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Gran Colombia (Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831. The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America Republic of New Granada was a centralist republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Ecuador, Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. The Flag of Gran Colombia was based on Francisco de Miranda 's Tricolour, which served as the national flag of the First Republic of Venezuela The Coat of Arms of Colombia contains a shield with numerous symbols Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a
This short-lived republic in South America encompassed the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama, as well as smaller parts of Costa Rica, Peru, Brazil and Guyana. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state It was counted alongside Mexico and the US as one of the three leading powers during the liberation years of the Americas. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Its territory corresponded more or less to the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America
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Origin of the name
The official name at the time was the Republic of Colombia ( "Gran Colombia". Encyclopædia Britannica. (6 June 2007). ), as it is today; historians have adopted the term "Gran Colombia" to distinguish the Republic before 1831 (with its more extensive land area) from that of the present-day Republic of Colombia. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America.
The name "Colombia" comes from the name of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón in Spanish, Cristoforo Colombo in Italian) and was conceived by the revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to the New World, especially to all American territories and colonies under Spanish and Portuguese rule. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez ( Caracas, March 28, 1750 – in prison El Arsenal de la Carraca, Cadiz, The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.
Geography
The Republic of Gran Colombia comprised more or less the former territories of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America
History
Simón Bolívar, the Liberator of Spanish South America, and other revolutionaries in the First Venezuelan Republic occasionally used the term Colombia as a reference to all of Spanish America, until the proclamation of a republic under that name in 1819 at the Congress of Angostura. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash The First Republic of Venezuela ( Primera República de Venezuela in Spanish) is the term used by historians to refer to the first period of the Venezuelan War The Congress of Angostura was summoned by Simon Bolivar and took place in Angostura (today Ciudad Bolivar from February 15, 1819 to July
It was initially conceived at that Congress as a Federal republic, made up of three departments with capitals in the cities of Bogotá (Department of Cundinamarca), Caracas (Department of Venezuela), and Quito (Department of Quito). A federation ( Latin: foedus, covenant is a union comprising a number of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central ("federal" A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Quito, officially San Francisco de Quito, is the Capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America. In that year, not all the provinces of the former viceroyalty were free yet.
The constitution of the new republic was drafted in 1821 at the Congress of Cúcuta, establishing its capital in Bogotá. The Constitution of Cúcuta, also known as Constitution of the Gran Colombia and Constitution of 1821 was the founding document and Constitution of The Congress of Cúcuta was a Constituent assembly where the Greater Colombia was created A great degree of centralisation was established here, as several convinced federalists now came to believe that it would be necessary in order to better manage a unified war effort, at least for the time being. Centralization (or centralisation) is the process by which the activities of an organization particularly those regarding decision-making become concentrated within
A new territorial division (Venezuela, Cundinamarca, and Quito were split into various smaller departments) was conceived. Simón Bolívar was elected president and Francisco de Paula Santander vice president. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña ( April 2, 1792 - May 6, 1840) was one of the military and political leaders during Colombia
In the first years of existence, Gran Colombia helped other provinces still at war with Spain to become independent - Panama came to the federation in 1821 and so did the remaining provinces of Quito and Venezuela.
The independence of Peru was consolidated later in 1824 through Gran Colombia's aid. Bolívar and Santander were re-elected in 1826.
Federalists against separatists
As the war against Spain came to an end, federalist and regionalist sentiments began to arise once again. Santiago Martínez Delgado (1906 - 1954 was a Colombian painter sculptor Art historian and writer The Congress of Cúcuta was a Constituent assembly where the Greater Colombia was created Permanent calls for modifications of the political division (along with related economic and commercial disputes) during the existence of Gran Colombia, as a result of local confrontations between the regions, led to local changes and compromises.
These changes never fully pleased contemporaries and little permanent consolidation was achieved, showing the instability of the state's structure.
Bolívar dreamt of uniting Latin America but was unable to achieve this during the struggle for independence. The Republic of Gran Colombia was his initial attempt at creating a single Latin American state.
Other regional and South American politicians, however, objected to his idea, and Bolívar, disgruntled, resigned from the project in 1828 and from his presidency in early 1830.
Internal political strife between the different regions intensified after Bolívar's resignation and continued even as General Rafael Urdaneta temporarily took power in Bogotá, attempting to use his authority to ostensibly restore order and give the presidency back to Bolívar. Rafael José Urdaneta y Faría ( Maracaibo, Venezuela, October 24, 1788 &ndash Paris, France, August 23
The federation finally dissolved during the rest of 1830 and was formally abolished in 1831, as Venezuela, Ecuador and New Granada came to exist as independent states.
War with Peru
Dissolution
The dissolution of Gran Colombia characterized the failure of Bolívar's dream. The Department of Cundinamarca (as established in Angostura) became a new country, the Republic of New Granada. In 1863, New Granada changed its name officially to United States of Colombia, and in 1886 adopted its present day name: Republic of Colombia. The United States of Colombia (Estados Unidos de Colombia was the name adopted in 1863 through the Rionegro Constitution for the nation which had been known as the Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Panama remained as a province of this country until 1903, when – with backing from the United States of America in exchange for allowing the US to build the Panama Canal – it became independent. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the
With the exception of Panama (which as mentioned only achieved independence later), the countries that were created have similar flags, reminiscent of the flag of Gran Colombia:
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| Colombia | Ecuador | Venezuela |
See United Provinces of Central America, Nordic countries, and Arab nationalism for more examples of regions whose nations possess similar flags because of historical connections. List of Colombian flags The Flag of Colombia was adopted on November 26, 1861. The flag of Ecuador, which consists of horizontal bands of yellow (double width blue and red was adopted on September 26, 1860. The flag of Venezuela dates from 1811, the beginning of that nation's struggle for independence The Federal Republic of Central America, also known as the United Central Provinces of America, was a short-lived American State in Central America The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe called the Nordic region, consisting of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Arab nationalism ( Arabic: القومية العربية is a Nationalist ideology which rose to prominence amongst Arabs from the early 20th century onwards
Government
Under the Constitution of 1821, the President was the head of the executive power. and its time in office was the lifetime of the incumbent. The executive power had also Vicepresidents that assumed in case of death, demotion or illness of the President. Before the Approval of the Constitution of 1821 by the Congress of Villa del Rosario the President de Facto was Simon Bolívar, and the Vicepresident Francisco de Paula Santander, because the Congress of Angostura provisionally gave them that title until the Constitution was written. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña ( April 2, 1792 - May 6, 1840) was one of the military and political leaders during Colombia The Congress of Angostura was summoned by Simon Bolivar and took place in Angostura (today Ciudad Bolivar from February 15, 1819 to July
Presidents of the Republic of Gran Colombia (1819-1831)
- Simón Bolívar (17 December 1819 - 4 May 1830) (President-Libertator from 19 August 1828)
- Domingo Caycedo (4 May - 13 June 1830) (1st time, acting)
- Joaquín de Mosquera (13 June - 5 September 1830)
- Rafael Urdaneta (5 September 1830 - 3 May 1831) (acting)
- Domingo Caycedo (3 May - 21 November 1831) (2nd time, acting)
See also
- Flag of Gran Colombia
- United Provinces of Central America - another federal state on the American continent that underwent a similar fate. Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. The year 1828 ( MDCCCXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Domingo de Caycedo y Sanz de Santamaría ( August 4, 1783 in Santa Fe de Bogotá – July 1, 1843 in Santa Fe de Bogotá Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Joaquín Mariano Mosquera y Arboleda (born December 14, 1787, Popayán – died April 4, 1878, Bogotá) was a Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Rafael José Urdaneta y Faría ( Maracaibo, Venezuela, October 24, 1788 &ndash Paris, France, August 23 Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Domingo de Caycedo y Sanz de Santamaría ( August 4, 1783 in Santa Fe de Bogotá – July 1, 1843 in Santa Fe de Bogotá Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The Flag of Gran Colombia was based on Francisco de Miranda 's Tricolour, which served as the national flag of the First Republic of Venezuela The Federal Republic of Central America, also known as the United Central Provinces of America, was a short-lived American State in Central America
- Peru-Bolivian Confederacy
External links
- Flags of The World, Gran Colombia
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