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Granta
Granta 101 (Spring 2008)
Granta 101 (Spring 2008)
Editor Jason Cowley
Categories Literary magazine
Frequency Quarterly (irregular)
Publisher Sigrid Rausing
Total Circulation
(2006)		 "almost 50,000"[1]
Year founded 1889
First issue Relaunch: September 1, 1979
Country Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom
Language English
Website www.granta.com
This article is about the literary magazine and publisher. Jason Cowley (born 1966 is a British Journalist, editor and Author. A literary magazine is a Periodical devoted to Literature in a broad sense Sigrid Rausing (born 1962 is a Swedish philanthropist anthropologist and publisher Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For the stretch of the river known as "Granta", see River Cam. The River Cam is a Tributary of the River Great Ouse in the east of England.

Granta is a literary magazine and publisher in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Contents

History

Granta was founded in 1889 by students at Cambridge University as The Granta, edited by R. C. Lehmann (who later became a major contributor to Punch). The University of Cambridge (often Cambridge University) located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the Rudolph Chambers Lehmann ( January 3, 1856 &ndash January 22, 1929) usually referred to as R Punch was a British weekly Magazine of Humour and Satire published from 1841 to 1992 and from 1996 to 2002 It was started as a periodical featuring student politics, badinage and literary efforts. The badinerie or badinage is a brief and lively dance It takes its name from the French badiner (to jest The name is an older form of what is today called the River Cam, the river that runs through the town. The River Cam is a Tributary of the River Great Ouse in the east of England. An early editor of the magazine was R. P. Keigwin, the England cricketer and Danish scholar. Richard Prescott Keigwin ( 8 April 1883 - 26 November 1972) was an English academic Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the

In this form the magazine had a long and distinguished history. The magazine published juvenilia of several writers who later became well known, including: Michael Frayn; Ted Hughes; John Simpson; A. A. Milne; Sylvia Plath; and Stevie Smith. Juvenilia is a term applied to literary musical or artistic works produced by an author during his or her youth Michael Frayn (born 8 September 1933 is an English playwright and novelist Edward James Hughes OM ( 17 August 1930 &ndash 28 October 1998) was an English Poet and children's John Cody Fidler-Simpson CBE (born 9 August 1944) is an English foreign correspondent. Alan Alexander Milne (ˈmɪln (18 January 1882 &ndash 31 January 1956 was an English Author, best known for his Books about the Teddy bear Sylvia Plath (October 27 1932 &ndash February 11 1963 was an American Poet, Novelist and Short story Writer. Stevie Smith ( September 20, 1902 – March 7, 1971) was a British Poet and Novelist Life Born

Rebirth

During the 1970s the publication encountered financial difficulties, and increasing levels of student apathy, and as a result had to be rescued by a group of interested postgraduates. It was relaunched in 1979 as a magazine of "new writing" aimed both at writers and at a wider audience than its original one in Cambridge by Bill Buford, Pete de Bolla and Jonathan Levi. Bill Buford (born 1954 is an American Author and Journalist. Buford is the author of the books Among the Thugs and Heat An Buford (who wrote Among the Thugs originally as a project for the journal) was the editor for its first 16 years in the new incarnation; Granta has been edited by Ian Jack since 1995. Among the Thugs The Experience and the Seduction of Crowd Violence is a work of Journalism written by an American writer Bill Buford Ian Jack (born February 7, 1945) is a Scottish Journalist who was the editor of the Literary magazine Granta In April 2007 it was announced that Jason Cowley, editor of the Observer Sport Monthly, would succeed Jack as editor in September 2007. Jason Cowley (born 1966 is a British Journalist, editor and Author. Cowley redesigned and relaunched the magazine and launched a new website; in September 2008 he will leave to become editor of the New Statesman. The New Statesman is a British Left-wing political Magazine published weekly in London. William Boyd guest edited Granta 100. William Boyd may refer to William Boyd 3rd Earl of Kilmarnock (died 1717 Scottish nobleman William Boyd 4th Earl of Kilmarnock (1704-1746 As of September 2004, its circulation was 46,831.

It now publishes, approximately quarterly, a distinctive mix of:

Granta also has a book publishing imprint, Granta Books, whose recently published authors include Simon Gray, Michael Collins, Anna Funder, Olga Tokarczuk and Tim Guest. Simon James Holliday Gray CBE ( October 21, 1936 – August 7, 2008) was a prolific postwar British playwright whose work was performed Michael Collins may refer to People In politics Michael Collins (Irish leader (1890-1922 Irish revolutionary leader soldier Anna Funder (born 1966 is an Australian writer who grew up in Melbourne. Olga Tokarczuk (born 29 January 1962 in Sulechów near Zielona Góra, Poland) is one of the most critically acclaimed and commercially

Ownership

In 1994, Rea Hederman, owner of The New York Review of Books took a controlling stake in the magazine. The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current In October 2005, control of the magazine was bought by Swedish-born philanthropist, anthropologist and human rights campaigner Sigrid Rausing, granddaughter of billionaire Ruben Rausing, inventor of the Tetra-Pak carton. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Social anthropology is the branch of Anthropology that studies how currently living human beings behave in social groups Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Sigrid Rausing (born 1962 is a Swedish philanthropist anthropologist and publisher Ruben Rausing (1895 - 1983 was the co-founder of the Liquid Food Packaging company Tetra Pak. Tetra Pak is a multinational Food processing and Packaging company of Swedish origin

Granta Best of Young British Novelists

In 1983, Granta (issue #7) published a list of 20 young British novelists as names to watch out for in the future. Since then, the magazine has repeated the exercise in 1993 (issue #43) and in 2003 (issue #81). In 1996 (issue #54), Granta also published a similar list of promising young American novelists, to be repeated at the end of 2006.

With the benefit of hindsight many of the selections have been extremely prescient, with at least 12 of those listed either winning or being shortlisted for major literary awards such as the Man Booker Prize and Whitbread Prize. The Man Booker Prize for Fiction, also known in short as the Booker Prize, is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original full-length Novel The Costa Book Awards are among the United Kingdom 's most prestigious literary awards By the same token however a number of those included on the lists have since disappeared without trace.

The inclusion of Adam Thirlwell and Monica Ali on the 2003 list caused some controversy as neither had yet actually published a novel [1]. Thirlwell's debut Politics later met with mixed reviews, although Ali's Brick Lane found much success. Politics is a 2003 novel by Adam Thirlwell about a father-daughter relationship and about a Ménage à trois which includes said daughter Monica Ali (born October 20, 1967) is a British writer of Bangladeshi origin

More controversy ensued when Dan Rhodes contacted everyone else on the 2003 list to try to get them to make a joint statement in protest against the Iraq war, which was gaining momentum at the time. Dan Rhodes is a British author who was born in 1972. He is probably best known for the novel Timoleon Vieta Come Home, a subversion of the popular Lassie The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Not all the writers responded, becoming one of the reasons Rhodes almost decided to quit writing altogether [2].

The 1983 list

The 1993 list

The 2003 list

Granta Best of Young American Novelists

The 1996 list

The 2007 list

Recent contributors

Recent contributors to the magazine include:

Every issue since the relaunch is still in print. Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949 is an English Novelist, Essayist and Short story Writer, the son of writer Kingsley William Boyd, CBE (born 7 March, 1952 in Accra, Ghana) is a contemporary Scottish novelist and screenwriter Maggie Gee (born 1948 is an English Novelist. She was born in Poole Dorset, then moved to the Midlands and later to Sussex. Kazuo Ishiguro (カズオ・イシグロ ( Kazuo Ishiguro) or ja 石黒 一雄 ( Ishiguro Kazuo) born November 8, 1954) is a British Adam Mars-Jones (born October 26, 1954) is a British Novelist and Critic. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie Kt (born 19 June 1947 is an Indian - British novelist and essayist Julian Patrick Barnes (born January 19, 1946 in Leicester, England) is a contemporary English Writer. Pat Barker (born May 8, 1943) is an English Writer and Historian. Dr Buchi Emecheta (born July 21 1944 in Nigeria) is a prolific African Novelist who has published over 20 books plays and shorts including Ian McEwan, CBE, FRSA, FRSL, (born June 21, 1948) is a Booker Prize -winning English Novelist Shiva Naipaul (25 February 1945 – 13 August 1985 born Shivadhar Srivinasa Naipaul in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago was a Trinidadian and British novelist and journalist Graham Colin Swift (born May 4, 1949) is a well-known British author Rose Tremain CBE (born August 2, 1943) is an English author Life Rose Tremain was born Rosemary Jane Thomson on August Clive Sinclair is a British Author who has published novels and short stories and was the winner of the Somerset Maugham Award for Hearts of Gold in Alan Judd (born in 1946 is a former Soldier and Diplomat who now works as a full time Writer in the United Kingdom. Philip E Norman FSA ( 9 July 1842 - 17 May 1931) was a British artist author and antiquary Andrew Norman Wilson (born 27 October, 1950) is an English writer known for his critical biographies novels and works of popular and cultural history Christopher Priest (born July 14, 1943 in Cheadle, near Stockport, Greater Manchester) is an English novelist whose notable works Lisa St Aubin de Terán (born 2 October 1953) is an award-winning English Novelist, writer of autobiographical fictions and memoirist Kazuo Ishiguro (カズオ・イシグロ ( Kazuo Ishiguro) or ja 石黒 一雄 ( Ishiguro Kazuo) born November 8, 1954) is a British Hanif Kureishi CBE (born December 5, 1954) is an English Playwright, Screenwriter and Filmmaker, Novelist Ben Okri (born on March 15, 1959) is a Nigerian Poet and Novelist. Esther Freud (2 May 1963 -) is a British Novelist. Born in London, she is the daughter of painter Lucian Freud and Bernadine Coverley and is Caryl Phillips (born 13 March 1958) is a British writer with a Caribbean background best known as a Novelist. William Self (born 26 September, 1961) is an English Novelist, Reviewer and Columnist. Iain Menzies Banks (born on 16 February 1954 in Dunfermline, Fife) is a Scottish Writer. Adam Lively (born January 20, 1961) is a British Novelist. He was born in Swansea and educated in England and There are a number of notable women named Helen Simpson: Helen de Guerry Simpson, an Australian novelist Helen Simpson (author, a British Tibor Fischer (born November 15, 1959 in Stockport, England) is a British Novelist and short story writer Nicholas William Richmond Shakespeare (born March 3, 1957 in Worcester) is a British journalist and writer Philip Kerr (born 1956 in Edinburgh) is a Scottish Author. He studied at the University of Birmingham and worked as an Advertising Lawrence Norfolk (born 1963 is a British Novelist known for historical works with complex plots and intricate detail Louis de Bernières (born London, UK on December 8, 1954) is a British novelist most famous for his book Captain Corelli's Mandolin Alison Louise Kennedy (born October 22, 1965 in Dundee) is a Scottish writer of Novels short stories and Non-fiction Alan Hollinghurst (born 26 May 1954) is an English Novelist and winner of the 2004 Booker Prize for The Line of Beauty Candia McWilliam (born July 1 1955, Edinburgh) is a Scottish Author. Adam Mars-Jones (born October 26, 1954) is a British Novelist and Critic. Jeanette Winterson OBE (born August 27, 1959) is a British novelist Monica Ali (born October 20, 1967) is a British writer of Bangladeshi origin Nicola Barker (born March 30, 1966, Ely, Cambridgeshire England is an English Novelist and short story writer Rachel Cusk (born in Canada in 1967 is an Author. Biography Rachel Cusk was born in Canada in 1967 and spent much of her childhood in Los Angeles Peter Ho Davies (born August 30, 1966) is a contemporary British writer of Welsh and Chinese descent Philip Michael Hensher (born February 20 1965) is an English Novelist critic and journalist. Alison Louise Kennedy (born October 22, 1965 in Dundee) is a Scottish writer of Novels short stories and Non-fiction Hari Mohan Nath Kunzru (born 1969 is a British novelist and journalist Author of the novels The Impressionist, Transmission and My Revolutions Toby Litt is an English Writer, born in Bedford in 1968 He studied at Bedford Modern School, read English at Worcester College Oxford David Mitchell (born January 12, 1969) is an English Novelist. Andrew O'Hagan (born 1968) is a Scottish Writer and Novelist. David Peace is a British Author. He is well known for his novels GB84 and The Damned Utd. Dan Rhodes is a British author who was born in 1972. He is probably best known for the novel Timoleon Vieta Come Home, a subversion of the popular Lassie Ben Rice (born in Tiverton Devon, 1972 is a prize-winning British author Rachel Seiffert was born in 1971 in Oxford to German and Australian parents and was brought up bilingually Zadie Smith (born 25 October 1975 is an English Novelist. To date she has written three novels Adam Thirlwell (born 1978) is a British novelist and Fellow of All Souls College Oxford and ex-pupil of the Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School Alan Warner (born 1964 a Scottish novelist, grew up in Connel, near Oban. Sarah Waters is a British Novelist. She is best known for her novels set in Victorian society, such as Tipping the Velvet and Robert McLiam Wilson (born 1964 in Belfast) is a Northern Irish novelist Sherman Joseph Alexie Jr (born October 7, 1966) is an award-winning and prolific Author and occasional Comedian. Madison Smartt Bell (born August 1, 1957) is an American novelist Ethan Andrew Canin (born July 19, 1960) is an American educator author and Physician. Edwidge Danticat (pronounced Dahn-tee- kah; born January 19, 1969) is a Haitian-born American author Thomas Jay Drury is an American writer He was born in Iowa, in 1956 and received his bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of Iowa in 1980 Tony Earley (born 1961 is an American novelist and short story Writer. Jeffrey Kent Eugenides (born March 8, 1960 in Detroit Michigan) is an American Pulitzer Prize Jonathan Franzen (born August 17, 1959) is an award-winning American Novelist and Essayist Early life and education David Guterson (pronounced Gət-ər-sən (born May 4, 1956) is an American novelist short story writer poet journalist and essayist Allen Kurzweil (born December 16, 1960) is an American Novelist, Children’s Writer, Editor, Essayist and Journalist Elizabeth McCracken (born 1966 is an American Author. McCracken a graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, was born in Boston Massachusetts For the journalist please see Lori Moore Lorrie Moore (born Marie Lorena Moore on January 13, 1957 in Christopher John Offutt (born 24 August 1958 in Lexington Kentucky) is an American writer Stewart O'Nan (born February 4, 1961) is an American Novelist Life and work Born on February 4, 1961 to Mona Simpson (born Mona Jandali, June 14, 1957 in Green Bay Wisconsin) is a Novelist and essayist Melanie Rae Thon (born 1957) is an American Writer. Thon has received grants from the National Foundation for the Arts, the Ohio Arts Council Kate Wheeler (bJune 1961 is a Canadian daytime News anchor for CTV Newsnet since February 2001. Daniel Alarcón (born 1977 in Lima, Peru) is an author who lives in Oakland California, where he is the Distinguished Visiting Writer at Mills Kevin Brockmeier (born c1972 is an American Writer of Fantasy and literary Fiction. Judy Budnitz Anthony Doerr (born Cleveland, Ohio) is an American Fiction Writer. Jonathan Safran Foer (born 1977 is an American writer best known for his 2002 Novel Everything Is Illuminated. Nell Freudenberger (born 1975 is a writer who lives in New York City. Olga Grushin (born 1971 is an American Novelist. Born in Moscow, Russia to the family of Boris Grushin, a prominent Soviet Dara Horn (born 1977 is an American literature professor and novelist Uzodinma Iweala (b November 5, 1982) is an author who hails from Washington DC and Nigeria. Nicole Krauss (born 1974 is an American writer who lives in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York Yiyun Li (born 1972 is a Chinese American Writer Yiyun Li grew up in Beijing China and moved to the United States in 1996 Maile Meloy is an American Author of Fiction. She was born in 1972 in Helena Montana, where she was also raised ZZ Packer (born January 12 1973 is an African-American author notable for her works of short fiction Jess Row is a writer who published a collection of short stories called The Train to Lo Wu. Karen Russell (born July 10, 1981, Miami Florida) is an American author Akhil Sharma (born July 22, 1971 in Delhi) is an Investment banker and Fiction writer Gary Shteyngart (born 1972) is an American writer born in Leningrad, USSR (he alternately calls it "St John Wray may refer to John Ray (1627&ndash1705 English naturalist who for the first part of his life wrote his name as John Wray Martin Louis Amis (born 25 August 1949 is an English Novelist, Essayist and Short story Writer, the son of writer Kingsley Julian Patrick Barnes (born January 19, 1946 in Leicester, England) is a contemporary English Writer. Saul Bellow, born Solomon Bellows ( June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was an acclaimed Canadian -born American William McGuire "Bill" Bryson, OBE, (born 8 December 1951 is a best-selling American Author of humorous books on Travel, as well Peter Philip Carey (born 7 May 1943 is an Australian novelist and short story writer Raymond Clevie Carver Jr ( May 25, 1938 &ndash August 2, 1988) was an American Short story Writer Angela Carter ( May 7, 1940 – February 16, 1992) was an English novelist and journalist known for her Feminist, Bruce Charles Chatwin ( 13 May 1940 - 18 January 1989) was an English novelist and Travel writer. Tony Earley (born 1961 is an American novelist and short story Writer. James Fenton (born April 25, 1949, Lincoln England) has been at various times a Journalist, Poet, literary critic Richard Ford (born February 16, 1944) is a Pulitzer Prize -winning American Novelist and Short story writer Martha Gellhorn ( 8 November 1908 - 15 February 1998) was an American Novelist, Travel Nadine Gordimer (born 20 November 1923 is a South African Writer, Political activist and Nobel laureate. Milan Kundera (ˈmɪlan ˈkundɛra (born April 1, 1929, in Brno, Czechoslovakia) is a French Writer of Czech Doris May Lessing, CH, OBE (née Tayler; born 22 October 1919) is a British Writer, author of works such Barry Holstun Lopez (born January 6, 1945) is an American author Essayist, and fiction writer whose work is known for its environmental Ian McEwan, CBE, FRSA, FRSL, (born June 21, 1948) is a Booker Prize -winning English Novelist Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian Jayne Anne Phillips (born July 1952 is an American Novelist and Short story writer born in the small town of Buckhannon West Virginia. Suzanna Arundhati Roy (born November 24, 1961) is an Indian Writer and Activist who won the Booker Prize in 1997 for her novel Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie Kt (born 19 June 1947 is an Indian - British novelist and essayist Francis George Steiner (born April 23, 1929) is an influential European born American Literary critic, Essayist, Graham Colin Swift (born May 4, 1949) is a well-known British author Paul Edward Theroux (born April 10, 1941) is an American Travel writer and Novelist, whose best known work is perhaps Frederic Tuten (born 1936 is an American Novelist Short story writer and Essayist He has written five novels – The Adventures of Mao Edmund Valentine White III (born January 13, 1940) is an American novelist short-story writer and critic Jeanette Winterson OBE (born August 27, 1959) is a British novelist Tobias Jonathan Ansell Wolff (born June 19, 1945, in Birmingham, Alabama) is a Writer of Fiction and Nonfiction Binyavanga Wainaina (born 1971) is a Kenyan author journalist and winner of the Caine Prize. Older issues are widely available in used bookstores, as well as directly from the publisher. The publishers state that some of them — Travel (issue 10) and The Family (issue 37), for example — are "significant contributions to the literature of the English language. "

Issues

  1. New American Writing, 1 September 1979, ISBN 0-14-014575-3
  2. George Steiner: The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H., 1 March 1980, ISBN 0-14-014576-1
  3. The End of The English Novel, 1 March 1980, ISBN 0-14-014577-X
  4. Beyond the Crisis, 1 March 1981, ISBN 0-14-014578-8
  5. Don Bloch: The Modern Common Wind, 1 March 1982, ISBN 0-14-014579-6
  6. A Literature for Politics, 1 December 1982, ISBN 0-14-014580-X
  7. Best of Young British Novelists, 1 March 1983, ISBN 0-14-014082-4
  8. Dirty Realism: New Writing from America, 1 June 1983, ISBN 0-14-006869-4
  9. John Berger: Boris, 1 September 1983, ISBN 0-14-006880-5
  10. Travel Writing, 1 December 1983, ISBN 0-14-007052-4
  11. Milan Kundera: Greetings from Prague, 1 March 1984, ISBN 0-14-007383-3
  12. The True Adventures of the Rolling Stones, 1 June 1984, ISBN 0-14-007565-8
  13. After the Revolution, 1 September 1984, ISBN 0-14-007566-6
  14. Autobiography, 1 December 1984, ISBN 0-14-007567-4
  15. James Fenton: The Fall of Saigon, 1 March 1985, ISBN 0-14-007581-X
  16. Science, 1 June 1985, ISBN 0-14-008479-7
  17. Graham Greene: While Waiting for a War, 1 September 1985, ISBN 0-14-008480-0
  18. The Snap Revolution, 1 March 1986, ISBN 0-14-008482-7
  19. More Dirt: The New American Fiction, 1 June 1986, ISBN 0-14-008595-5
  20. In Trouble Again, 1 December 1986, ISBN 0-14-008597-1
  21. The Story-Teller, 1 March 1987, ISBN 0-14-008599-8
  22. Hanif Kureishi: With Your Tongue Down My Throat, 1 September 1987, ISBN 0-14-008602-1
  23. Home, 1 March 1988, ISBN 0-14-008604-8
  24. Inside Intelligence, 1 June 1988, ISBN 0-14-008606-4
  25. Murder, 1 September 1988, ISBN 0-14-008608-0
  26. Travel, 1 March 1989, ISBN 0-14-012356-3
  27. Death, 1 June 1989, ISBN 0-14-012358-X
  28. Birthday Special!, 1 September 1989, ISBN 0-14-012360-1
  29. Jonathan Raban: New World, 1 December 1989, ISBN 0-14-012863-8
  30. New Europe!, 1 March 1990, ISBN 0-14-013299-6
  31. The General, 1 April 1990, ISBN 0-14-013431-X
  32. History, 1 June 1990, ISBN 0-14-013856-0
  33. What Went Wrong?, 1 June 1990, ISBN 0-14-013858-7
  34. Simon Schama: Death of a Harvard Man, 1 August 1990, ISBN 0-14-013860-9
  35. John le Carré: The Unbearable Peace, 1 April 1991, ISBN 0-14-014846-9
  36. Mario Vargas Llosa: Vargas Llosa for President, 1 June 1991, ISBN 0-14-015208-3
  37. The Family, 1 September 1991, ISBN 0-14-015207-5
  38. We're So Happy!, 1 December 1991, ISBN 0-14-015211-3
  39. The Body, 1 April 1992, ISBN 0-14-014049-2
  40. Richard Ford: The Womanizer, 1 June 1992, ISBN 0-14-014054-9
  41. Biography, 1 September 1992, ISBN 0-14-014052-2
  42. Krauts!, 1 December 1992, ISBN 0-14-014056-5
  43. Best of Young British Novelists 2, 1 March 1993, ISBN 0-14-014059-X
  44. The Last Place on Earth, 1 June 1993, ISBN 0-14-014062-X
  45. Ian Hamilton: Gazza Agonistes, 1 September 1993, ISBN 0-14-014065-4
  46. Crime, 1 December 1993, ISBN 0-14-014067-0
  47. Losers, 1 March 1994, ISBN 0-14-014083-2
  48. Africa, 1 September 1994, ISBN 0-14-014084-0
  49. Money, 1 December 1994, ISBN 0-14-014085-9
  50. Fifty, 1 June 1995, ISBN 0-14-014104-9
  51. Big Men (and L. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The Portage to San Cristobal of AH is a 1981 literary Novella written by Literary critic George Steiner, in which Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 A. Women), 1 September 1995, ISBN 0-14-014108-1
  52. Food: The Vital Stuff, 1 December 1995, ISBN 0-14-014113-8
  53. News, 1 March 1996, ISBN 0-14-014133-2
  54. The Best of Young American Novelists, 1 June 1996, ISBN 0-14-014135-9
  55. Children: Blind Bitter Happiness, 1 September 1996, ISBN 0-14-014141-3
  56. What Happened to Us?: Britain's Valedictory Realism, 1 December 1996, ISBN 0-14-014143-X
  57. India!: The Golden Jubilee, 1 March 1997, ISBN 0-14-014147-2
  58. Ambition, 1 June 1997, ISBN 0-14-014148-0
  59. France: The Outsider, 1 September 1997, ISBN 0-14-014151-0
  60. Unbelievable, 1 December 1997, ISBN 0-14-014152-9
  61. The Sea, 1 March 1998, ISBN 0-14-014153-7
  62. What Young Men Do, 15 June 1998, ISBN 0-14-014154-5
  63. Beasts, 1 September 1998, ISBN 0-14-014155-3
  64. Russia: The Wild East, 1 December 1998, ISBN 0-14-014156-1
  65. London: The Lives of the City, 1 February 1999, ISBN 0-14-014158-8
  66. Truth + Lies, 1 May 1999, ISBN 0-9645611-6-6
  67. Women and Children First, 1 September 1999, ISBN 0-9645611-7-4
  68. Love Stories, 1 December 1999, ISBN 0-9645611-8-2
  69. The Assassin, 1 April 2000, ISBN 0-9645611-9-0
  70. Australia: The New New World, 1 July 2000, ISBN 1-929001-00-2
  71. Shrinks, 1 September 2000, ISBN 1-929001-01-0
  72. Overreachers, 1 December 2000, ISBN 1-929001-02-9
  73. Necessary Journeys, 1 March 2001, ISBN 0-903141-42-6
  74. Anonymous: Confessions of a Middle-Aged Ecstasy Eater, 7 July 2001, ISBN 0-903141-44-2
  75. Brief Encounters, 9 October 2001, ISBN 1-929001-05-3
  76. Music, 9 January 2002, ISBN 0-903141-48-5
  77. What We Think of America, 28 March 2002, ISBN 0-903141-50-7
  78. Bad Company, 15 June 2002, ISBN 0-903141-52-3
  79. Celebrity, 1 October 2002, ISBN 1-929001-09-6
  80. The Group: Pictures from Previous Lives, 9 January 2003, ISBN 1-929001-10-X
  81. Best of Young British Novelists 2003, 3 April 2003, ISBN 0-903141-58-2
  82. Life's Like That, 3 July 2003, ISBN 0-903141-60-4
  83. This Overheating World, 30 October 2003, ISBN 0-903141-62-0
  84. Over There: How America Sees the World, 1 January 2004, ISBN 1-929001-14-2
  85. Hidden Histories, 1 May 2004, ISBN 1-929001-15-0
  86. Film, 15 July 2004, ISBN 1-929001-16-9
  87. Jubilee, 15 October 2004, ISBN 1-929001-17-7
  88. Mothers, 15 December 2004, ISBN 1-929001-18-5
  89. The Factory, 15 April 2005, ISBN 1-929001-19-3
  90. Country Life: Dispatches from What's Left of It, 15 August 2005, ISBN 1-929001-20-7
  91. Wish You Were Here, 15 September 2005, ISBN 0-903141-80-9
  92. The View from Africa, 15 January 2006, ISBN 1-929001-22-3
  93. God's Own Countries: Are You Living In One?, 14 April 2006, ISBN 0-903141-84-1
  94. On the Road Again: Where Travel Writing Went Next, 15 July 2006, ISBN 1-929001-24-X
  95. Loved Ones, 2 October 2006, ISBN 0-903141-88-4
  96. War Zones, 15 January 2007, ISBN 0-90314-19-0
  97. Best of Young American Novelists 2, 10 May 2007, ISBN 9-780903141-92-5
  98. The Deep End, 2 July 2007, ISBN 9-780903141-94-9
  99. What Happened Next, 5 October 2007, ISBN 9-780903141-96-3
  100. Granta 100, 7 January 2008, ISBN 1-905881-00-2
  101. Granta 101, 2 April 2008, ISBN 9781905881017

References

  1. ^ "Granta: A new chapter at the original literary journal", The Independent, December 11, 2006 (accessed March 2, 2007). Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

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