differentiates between certain words, such as og "and" and òg "also". Norwegian ( norsk) is a North Germanic Language spoken primarily in Norway, where it is an official language
Length
In Welsh, the accent is used to denote a short vowel sound in a word which would otherwise be pronounced with a long vowel sound, for example mẁg "mug" versus mwg "smoke". Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound
In Scottish Gaelic, it denotes a long vowel (the use of both é and ó in addition to è and ò is now discouraged, and only the grave accent is used). Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages.
Tone
In some tonal languages such as Vietnamese and Mandarin Chinese (when written in Hanyu Pinyin or Zhuyin Fuhao), the grave accent is used to indicate a falling tone. A tonal language is a language that uses tone to distinguish words Vietnamese ( tiếng Việt, or less commonly Việt ngữ) formerly known under French colonization as Annamese ( see Annam) Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Tone is the use of pitch in Language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is to distinguish or inflect words
In African languages, the grave accent is often used to indicate a low tone, e. There are an estimated 2000 Languages spoken in Africa. About a hundred of these are widely used for inter-ethnic communication g. Nobiin jàkkàr 'fish-hook', Yoruba àgbọ̀n 'chin', Hausa màcè 'woman'. Nobiin is a Northern Nubian language of the Nilo-Saharan phylum Yoruba (native name èdè Yorùbá, 'the Yoruba language' is a Dialect continuum of West Africa with over 25 million speakers Hausa is the Chadic language with the largest number of speakers spoken as a first Language by about 24 million people and as a second language by about 15
Other uses
In Portuguese, the grave accent indicates the contraction of two consecutive vowels in adjacent words (crasis). Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Crasis (κρᾶσις is the contraction of a vowel or diphthong at the end of a word with a vowel or diphthong at the start of the following word For example, instead of a aquela hora, one says and writes àquela hora "at that hour".
Use in English
The grave accent is most often used in English in poetry and song lyrics. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States It indicates that a vowel usually silent is to be pronounced, in order to fit the rhythm or meter. Most often, it is applied to a word ending with -ed. For instance, the word looked is usually pronounced /lʊkt/ as a single syllable, with the e silent; when written as lookèd, the e is pronounced /ˈlʊkɪd/ (look-ed). It can also be used in this capacity to distinguish certain pairs of identically spelled words like the past tense of learn, learned /lɜː(r)nd/, from the adjective learnèd /ˈlɜː(r)nɪd/. The past tense is a Verb tense expressing action activity state or being in the past of the current moment (in an Absolute tense system or prior In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the
Italics, with appropriate accents, are generally applied to foreign terms that are uncommonly used in or have not been assimilated into English: for example, vis-à-vis, pièce de résistance and crème brûlée
Computer-related
| Diacritical marks |
|
accent
breve ( ˘ )
hook / dấu hỏi ( ̉ ) |
| Marks sometimes used as diacritics |
|
apostrophe ( ’ ) |
The ISO-8859-1 character encoding includes the letters à, è, ì, ò, ù, and their respective capital forms. In Typography, italic type /ɪˈtælɪk/ or /aɪˈtælɪk/ refers to cursive Typefaces based on a stylized form of calligraphic Handwriting. In English The most common use of the phrase in English means 'with regard to' or 'in relation to' Pièce de résistance is a French term ( Circa 1839) translated into English Literally as "piece of resistance" Crème brûlée (or Crème brulée in L'Orthographie 1990) ( French for "burnt cream" ˌkrɛm bruːˈleɪ in English, kʁɛm bʁyˈle A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation History An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels. The double acute accent ( ˝) is a Diacritic mark of the Latin script used primarily in written Hungarian. See also Grave accent Double acute accent International Phonetic Alphabet Length The breve sign indicates a short vowel as opposed to the Macron ¯ which indicates long vowels in academic transcription Names Usage differs as to the name of this diacritic In the field of typography the term "caron" seems to be more popular Pitch The circumflex accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it occurred (subject to certain rules on the accented syllable Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark Overdot See also Anusvara Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark In Arabic romanization Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. This article is about chandrabindu the character in several Brahmi derived scripts See also Horn (diacritic Ɓ ɓ Ƈ ƈ Ɗ ɗ Ɠ ɠ See also Ơ Ư Hook (diacritic Acute accent Apostrophe A macron, from Greek el μακρόv ( makrón) meaning "long" is a Diacritic ¯ placed over or under a Vowel which was originally The ogonek ( Polish for "little tail" the Diminutive of ogon) is a Diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the A ring Diacritic may appear above or below letters It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts The spiritus asper ( Latin for "rough breathing" δασὺ πνεῦμα dasỳ pneûma or daseîa) is a diacritical mark used in A bar or stroke is a modification consisting of a line drawn through a Grapheme. A comma ( , is a Punctuation mark It has the same shape as an Apostrophe or single closing Quotation mark in many typefaces but it differs A hyphen ( -) is a Punctuation mark It is used for both Words to join and to separate Syllables It is often confused with the dashes The tilde (~ (/ˈtɪldə/ is a Grapheme with several uses The name of the character comes from Spanish, from the Latin titulus Titlo is an extended Diacritic symbol first used in Old Cyrillic manuscripts e ISO 8859-1, more formally cited as ISO/IEC 8859-1 is part 1 of ISO/IEC 8859, a standard Character encoding of the Latin alphabet. Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, Dozens more letters with the grave accent are available in Unicode. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's
In the ASCII character set the grave accent is encoded as character 96, hex 60. American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) Unicode also provides the grave accent as a combining character, encoded as 768, hex 300. In Digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters Outside the US character 96 is often replaced by the local currency symbol. Many older UK computers, such as the ZX Spectrum and BBC Micro, have the £ symbol as character 96. The Sinclair ZX Spectrum is an 8-bit personal Home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research Ltd The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency
On many computer keyboards, the grave accent occupies a key by itself, and is meant to be combined with vowels as a multi-key combination or as a dead key to modify the following letter. A dead key is a key on a Typewriter or a Computer keyboard that allows modification (such as by placement of Diacritic) on the following letter However, programmers have used the key by itself for a number of tasks.
On a Mac, to get a character, such as à, the user must type Option-` and then the vowel. For example, to make à, the user must type Option-` and then 'a', and to make À, the user must type Option-` and then Shift-a.
On a QWERTY keyboard, the grave accent key is placed in the top left corner. QWERTY (ˈkwɜː(rti is the most common modern-day Keyboard layout on English-language computer and Typewriter keyboards It takes its In many PC based computer games the key is used to open the console window, allowing the user to execute commands via a CLI.
When using TeX to typeset text, the grave accent on its own is used in lieu of a dedicated open-quote key. TeX (ˈtɛx as in Greek, often /ˈtɛk/ in English; written with a lowercase 'e' in imitation of the logo is a Typesetting system designed and mostly For example, ` becomes a single opening quote (‘) and `` becomes a double opening quote (“). Compared to algorithmic ‘quote education’ available in modern word processors, this method has the advantage of it becoming completely unambiguous (consider ‘the ’60s’ or the archaic ‘’twas’ – most modern word processors would incorrectly render these as ‘the ‘60s’ and ‘‘twas’, respectively). The primary disadvantage is that it requires the user to adjust to this style.
Many of the UNIX shells and the programming languages Perl and PHP use pairs of this character—known as backquote or backtick—to indicate substitution of the standard output from one command into a line of text defining another command. A Unix shell, is a command line shell that provides the traditional User interface for the Unix Operating system and for Unix-like A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. NOTES FOR EDITORS "Perl" is not an acronym (read the "Name" section below PHP is a computer Scripting language. Originally designed for producing Dynamic web pages it has evolved to include a Command line interface capability In Unix and Unix-like operating systems as well as certain Programming language interfaces the standard streams are preconnected input and output channels For example, echo `date` might execute echo Sat Mar 1 09:43:00 GMT 2008 and print Sat Mar 1 09:43:00 GMT 2008.
In Lisp macro systems, the backquote character (called quasiquote in Scheme) introduces a quoted expression in which comma-substitution may occur. Lisp (or LISP) is a family of Computer Programming languages with a long history and a distinctive fully parenthesized syntax A macro (from the Greek 'μάκρο' for long or far in Computer science is a rule or Pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence Scheme is a Multi-paradigm programming language. It is one of the two main dialects of Lisp and supports a number of programming paradigms but is It is identical to the plain quote, except that symbols prefixed with a comma will be replaced with those symbols' values as variables. A comma ( , is a Punctuation mark It has the same shape as an Apostrophe or single closing Quotation mark in many typefaces but it differs This is roughly analogous to the Unix shell's variable interpolation with $ inside double quotes.
In MySQL, it is used in queries as a table and database classifier. MySQL is a Relational database management system (RDBMS which has more than 11 million installations
In Pico, the backquote is used to indicate comments in the programming language. See also Pico (disambiguation. Pico is a Programming language developed at the PROG lab at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Microsoft Powershell uses the backquote as the escape character. Windows PowerShell is an extensible command-line shell and associated Scripting language from Microsoft For example, a newline character is denoted `n. Most commonly used programming languages use a backslash as the escape character (e. g. \n) but because Windows allows the backslash as a path separator, it would have been impractical for PowerShell to use backslash for a different purpose.
In the Python programming language, "backticks" are used as a synonym for the repr() function, which converts its argument to a string suitable for a programmer to view. Python is a general-purpose High-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability However, this feature has been removed in the upcoming Python 3000. Python is a general-purpose High-level programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes programmer productivity and code readability Backticks are also used extensively in the reStructuredText plain text markup language (implemented in the Python docutils package). reStructuredText is a Lightweight markup language intended to be highly readable in source format
In Verilog the grave accent is used to define constants (e. In the Semiconductor and electronic design industry Verilog is a Hardware description language (HDL used to model electronic systems. g. after the line `define NUM 100, `NUM can be used as a synonym for 100) whereas the apostrophe is used in specifying sized constants (for example, 5'd10 is a 5-bit constant with the value 10). Accidental use of an apostrophe instead of a grave accent and vice versa is a source of frequent beginner mistakes in the language.
In Unlambda, the backquote character denotes function application. Unlambda is a minimal functional Programming language invented by David Madore.
See also
| The ISO basic Latin alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz | |
|
Letters using grave accent
history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters |
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External links
- Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
- ASCII and Unicode quotation marks — "Please do not use the ASCII grave accent as a left quotation mark"
- Keyboard Help - Learn how to create world language accent marks and other diacriticals on a computer
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