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The title Grandmaster is awarded to extremely strong chess masters by the world chess organization FIDE. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national Chess federations around the Apart from "World Champion", Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain. See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess Once achieved, the title is held for life. In chess literature it is usually abbreviated to GM (this is in contrast to FM for FIDE Master and IM for International Master). FIDE Master (FM is a title awarded by the world Chess governing body Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE The title International Master is awarded to outstanding Chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. The abbreviation IGM for International Grandmaster can also sometimes be found, particularly in older literature.

GM, IM, and FM are open to both men and women. Beginning with Nona Gaprindashvili in 1978, a number of women have earned the GM title. Nona Gaprindashvili (ნონა გაფრინდაშვილი born May 3, 1941) is a Georgian Chess player the sixth Women's Since about 2000, most of the top 10 women have held the GM title. A separate gender-segregated title, WGM for Woman Grandmaster, is also available, but is something of a misnomer. A misnomer is a term which suggests an interpretation that is known to be untrue It is awarded for a level of skill between that of a FIDE Master and an International Master.

FIDE also awards Grandmaster titles to composers and solvers of chess problems, and the International Correspondence Chess Federation awards the title of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (ICCGM). A chess problem, also called a chess composition, is a puzzle set by somebody using Chess pieces on a Chess board that presents the solver with International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF was founded in 1951 as a new appearance of the ICCA (International Correspondence Chess Association which was founded in 1945 as International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster is a title created by the FIDE in 1953 second only to that of world correspondence champion

Contents

History

The term grandmaster seems to have first been applied to chess in an 1838 issue of Bell's Life,[1] although according to Arpad Elo the word "grandmaster" was not used in English until 1914. Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle was a British weekly sporting paper published as a pink broadsheet between 1822 and 1886 Arpad Emrick Elo (born Élő Árpád Imre, August 25, 1903 in Egyházaskesző, Hungary &ndash November 5, 1992 [2]

Early tournament use

In the Ostend tournament of 1907 the term "grandmaster" (actually Großmeister in German) was used. ||-||-||} Ostend  (  Oostende, French and German Ostende) is a Belgian City and municipality located in the Flemish The tournament was divided into two sections: the Championship Tournament and the Masters' Tournament. The Championship section was for players who had previously won an international tournament. [3] Siegbert Tarrasch won the Championship section, over Carl Schlechter, Dawid Janowski, Frank Marshall, Amos Burn, and Mikhail Chigorin, so these players were described as grandmasters for the purposes of the tournament. Siegbert Tarrasch ( March 5, 1862 &ndash February 17, 1934) was one of the strongest Chess players and most influential chess Carl Schlechter ( March 2, 1874 - December 27, 1918) was a leading Austrian Chess master at the turn of the 20th century Dawid Markelowicz Janowski (in English usually called David Janowski) ( 25 May, 1868, Wołkowysk, – 15 January, 1927, Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U Amos Burn (1848&ndash1925 was an English Chess player one of the world's leading players at the end of the 19th century and a chess writer Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin ( 12 November 1850, Gatchina, Russia – 25 January 1908, Lublin, Poland

The San Sebastián 1912 tournament won by Akiba Rubinstein was a designated grandmaster event. Donostia-San Sebastián ( Basque: Donostia, IPA; Spanish: San Sebastián, known officially as Donostia-San Sebastián Akiba Kiwelowicz Rubinstein ( 12 December, 1882, in Stawiski, Poland – 15 March, 1961 in Antwerp, [1] Rubinstein won with 12½ points out of 19, tied for second with 12 points were Aron Nimzowitsch and Rudolf Spielmann. Aron Nimzowitsch ( Ārons Ņimcovičs; born Aron Niemzowitsch and also known as Nimzovich) (7 November 1886 – 16 March 1935 was a Latvian Rudolf Spielmann ( 5 May 1883 - 20 August 1942) was an Austrian - Jewish Chess player of the romantic school [4]

By some accounts, in the 1914 Saint Petersburg tournament, the title "Grandmaster" was formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II who had partially funded the tournament. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River [3] The Tsar reportedly awarded the title to the five players who were finalists: Emanuel Lasker, Jose Raul Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Frank Marshall. For other persons named Lasker see Lasker#People with the surname Lasker. Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October Siegbert Tarrasch ( March 5, 1862 &ndash February 17, 1934) was one of the strongest Chess players and most influential chess Frank James Marshall ( August 10 1877 &ndash November 9 1944) was the U The tournament was won by Lasker ahead of Capablanca. Lasker was the reigning world champion, Capablanca and Alekhine would become world champions, and Tarrasch and Marshall had both previously contested world championship matches. Chess historian Edward Winter has questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources that support this story are an article by Robert Lewis Taylor in the June 15, 1940 issue of The New Yorker and Marshall's autobiography My 50 Years of Chess (1942). Edward Winter is a British Journalist, Archivist, Historian, Collector and Author about the game of Chess. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry [5][6][7]

Non-standard and Soviet usage before 1950

Before 1950, the term "Grandmaster" was sometimes informally applied to other world class players. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE, or World Chess Federation) was formed in Paris in 1924, but did not get around to formulating criteria on who should earn the title. Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national Chess federations around the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city

In 1927, the Soviet Union's Chess Federation established the title of Grandmaster of the Soviet Union, for their own players, since at that time Soviets were not competing outside their own country. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This title was abolished in 1931, after having been awarded to Boris Verlinsky, who won the 1929 Soviet Championship. Boris Markovich Verlinsky ( 8 January 1888, Bakhmut, Ukraine – 30 October 1950, Moscow, Russia was a Ukrainian-Russian This is a list of all the winners of the USSR Chess Championship. [8] The title was brought back in 1935, and awarded to Mikhail Botvinnik, who thus became the first "official" Grandmaster of the USSR. Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May Verlinsky did not get his title back. [9]

Official status (1950 onwards)

When FIDE reorganized after World War II it adopted regulations concerning the award of international titles. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Titles were awarded by a resolution of the FIDE General Assembly and the Qualification Committee. FIDE first awarded the Grandmaster title in 1950 to 27 players. These players were:

By recognising world class players before 1950, this gave continuity with the original 1914 Grandmasters, except for world class players who had died between 1914 and 1950 (such as Carl Schlechter, Richard Réti and Aron Nimzowitsch). Carl Schlechter ( March 2, 1874 - December 27, 1918) was a leading Austrian Chess master at the turn of the 20th century Richard Réti ( 28 May, 1889, Pezinok (now Slovakia) &ndash 6 June, 1929, Prague) was an Austrian Aron Nimzowitsch ( Ārons Ņimcovičs; born Aron Niemzowitsch and also known as Nimzovich) (7 November 1886 – 16 March 1935 was a Latvian

1953 regulations

Title awards under the original regulations were subject to political concerns. Efim Bogoljubov, who had emigrated from the Soviet Union to Germany, was not entered in the first class of Grandmasters, even though he had played two matches for the World Championship with Alekhine. Efim Dmitriyevich Bogoljubow (Bogoljubov Bogolyubov (Ефи́м Дми́триевич Боголю́бов April 14, 1889 &ndash June 18, The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess He received the title in 1951, by a vote of 13 to 8 with 5 abstentions. Yugoslavia supported his application, but all other Communist countries opposed it. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based In 1953, FIDE abolished the old regulations, although a provision was maintained that allowed older masters who had been overlooked to be awarded titles. The new regulations awarded the title of International Grandmaster of the FIDE to players meeting any of the following criteria:[10]

  1. The world champion.
  2. Masters who have the absolute right to play in the World Championship Candidates Tournament, or any player who replaces an absent contestant and earns at least a 50 percent score. The Candidates Tournament was a triennial Chess tournament organized by the world chess federation FIDE as the final contest to determine the challenger for the
  3. The winner of an international tournament meeting specified standards, and any player placing second in two such tournaments within a span of four years. The tournament must be at least eleven rounds with seven or more players, 80 percent or more being International Grandmasters or International Masters. The title International Master is awarded to outstanding Chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. Additionally, 30 percent of the players must be Grandmasters who have the absolute right to play in the next World Championship Candidates Tournament, or who have played in such a tournament in the previous ten years.
  4. A player who demonstrates ability manifestly equal to that of (3) above in an international tournament or match. Such titles must be approved by the Qualification Committee with the support of at least five members.

1957 regulations

After FIDE issued the 1953 title regulations, it was recognized that they were somewhat haphazard, and work began to revise the regulations. The FIDE Congress in Vienna in 1957 adopted new regulations, called the FAV system, in recognition of the work done by International Judge Giovanni Ferrantes (Italy), Alexander (probably Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander), and Giancarlo Dal Verme (Italy). In Chess, International Arbiter is a title awarded by FIDE to individuals deemed capable of acting as arbiter in important chess matches (the arbiters are responsible Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander, CMG, CBE ( 19 April 1909 &ndash 15 February 1974) was a Irish-born British Cryptanalyst Under the 1957 regulations, the title of International Grandmaster of the FIDE was automatically awarded to:

  1. The world champion.
  2. Any player qualifying from the Interzonal tournament to play in the Candidates Tournament, even if he did not play in the Candidates for any reason.
  3. Any player who would qualify from the Interzonal to play in the Candidates but who was excluded because of a limitation on the number of participants from his Federation.
  4. Any player who actually plays in a Candidates Tournament and scores at least 33⅓ percent.

The regulations also allowed titles to be awarded by a FIDE Congress on recommendation by the Qualification Committee. Recommendations were based on performance in qualifying tournaments, with the required score depending on the percentage of Grandmasters and International Masters in the tournament. [11]

1965 regulations

Concerns were raised that the 1957 regulations were too lax. At the FIDE Congress in 1961, GM Milan Vidmar said that the regulations "made it possible to award international titles to players without sufficient merit". Milan Vidmar ( June 22 1885 – October 9 1962) was a Slovene Electrical engineer, chess player, chess theorist At the 1964 Congress in Tel Aviv, a subcommittee was formed to propose changes to the regulations. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel The subcommittee recommended that the automatic award of titles be abolished, criticized the methods used for awarding titles based on qualifying performances, and called for a change in the makeup of the Qualification Committee. Several delegates supported the subcommittee recommendations, including GM Miguel Najdorf who felt that existing regulations were leading to an inflation of international titles. Miguel Najdorf (born Mendel (Mieczysław Najdorf in Grodzisk Mazowiecki near Warsaw, Poland, April 15, 1910 &ndash [11] At the 1965 Congress in Wiesbaden FIDE raised the standards required for international titles. Wiesbaden, a city in southwest Germany, is the capital of the state of Hesse. The International Grandmaster title regulations were:

To fulfill requirement 2b, the candidate must score one GM norm in a category 1a tournament or two norms within a three year period in two Category 1b tournaments, or one Category 2a tournament and one Category 1b tournament.

The categories of tournaments are:

Since FIDE titles are for life, a GM or IM does not count for the purposes of this requirement if he had not had a GM or IM result in the five years prior to the tournament.

In addition, no more than 50 percent plus one of the players can be from the same country for tournaments of 10 to 12 players, or no more than 50 percent plus two for larger tournaments.

Seventy-four GM titles were awarded in 1951 through 1968. During that period, ten GM titles were awarded in 1965, but only one in 1966 and in 1968. [12]

Current regulations

The requirements for becoming a Grandmaster are somewhat complex. A player must have an Elo rating of at least 2500 at one time (although they need not maintain this level to keep the title). The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in two-player games such as Chess and Go. A rating of 2400 or higher is required to become an International Master. The title International Master is awarded to outstanding Chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. In addition, at least two favorable results (called norms) in tournaments involving other Grandmasters, including some from countries other than the applicant's, are usually required before FIDE will confer the title on a player. In order to qualify for the title of Grandmaster of Chess, a title awarded by FIDE, the World Chess Federation one must in most cases achieve three grandmaster There are other milestones a player can achieve to get the title, such as winning the Women's World Championship, the World Junior Championship, or the World Senior Championship. The World Junior Chess Championship is an under-20 Chess tournament (players must have been under 20 years old on 1 January in the year of competition organized The World Senior Chess Championship is an annual Chess tournament established in 1991 by FIDE, the World Chess Federation Current regulations may be found in the FIDE Handbook. [13]

Title inflation

In 1972 there were only 88 GMs with 33 representing the USSR. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 In July 2005, the FIDE ratings list included over 900 grandmasters; see list of chess players and chess grandmasters for some of them. This list of chess players depicts men and women who are primarily known as Chess players and have an article on the English Wikipedia This huge increase is primarily because FIDE ratings (used in the calculation of title norms and thresholds) have an inherent inflationary effect, making grandmaster norms much easier to achieve. According to one researcher, ratings inflated by about 100 points between 1985 and 2000. [14] For example, Nigel Short was rated the third best player in the world in 1989 with a rating of 2650; in the 21st century such a rating would only be good enough for a player to reach the top 50 or 60, with the third best player in world usually rated around 2750. Nigel David Short MBE (born June 1, 1965 in Leigh, Lancashire) is often regarded as the strongest British Chess Other minor factors come into play: there are more tournaments worldwide and cheaper air travel makes them more accessible to globe-trotting chess professionals, who include many players from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe whose movements are no longer as restricted as they were before the 1990s. Additionally, players can make norms in tournaments that would have been previously considered too short for norms,[15] making norms easier to get and allowing for more norm tournaments to be held.

The grandmaster title still retains some of its prestige because it represents a very high level of chess performance against other titled players. A chess master is typically in the top 2 percent of all tournament players. A grandmaster is typically in the top 0. 02 percent at the time he or she earns the title. [16]

However, only the top handful of current grandmasters are as dominant as the five original Grandmasters were in their day. Lasker, Capablanca and Alekhine were all World Champions, and both Tarrasch and Marshall were strong enough to play world title matches (both losing against Lasker). Alexander Alexandrovich Alekhine (alʲɛkˈsandr̠ alʲɛkˈsandr̠ovʲiʨ aˈlʲɛxin Russian Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Але́хин) (October

In order to restore the full prestige of the GM title, it is sometimes suggested that it ought to be reserved for those who, at some time in their lives, become serious contenders for the World Championship, or who have actually held that title. Former world championship runner-up Nigel Short has suggested that the title should be abolished altogether since it no longer helps to distinguish between true championship contenders and much lower-rated players who have no serious chance of challenging for the world title. Nigel David Short MBE (born June 1, 1965 in Leigh, Lancashire) is often regarded as the strongest British Chess Short says: "Just get rid of stupid titles. "[15]

"Super-grandmasters"

Due to this title inflation, most grandmasters today are not world-class players, and there is a wide disparity in playing strength between the highest-rated and lowest-rated grandmasters. In order to differentiate the best players from lesser grandmasters, a top-level grandmaster is sometimes informally called a "super-grandmaster". The term is unofficial, and has no generally accepted definition.

For one possible list of super-grandmasters, see the list of players who have achieved an Elo rating of 2700 or more, at Comparing top chess players throughout history. The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in two-player games such as Chess and Go.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Hooper, David & Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (2 ed. David Vincent Hooper ( 31 August 1915 - May 1998 born in Reigate, was a British Chess player and writer Kenneth Whyld ( March 6, 1926 - July 11, 2003) was a British Chess author and researcher best known as the co-author (with The Oxford Companion to Chess is a reference Book on Chess written by David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld. ), Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3 
  2. ^ Elo 1978, p.  170
  3. ^ a b Sunnucks 1970, p.  223
  4. ^ Crosstable San Sebastian 1912
  5. ^ Winter, Edward (1999), Kings, Commoners and Knaves: Further Chess Explorations (1 ed. Edward Winter is a name shared by the following individuals Edward Winter (British administrator (1622&ndash1686 English royal administrator in British ), Russell Enterprises, Inc. , pp. 315-316, ISBN 1-888690-04-6 
  6. ^ Winter, Edward (2003), A Chess Omnibus (1 ed. Edward Winter is a name shared by the following individuals Edward Winter (British administrator (1622&ndash1686 English royal administrator in British ), Russell Enterprises, Inc. , pp. 177-178, ISBN 1-888690-17-8 
  7. ^ Chess Note 5144
  8. ^ Cafferty, Bernard & Taimanov, Mark (1998), The Soviet Championships (1 ed. Mark Evgenievich Taimanov (Марк Евгеньевич Тайманов (born February 7, 1926, Kharkov) is a leading Russian Chess ), Cadogan Books, pp. 28, ISBN 1-85744-201-6 
  9. ^ Id. at 28-29.
  10. ^ Harkness, Kenneth (1956), The Official Blue Book and Encyclopedia of Chess, David McKay Company, pp. Kenneth Harkness (byname of Stanley Edgar; November 12, 1896 - October 4, 1972) was a Chess organizer 332–336, OCLC 1578704 LCCN 56-014153 
  11. ^ a b Harkness, Kenneth (1967), Official Chess Handbook, David McKay Company, pp. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United Kenneth Harkness (byname of Stanley Edgar; November 12, 1896 - October 4, 1972) was a Chess organizer 211–214, LCCN 66-13085 OCLC 728637 
  12. ^ Sunnucks 1970, p. The Library of Congress Control Number or LCCN is a serially based system of numbering cataloging records in the Library of Congress in the United The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  224–226
  13. ^ Actual Handbook. fide. com.
  14. ^ FIDE Chess Rating Inflation. members. shaw. ca.
  15. ^ a b Praful Zaveri (December 10, 2006). Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Nigel Short wins Commonwealth Championship. chessbase. com.
  16. ^ 2002 Regular Rating Distribution Chart. uschess. org.

References

See also

Chess prodigies are children who play Chess so well that they are able to beat Masters and even Grandmasters often at a very young age This is a list of Grandmasters in Chess. Grandmaster is a title awarded to world-class chess players by the sport's governing body FIDE.
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