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Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia

Born May 11, 1857(1857-05-11)
Tsarskoye Selo
Died February 17, 1905 (aged 47)
Moscow
Spouse Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine
Parents Alexander II of Russia (father)
Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (mother)

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (Сергей Александрович) (May 11, 1857 – February 17, 1905) was a son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Tsarskoye Selo (Ца́рское Село́ " Tsar 's Village" is a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of HIH The Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia (Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova Елизавета Фëдоровна Романова ( 1 November 1864 Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Marie of Hesse and by Rhine ( 8 August, 1824 - 8 June, 1880) was a princess of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and as Maria Alexandrovna Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St He was an influential figure during the reigns of his brother Tsar Alexander III of Russia and his nephew Tsar Nicholas II, who was also his brother in law. Alexander III Alexandrovich ( 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) (Александр III Александрович reigned as Emperor [1]

Between 1891 and 1905, he was Governor General of Moscow. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of A radical conservative, his policies made him a polarizing figure. In 1892, as the governor of Moscow, he executed the state's order and expelled the large portion of Jewish population from the city. The Khodynka Field tragedy, in 1896, tarnished his reputation. Khodynka Field (Ходынское поле Khodynskoye pole) is a large open space in the north-west of Moscow, at the beginning of the present day Leningradsky Highly controversial, he was targeted by revolutionaries and was assassinated by a terrorist bomb at the Kremlin. View01jpg|thumb|right|250px|Remains of the Kolomna Kremlin]] Kremlin (Кремль Kreml) is the Russian word for "fortress" "citadel" or "castle"

Contents

Early life

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was born on May 11, 1857 in the Zubov wing of the Catherine Palace at Tsarskoye Selo, some twenty miles outside Saint Petersburg. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the The Catherine Palace (Екатерининский дворец is the Rococo summer residence of the Russian Tsarskoye Selo (Ца́рское Село́ " Tsar 's Village" is a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River He was the seventh child and fifth son among the eight children of Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna, born Duchess Marie of Hesse-Darmstadt. Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St Marie of Hesse and by Rhine ( 8 August, 1824 - 8 June, 1880) was a princess of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and as Maria Alexandrovna [2]

Until he was old enough to begin lessons, Sergei’s earlier years were spent with his younger brother Paul, from who he was inseparable, and their sister at Livadia, the family’s Crimean retreat, at Tsarskoye Selo and at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich of Russia (Павел Александрович (October 3 1860 N Tsarskoye Selo (Ца́рское Село́ " Tsar 's Village" is a former Russian residence of the imperial family and visiting See also The movie Russian Ark, an innovative single shot walkthrough with period reenactments spanning three hundred years of court meetings By the time Serge was born, his mother was already in declining health. Although she was not a particularly affectionate mother, except to her daughter, her three youngest children, Marie, Serge and Paul, were close to her and especially to one another. Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (later Duchess of Edinburgh and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; 17 October 1853 &ndash 24 Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich of Russia (Павел Александрович (October 3 1860 N [2] As time passed and the Empress’s health dictated her to avoid the harsh Russian climate, they spent long sojourns abroad in Jugenheim outside Darmstadt and the winters in the South of France. [3] A family tragedy hit them there. In April 1865, shortly before, Sergei’s eight birthday, his eldest brother and godfather Nicholas the heir to the crown died in Nice. Tsarevich Nikolay Aleksandrovich Romanov (Цесаревич Николай Александрович Романов full title Heir Tsarevich and Grand Duke of Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek [4] As a child, Sergei was shy, studious and withdrawn. As influence of his mother’s, whose reserved character he resembled, he became very religious.

From the 1870s, Sergei and his younger brother Paul were kept in Russia by their studies. They were destined to follow a military career, but their tutor, Admiral Arseniev, encouraged Serge’s linguistic, artistic and musical abilities. He was fluent in several languages and learned Italian in order to read Dante in the original. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. [5] His interest in Italian art and culture intensified, as he grew older. He painted well and was musical, playing the flute in amateur orchestra. He enjoyed acting and steeped himself in the early history culture and traditions of Russia. He liked to read and in time became to know many of Russia’s great writers personally among them Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, whose work the grand duke read and admired. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, [5] Dostoevsky who he met over dinner at the Winter Palace invited by Serge's Professor. See also The movie Russian Ark, an innovative single shot walkthrough with period reenactments spanning three hundred years of court meetings

Military Career

Grand duke Sergei Alexandrovich in his youth
Grand duke Sergei Alexandrovich in his youth

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich started a military career early in his life. He was from birth colonel in chief of the 38th Tobolsk Infantry Regiment, he also became Colonel in chief of the 2nd battalion Guards Rifles and towards the end of his life, colonel in chief of the 5th Kievsky Grenadier Regiment. [6] On his twentieth birthday in April 29 1877, the grand duke took the solemn oath of allegiance to the Emperor. [5] An educational tour that had been proposed for him was postponed upon the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered Sergei took part in the war with his father and brothers, the Tsarevich Alexander and Grand Dukes Vladimir and Alexei. Alexander III Alexandrovich ( 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) (Александр III Александрович reigned as Emperor Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, in Russian Владимир Александрович / Влади́мирович( 22 April, 1847 - 17 February, The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Romanov of Russia (St Petersburg January 14, 1850 (January 4 O He spent the greater part of his time serving as Poruchik in the Leib Guard under the Tsarevich in southeast Romania. Poruchik (пору́чик pʌˡrutɕɪk was a Military rank in the Russian Empire time equivalent to Lieutenant. Leib Guard (Ле́йб-гва́рдия from German Leib, meaning body; cf Life Guards) were military units serving as personal guards Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania [7] He was consequently promoted to Colonel. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country On October 12, following the battle of Meyk, The Emperor decorated him with the Order of St George, for courage and bravery in action with the enemy, for a reconnaissance expedition at Kara Loma near Koshev. At the end of December 1877, Sergei Alexandrovich returned to Saint Petersburg with his father.

Alexander II had started a new family with his mistress and Sergei’s sided with his neglected mother in the breaking of the family’s harmony. Alexander (Aleksandr II Nikolaevich (Александр II Николаевич ( Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St [8] Empress Maria died in June 1880 and in March 1881 Alexander II, who had married his mistress, Princess Catherine Dolgoruki, was assassinated by terrorists. Marie of Hesse and by Rhine ( 8 August, 1824 - 8 June, 1880) was a princess of the Grand Duchy of Hesse and as Maria Alexandrovna Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna Dolgorukova (In Russian Княжна Екатерина Михаиловна Долгорукова also known as Catherine Dolgorukova Sergei was then in Italy with his brother Paul and Admiral Arseniev. Three months later in June 1881 the grand duke went to Palestine accompanied by Paul and his cousin Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich. Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia (Константи́н Константи́нович ( August 22, 1858 in Strelna &ndash June 15 They visited Jerusalem and the sacred sites. He assisted in the founding of a society devoted to upkeep of the Orthodox shrines in the Holy Land and to the service of Russian pilgrims. He became his chairman.

From 1882 on Serge’s military career occupied increasing amount of his time in Saint Petersburg and on maneuvers at Kranoe Selo and advanced still further. [9] On January 15 1882, his brother Alexander III appointed him commander of the 1st Battalion Preobrazhensky Life Guard Regiment, with the rank of colonel, the elite regiment, founded by Peter the Great. Alexander III Alexandrovich ( 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) (Александр III Александрович reigned as Emperor Seven years later, he was promoted to the rank of major general. On February 26, 1891, he was made Adjutant General of the Svita. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common An Adjutant General is a military chief administrative officer His Imperial Majesty's Suite or HIM Suite ( Russian: Svita, Свита Его Императорского Величества Е He became the commanding officer of in the village of Preobrazhenskoy. Serge commanded this regiment until 1891, when his brother the Emperor appointed him Governor-general of Moscow. [6]

A Russian Grand Duke

At twenty-six, the fair-haired Grand Duke was reserved, intelligent, well read and refined. [6] Over six feet tall, his extremely slim figure was accentuated by a corset, worn in the manner of Prussian officers. [6]

With his closely cropped hair and neat beard, Serge Alexandrovich cut an impressive figure. [10] When she met him in Moscow, Consuelo Vanderbilt, then Duchess of Marlborough, considered him to be One of the handsomest men I have ever seen. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Consuelo Balsan (formerly Consuelo Duchess of Marlborough; born Consuelo Vanderbilt) ( March 2, 1877 – December 6, 1964 Described by his brother in law Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse as tall and fair with delicate features and beautiful light green eyes. Ernest Louis Charles Albert William ( de: Ernst Ludwig Karl Albert Wilhelm) ( 25 November, 1868 - 9 October, 1937) Very self-conscious he held himself very stiffly and with a hard expression on his eyes. [10]

He stood very straight and had a habit of playing with one of his jeweled rings, turning it around his finger. He kept his feelings rigidly in check and many mistook his reserve for pride. Few had the chance to know him well. He was noted for his sincere adherence to the church. He had a connoisseur’s knowledge of Russian antiques and art treasures and was interested in archaeology attending and sometimes chairing meetings of the Archeological congress. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos

While shy and reserved, he made no secret of his disapproval of society and its lax ways, and he defied all criticism. He found it hard to cope with opposition and lost his temper too easily. In his home, he demanded tidiness, order and discipline, and expected to be obeyed. His niece, Marie Queen of Romania remembered him: “Dry, nervous, short of speech, impatient, he had none the rather careless good humor of his three elder brothers . Princess Marie of Edinburgh (Marie Alexandra Victoria later Queen of Romania; 29 October 1875 &ndash 10 July / 18 July 1938  .  . but for all that we loved him, felt irresistibly attracted to him, hard though he could be. Few perhaps cherish his memory, but I do. " Many other family members including his nephew Kyril, Princess Marie of Greece and Prince Gabriel left good impressions about him in their books of memoirs. Cyril Vladimirovich Grand Duke of Russia, ( Kirill Vladimirovich Romanov; October 12, 1938) was a member of the Russian Imperial Family Titles styles honours and arms Titles and styles 3 March 1876 - 30 April 1900: Her Royal Highness Prince Gabriel Constantinovich of Russia ( July 15 1887 – February 28 1955) was the second son of Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich

Marriage

Grand Duke Sergei and his wife Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna
Grand Duke Sergei and his wife Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna

In 1881 there had been talks of a possible marriage to Princess Caroline Mathilde of Shleswig-Holstein. [11] Emperor Alexander II had hoped that at least one of his sons would marry with a princess of Hesse as he had done. Sergei eventually chose as his bride, Princess Elizabeth of Hesse, a daughter of Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and Princess Alice of the United Kingdom. HIH The Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia (Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova Елизавета Фëдоровна Романова ( 1 November 1864 Louis IV (Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Karl ( 12 September 1837 - 13 March 1892) was the fourth Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine, reigning The Princess Alice (Alice Maud Mary 25 April 1843 &ndash 14 December 1878) was a member of the British Royal Family, the third She was an older sister of both Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and Alexandra of Hesse, Empress consort of Nicholas II of Russia. Ernest Louis Charles Albert William ( de: Ernst Ludwig Karl Albert Wilhelm) ( 25 November, 1868 - 9 October, 1937) Alix of Hesse and by Rhine (later Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova ( Императрица Александра Фёдоровна Романова) ( 6 June A queen consort is the title given to the wife of a reigning king. They were first cousins once removed and had known each other all their lives. [2] There were hesitations on both sides and Elizabeth first rejected his proposal of marriage. [11] Queen Victoria, who had Anti-Russian sentiments, opposed the marriage of her motherless granddaughter. [12] Elisabeth and her sisters were not pressured into follow political marriages; they were allowed to follow their own inclination. [11] After the couple spent some time together in Wolfgasten in Darmstadt in September 1883, Elisabeth accepted to marry him. [13] Their engagement was announced publicly on February 26 1884 when Sergei returned to visit her in Darmstad. [14] Upon her marriage, Princess Elizabeth took the name of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia. [15] The wedding took place on June 15 1884 in the Winter Palace. See also The movie Russian Ark, an innovative single shot walkthrough with period reenactments spanning three hundred years of court meetings [16]

They spend their honeymoon in Iliskoye, Sergei’s 2,400 acre country estate forty miles west of Moscow on the left bank of the Moskva river, a 90 minutes carriage drive from the city, that Sergei had inherited from his mother. The couple settled in Saint Petersburg in a mansion occupying the southeast corner of the Fontana canal and the Nevsky Prospekt, a short drive from his former apartments in the Winter Palace. [14] The Beloselsky Belozerzky mansion, bought by Sergei to live with his wife, was renamed Sergeivsky Palace. [17] The couple also had Ferme, a villa located in the grounds of Peterhoff that Sergei had inherited from his mother. [18] They usually arrived each August to Ilinskoe entertaining there during the summer months with guest occupying the various wooden villas that were dotted around the park. On the opposite bank of the Moskva River, Sergei built Usovo, a large three-story stone and brick house with a heating system.

Sergei and his wife were very close to Alexander III and his wife Maria Feodorovna. Maria Feodorovna, born Princess Dagmar of Denmark (26 November 1847&ndash13 October 1928 was Empress consort of Russia. Alexander III trusted him more than he trusted his other brothers and in 1886, he appointed Sergei commander of the Preobrajensky Life Guard regiment, entrusting him with introducing the Tsarevich, the future Nicholas II, to army life. The grand duke and his wife represented Russia in 1887 during Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. A Golden Jubilee is a celebration held to mark a 50th anniversary of a monarch's reign In 1888, they were sent to the Holy land on the consecration of the church of Saint Mary Magdalene in Jerusalem, built in memory of Empress Maria Alexandrovna. By 1892, six years into the marriage, Sergei was already certain that they would not have children and he left a will making the children of his brother Paul his heir after his and his wife’s deaths.

Governor of Moscow

Grand Duke Sergei and his wife, 1892
Grand Duke Sergei and his wife, 1892

With the increase of all sorts of radical elements, especially among the students in Moscow, Alexander III adopted a policy of repression. The Emperor wanted a like mind at the helm of imperial Russia’s second city and former capital. In the spring of 1891, the Tsar appointed Sergei as Governor General of Moscow. The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of [19] Although it was a great honor Sergei accepted his new appointment with reluctance, he had hoped to stay longer in command of the Preobrajensky, were he was popular and he and his wife loved the quiet life they were living in Saint Petersburg. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River

The vice regal role of Governor General ruling prince of Moscow was one that was answerable only to the emperor. [20] Sergei was as a political hardliner who shared his brother’s inalienable belief in strong, nationalist government. [20] Sergei’s tenure began with the expulsion of Moscow’s 20,000 Jews. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [21] It started four weeks before he arrived in person, after the publication of an Imperial ukase by the minister of the interiors, Ivan Durnovo, by which all Jews of lower social stance (artisans, minor traders and so on) had to be expelled from Moscow. Ukase (указ ukaz) in Imperial Russia was a proclamation of the Tsar, government or a religious leader ( Patriarch) that had the force of PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of On March 29, the first day of Passover, the city’s Jewish population learned of the new decree that called for their expulsion. [21] In three carefully planned phases over the next twelve months, Moscow’s Jews were expelled. Those first to go were the unmarried, the childless and those who had lived in the city for less than three years. [21] Next, it was the turn of apprentices, of families with up to four children and those with less than six years residency. [21] Last of all, it was the turn of the old Jewish settlers with large families and or numerous employees, some of who had lived in Moscow for forty years. [21] Young Jewish women were made to register as prostitutes if they wanted to stay in the city. During the expulsion, homes were surrounded by mounted Cossacks in the middle of the night while policeman ransacked every house. In January 1892, in a temperature of 30 degrees below zero, Brest station was packed with Jews all ages and sexes, all in rags and surrounded by meager remnants of households goods, all leaving, voluntarily rather than face deportation. [21] Sergei as governor general was petioned by the police commissioners to stop the expulsions until the weather conditions improve. [21] While he agreed, the order was not published until the expulsions were over. [21] Some of them moved to southern and western regions of Empire although there were many who decided to emigrate[22]. In counting the cost, Moscow lost 100 millions rubles in trade and production, 25,000 Russians employed by Jewish firms lost their livelihoods, while the manufacture of silk, one the city’s most lucrative industries, was all but wiped out. [23]

To meet the needs of students Sergei ordered to start the construction of new dormitories in the city. In the same time, however, severe restrictions were imposed on the students and professors in the Universities as a part of state's policy of conspiracy prevention and elimination of revolutionary ideas. [24]This made Sergei Alexandrovich very unpopular in Moscow among intelligentsia, though the more conservative citizens were pleased. For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. [24] The Muscovite nobility and merchants despised him, because he was rough and lacked tact, while attempting to fight commercial fraud and enforce strict police measures. However, he did significantly improve general living conditions during his tenure and was an extremely conscientious carrying out his duties: “Even in the country when he was supposed to be resting," his niece remembered, "he was constantly receiving couriers from Moscow and giving audiences”. He paid a lot of attention to detail, attending personally to matters that could easily have been left to subordinates, punishing corruption and fraud. At times, he would go about the city incognito to see conditions for himself. [25] In private he and his wife were concerned about the poverty they saw in Moscow and the surrounding countryside, discussing ways to improve it. [26]

Welfare organizations and charities always attracted Sergei’s attentions and he became either chairman or patron of scores of them. [27] He was for example, chairman of the Moscow Society for the Care, Upbringing and Education of Blind Children; of the Society for Homeless, Neglected Children and Convicted Adolescents; and the Moscow department of the Russian department Society of National Health protection. [27] In addition, he was patron of organizations as diverse as the Moscow and Saint Petersburg Universities; The Printer’s Mutual Aid Fund; the Society of Care for Aged Actors, the Pskov Non Classical Secondary School and Prince Nikola’s Alm Houses. He was also chairman of the Academies of both Arts and Science, the Moscow Archeological Society, the Society of Agriculture, the Russian Musical Society, the Historical Museum in Moscow, The Moscow Theological Academy among others. [27]

Khodynka Tragedy

See also: Khodynka Tragedy

Alexander III died in November 1894 and his son Nicholas II ascended to the Russian throne. The Khodynka Tragedy was a Mass panic that occurred on May 18, 1896, on Khodynka Field in Moscow during the festivities following The relationship between Grand Duke Sergei and his nephew, who had served under his command in the Preobrazhensky Life Guard Regiment, was close and became stronger with Nicholas II’s marriage to princess Alix of Hesse, the youngest sister of Sergei’s wife. Alix of Hesse and by Rhine (later Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova ( Императрица Александра Фёдоровна Романова) ( 6 June This was a union that Sergei and Elisabeth Feodorovna had helped to promote.

The coronation ceremonies of the New Emperor and his wife, as tradition demanded, took placed in Moscow and Sergei as Governor General of the City was in charge of overseeing the arrangements. As part of the preparations, Sergei had introduced the novelty of electric light to Moscow. Towards the end of the festivities, according to custom, every newly crowned Tsar presented gifts to the populace; and on this occasion Khodynka Field, on the outskirts of Moscow, was chosen as a suitable place where the distribution could take place. Khodynka Field (Ходынское поле Khodynskoye pole) is a large open space in the north-west of Moscow, at the beginning of the present day Leningradsky The choice was questionable, as the field was normally used as a military training ground and was crisscrossed with ditches. Nevertheless, Sergei, as governor general approved the plans. Although a crowd of nearly half a million was expected from all over Russia, only one squadron of Cossacks and a small detachment of police were sent to maintain order.

Early in the morning of May 18, 1896, families began to gather outside the frail wooden fence that protected the field, watching carts laden with beer, and the eagerly sought after gifts. [28] Around 6 am, a rumor swept through the mass that the booths had already opened and the souvenirs were being given out. [29] Suddenly moving as one, that great body of people began to surge forward in the direction of the booths. [29] As it did so, men women and children, hundreds of whom had no idea what was happening, fell or slipped on the uneven ground and were crushed and trampled underfoot. Others suffocated in the mayhem. [29] The police, far too few in numbers, were helpless to do much and even the Cossacks when they arrived were unable to stop the catastrophe. One thousand three hundred people, many hideously mutilated and unrecognizable, were killed and twice that number were seriously injured. [30]

While Grand Duke Sergei had not directly participated in the planning for Khodynka Field, he was to blame for the lack of foresight and as Governor-general, ultimately responsible. However, he did not assume his part of responsibility for the tragedy. He laid the blame on others, most notably on Count Voronzov-Dashkov, head of the Ministry of the Imperial Court, with whom there had been some dispute over the management of the coronation festivities,[31] and Colonel Vlasovsky, the city of Moscow’s chief of police. [32] In the eyes of public opinion Sergei had done himself great harm by not going to the scene of the incident, or at least putting in appearances at the victim’s funerals.

On Khodynka there existed a Romanov family divide. There were Romanovs, headed by Grand Duke Nicholas Mikailovich and his brothers, who thought the festivities should have been canceled. Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia (Russian Великий князь Никола́й Миха́йлович) 26 April, 1859 - 28 January On the other hand, Sergei Alexandrovich and his brothers thought that an historical event, such as a coronation, should not be disrupted or marred by a conspicuous period of mourning. The latter opinion believed that the crowds who came long distances should not be disappointed, and that the tightly scheduled events for foreign dignitaries not be slighted and should go forward. There was also division among the Romanov family as to whether Grand Duke Sergei should have resigned. Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich and his brothers called for his resignation, while Sergei’s own brothers Grand Dukes Vladimir Alexandrovich and Alexei Alexandrovich closed ranks supporting him and threaten to retired from public life if Sergei was made the scapegoat for the Khodynka tragedy. Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, in Russian Владимир Александрович / Влади́мирович( 22 April, 1847 - 17 February, The Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Romanov of Russia (St Petersburg January 14, 1850 (January 4 O [33] Sergei ultimately did offer to resign while Vorontzov-Dashkov did not. The Tsar ultimately did not support a thoroughly proposed investigation, the chief of police was dismissed, but Grand Duke Sergei retained his high office.

Controversy

Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich

In 1894 Sergei was made a member of the State Council. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The State Council ("Государственный Совет" was the supreme state advisory body to the Tsar in Imperial Russia. In 1896, he was promoted to Lieutenant General and appointed as Commander of Moscow military district. Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the Military districts are formations of a state's armed forces (often of the Army which are responsible for a certain area of territory Devoted to the policies of his nephew, the Tsar regarded him as a useful counter weight to some of his ministers and officials and would always readily take his side. [34] When in 1896 disturbances broke out in the universities Nicholas II was grateful for his prompt action and that of the authorities that quickly restored order.

Although Sergei was often condemned as a complete reactionary during his governorship, according to his brother in law Ernest, Grand duke of Hesse, he wanted and strove for improvements, which angered conservatives, but blocked revolutionary reforms, which infuriated radicals, because he considered them impractical or thought that Russia was not ready for them. [35] [30]

Sergei’s enigmatic personality and harsh manners made him appear arrogant and disagreeable. Shy by nature, he dreaded personal contact. When courtesy demanded a handshake, he solved the problem wearing a white glove. Puritan and humorless, at least in public, he had a total disregard for public opinion. He never seemed to be at ease with himself and others. He became a focus for serious opponents of the regime as well as for malicious gossip. His cousin Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich left a damaging description about him: "Try as I will,” he wrote, “ I cannot find a single redeeming feature in his character… Obstinate, arrogant, disagreeable, he flaunted his many peculiarities in the face of the entire nation… "[36] Later writers have accused him of sadism. Grand Duke Alexander Mihailovich of Russia, Александр Михайлович Aleksandr Mihailovits ( 13 April 1866 - 26 February [37] [24]

A great deal of controversy around Sergei Alexandrovich has centered on the nature of his personal life. Guesses about the perhaps unhappy nature of the relationship with his wife have abounded. [38] Sergei's marriage is barely documented. His private papers, including his correspondence with his wife, have not survived, and the evidence that does exist in the Moscow State archives, the most important repository of Romanov papers, is open to interpretation. According to some contemporary reports, Sergei was homosexual. [37][39]. [40] His sexuality conflicted with his intense religious beliefs and the expectations of his position. Contrary to this belief, the marriage was happy, in its own way. Unusual for royal couples, they slept in the same bed for all of their married life. [41] Forced to defend Sergei against rumors of discord, Elizabeth Feodorovna was devoted to her husband and treasured his memory after his death. HIH The Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna of Russia (Elizabeth Feodorovna Romanova Елизавета Фëдоровна Романова ( 1 November 1864

Although their marriage remained childless, the two children of Grand Duke Paul, Grand Duchess Maria, and Grand Duke Dimitri , often joined their household, spending Christmases and later some summer holidays with Sergei and his wife. Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich of Russia (Павел Александрович (October 3 1860 N Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia, of the Imperial House of Romanov (Дмитрий Павлович Романов ( September 18, 1891 &ndash The couple set aside a playroom and bedrooms for the youngsters at their home. In 1902, Paul was banished from living in Russia after he contacted a morganatic marriage and Sergei asked for and obtained the guardianship of his niece and nephew. A morganatic marriage is a type of Marriage which can be contracted in certain countries usually between people of unequal Social rank, which prevents the passage [40] As a foster father, Sergei was strict and demanding, but devoted and affectionate towards the children. Nevertheless, Maria and Dimitri resented their aunt and uncle, blaming them for the forced separation from their real father, who had abandoned them. [42] While Sergei had their best interests at heart, his preoccupation with the smallest detail of their education and upbringing were not appealing to the two difficult adolescents. [43]

By the end of 1904 Russia had suffered disastrously in the Russo-Japanese War and the country was in turmoil. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September As discontent and demonstration multiplied, so did the pressure on Sergei to maintain order. [43] He was of the opinion that only the utmost severity could put an end to the revolutionary ferment, but in the wake of civil disorder Nicholas II was forced to make concessions. Sergei did not support the Tsar's security policies of vacillations and evasions. [44] According to Marie Pavlovna, "it appeared to my uncle little less than monstrous. . . he expressed deep sorrow for the state of affairs in Russia, of the necessity for serious measures, and of the criminal weakness of the Tsar's ministers and councilors. " Thoroughly disillusioned with the whole situation and deciding it was the right time to retire into private life, he informed the Tsar that new times needed new faces. [45] After thirteen years of service, Sergei resigned from the Governorship on January 1, 1905. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting However, he continued as Commander of the Moscow military district. [46]

Assassination

The Carriage of Grand Duke Sergei after his assassination
The Carriage of Grand Duke Sergei after his assassination

After his resignation, Grand Duke Sergei moved to the Neskuchnoye Palace with his wife and two foster children and shortly after with surprising suddenness, to the Nicholas Palace within the safety of the Kremlin. This move, caused by the threat of further disturbances in the city, was made under the cover of darkness. Realizing that he was a vulnerable target for revolutionary assassins, he took every precaution that his detectives advised. Doing all he could to protect his wife, nephew and niece as well as his personal staff, the grand duke and his wife rarely ventured outside, and at home, they only received their close friends. The grand duke adopted a fatalistic attitude where his own safety was concerned. Like his father Alexander II, Sergei was firmly of the belief that, unless it was the will of God, no attempt on his life would succeed, but if it was the will of God, no amount of security would prevent it. One precaution he did take, however, was not for himself but for his adjutants, whom he would no longer allow to travel with him.

On February 15, 1905, the family attended a concert at the Bolshoi Theatre in aid of Elizabeth Feodorovna's Red Cross War charities. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Bolshoi Theatre (Большой театр Bol'shoy Teatr Great Theatre) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, designed by famed architect [47] A terrorist organization who knew his route had planned to assassinate him that day, but when one of them saw the children in the carriage he thought better of it and decided not to wave the handkerchief which he had agreed to use as a signal to one of the comrades ready to throw the bomb. Their aim was to murder the grand duke, not to kill his wife and two innocent children in cold blood, which would surely send a wave of revulsion through the empire and set back their revolutionary cause by years. [46]

In the morning of February 17, 1905 Grand Duke Sergei was in a particularly good mood because he had received from the Tsar a miniature portrait of Alexander III surrounded by gold laurel leaves, as a personal mark of favor from nephew to uncle. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting [48] After having lunch with his wife in the Nicholas palace, Sergei Alexandrovich left for the Governor General’s mansion, where there was still work to do in closing his personal office. [48] He was unaccompanied, because aware of the danger, he had refused to take his adjutant Alexei, since he was married with small children and he feared for his life. The arrival of the grand duke’s recognizable carriage drawn by a pair of horses and driven by his coachman Andrei Rudinkin alerted the terrorist who had been waiting in the Kremlin with a bomb wrapped with newspapers.

Just before 2:45 in the afternoon of February 17, 1905, the carriage of the grand duke passed through the gate of Nikolskaya Tower of the Kremlin and turned the corner of the Chudov Monastery into Senatskaya square. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The following is a list of towers of Moscow Kremlin. Borovitskaya The Borovitskaya Tower (Боровицкая башня is a corner tower with a The Moscow Kremlin ( Russian: Московский Кремль Moskovskiy Kreml) usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified The Chudov Monastery (more formally known as Alexius’ Archangel Michael Monastery) was founded in the Moscow Kremlin in 1358 by Metropolitan Alexius Then, from a distance no more than four feet away and still some sixty feet inside the Nikolsky Gate, Ivan Kalyayev, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary party’s Combat detachment, stepped forward and threw a nitroglycerin bomb directly into Sergei’s lap. Ivan Platonovich Kalyayev (Иван Платонович Каляев July 6, 1877 - May 23, 1905) was a Russian poet Terrorist The Socialist-Revolutionary Party (the PSR the SRs, or Esers; Партия социалистов-революционеров (ПСР эсеры was a Russian [49] The explosion disintegrated the carriage and the grand duke died immediately, literally blown to bits. [49] Scattered all over the crimson stained snow lay pieces of scorched cloth, fur and leather. The body of the Grand Duke was mutilated, with the head, the upper part of the chest and the left shoulder and arm being blown off and completely destroyed. [50] Surrounded by the splintered bones of the skull was the very little that remained of the face. [49] Some of the grand duke’s fingers, still adorned with the rings he habitually wore, were found on the roof of a nearby building and were recovered some time later. [51][49]

On impact, the carriage horses had bolted towards the Nikolsky Gate, dragging with them the front wheels and coachbox as well as the semi-conscious and badly burned driver Rudinkin, whose back had been riddled with bits of bomb and stones. He was rushed to the nearest hospital, where he died three days later. Kalayev, who by his own testimony had expected to die in the explosion, survived. [52][53] Sucked into the vortex of the explosion, he ended up by the remains of the rear wheels. His face peppered by splinters, pouring with blood. [52] He was immediately arrested. Sentenced to death, he was hanged two months later.

When the blast that ripped her husband to shreds shook the Nicholas palace and rattled the windows, the grand duchess rushed to the scene of the explosion. [53] Stunned but perfectly controlled, she gave instructions and kneeling in the snow, helped to gather up Sergei’s still bleeding remains. [53] The bared torso, part of the skull, a hand bone fragment, fingers, a still booted foot, were placed on a stretcher and covered with an army great coat. She also picked the medallions that Sergei wore around his neck and clutched them in the palm of her hand. [53]

Aftermath

An image of the cross marking the spot of the Grand Duke's assassination
An image of the cross marking the spot of the Grand Duke's assassination

Deeply affected by the Grand Duke's death, Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna retired from the world and founded the convent of Saint Martha and Saint Mary, where she dedicated herself to the care of Moscow’s poor and suffering. [49] She was murdered during the Third Russian Revolution in 1918. Third Russian Revolution (also know as the Left Wing Rebellions Against the Bolsheviks) was a series of Rebellions and uprisings against the Bolsheviks

Grand Duke Sergei’s body was buried in a crypt of the Chudov Monastery within the precincts of the Moscow Kremlin. The Chudov Monastery (more formally known as Alexius’ Archangel Michael Monastery) was founded in the Moscow Kremlin in 1358 by Metropolitan Alexius A memorial cross was erected on the spot where he was killed. After the downfall of the Romanovs, the cross was destroyed. [45] The monastery itself was demolished in 1928, and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was built on the site. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ( Президиум Верховного Совета in Russian, or Prezidium Verkhovnogo Soveta was a Soviet The burial crypt of the Grand Duke was located in a courtyard of that building - which had been used as a parking lot.

In 1990, building workers in the Kremlin discovered the blocked up entrance of the burial vault. The coffin was examined and found to contain the grand duke’s remains, covered with the military greatcoat of the Kiev regiment, decorations, and an icon. He had left written instructions that he was to be buried in the Preobrajensky uniform, but as his body was so badly mutilated this proved impossible. In 1995, the coffin was officially exhumed, and after a service in the Cathedral of the Archangel in the Kremlin, it was reburied in a vault of the Novospassky Monastery in Moscow on September 17, 1995. The Cathedral of the Archangel ( Russian: Архангельский собор, or Arkhangelsky sobor) is the name of several Cathedrals in Novospassky Monastery ( New monastery of the Saviour) is one of the fortified Monasteries surrounding Moscow from south-east [54]

Notes

  1. ^ Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 121
  2. ^ a b c Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 85
  3. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 86
  4. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 87
  5. ^ a b c Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 89
  6. ^ a b c d Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 98
  7. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 90
  8. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 92
  9. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 97
  10. ^ a b Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 99
  11. ^ a b c Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 79
  12. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 80
  13. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 83
  14. ^ a b Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 100
  15. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 118
  16. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 112
  17. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 101
  18. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 109
  19. ^ Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 128
  20. ^ a b Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 163
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 163
  22. ^ Полян П. М. Не по своей воле/Polyan P. Not by the free will, p. 26
  23. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 165
  24. ^ a b c Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 137
  25. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 166
  26. ^ Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 129
  27. ^ a b c Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 167
  28. ^ Cowles, The Romanovs , p. 246
  29. ^ a b c Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 188
  30. ^ a b Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 130
  31. ^ Lincoln, The Romanovs, p. 627
  32. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 189
  33. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 190
  34. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 162
  35. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 161
  36. ^ Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, p. 139
  37. ^ a b Cowles, The Romanovs , p. 219
  38. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 130
  39. ^ Igor Kon, 1997
  40. ^ a b Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 132
  41. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 157
  42. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 204
  43. ^ a b Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 204
  44. ^ Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 171
  45. ^ a b Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 133
  46. ^ a b Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959, p. 172
  47. ^ Maylunas & Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion, p. 258
  48. ^ a b Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 217
  49. ^ a b c d e Lincoln, The Romanovs, p. 651
  50. ^ Maylunas & Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion, p. 260
  51. ^ Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 218
  52. ^ a b Maylunas & Mironenko, A Lifelong Passion, p. 259
  53. ^ a b c d Warwick, Ella: Princess, Saint & Martyr, p. 219
  54. ^ Zeepvat, Romanov Autumn, p. 134

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 23. Luise Auguste Wilhelmine Amalie ( Luisa Augusta Wilhelmina Amelia) ( March 10, 1776 &ndash July 19, 1810) Queen of Friederike Caroline Luise of Hesse-Darmstadt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1. Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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