| Graian Alps | |
| Range | |
 Mont Blanc area, Mer de Glace in foreground
|
|
| Countries | France, Italy, Switzerland |
|---|---|
| Regions | Savoie, Piedmont, Aosta Valley, Valais |
| Part of | Alps |
| Borders on | Pennine Alps, Cottian Alps, Dauphiné Alps |
| Highest point | Mont Blanc |
| - elevation | 4,808 m (15,774 ft) |
| - coordinates | |
The Graian Alps (Italian: Alpi Graie; French: Alpes Grées) are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Savoie ( Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes ( Rôno-Arpes Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The Valais ( German:) is one of the 26 Cantons of Switzerland in the southwestern part of the country, around the valley of the Rhône from its The Pennine Alps (also Valais Alps) are a Mountain range in the western part of the Alps. The Cottian Alps (French Alpes Cottiennes; Italian Alpi Cozie) are a mountain range in the south-western part of the Alps. The Dauphiné Alps (Alpes du Dauphiné are a group of mountain ranges in southeastern France, west of the main chain of the Alps Mont Blanc Massif The Mont Blanc ( French for white mountain) or Monte Bianco ( Italian 'White Mountain' also The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit They are located in France (Savoie), Italy (Piedmont and the Aosta Valley), and Switzerland (western Valais). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Savoie ( Arpitan: Savouè d’Avâl) is a French department located in the Rhône-Alpes ( Rôno-Arpes Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. The Valais ( German:) is one of the 26 Cantons of Switzerland in the southwestern part of the country, around the valley of the Rhône from its The Col Ferret and the Dora Baltea valley separate them from the Pennine Alps; the Col du Mont Cenis separates them from the Cottian Alps; the Arc valley separates them from the Dauphiné Alps; the Chablais mountains lie to the northwest. The Col Ferret ( Petit Col Ferret) (el 2490 m is an Alpine pass between the canton of Valais and the Aosta Valley. Dora Baltea ˈbaltea or Doire Baltée (Duria maior or Duria Bautica) is a river in northern Italy. The Pennine Alps (also Valais Alps) are a Mountain range in the western part of the Alps. Mont Cenis (Moncenisio is a Massif and pass (el 2081 m / 6827 ft in Savoy in France which forms the limit between the Cottian The Cottian Alps (French Alpes Cottiennes; Italian Alpi Cozie) are a mountain range in the south-western part of the Alps. The Arc is a 128 km long River in the Savoie Département of south-eastern France. The Dauphiné Alps (Alpes du Dauphiné are a group of mountain ranges in southeastern France, west of the main chain of the Alps Chablais was a former province of the Duchy of Savoy, with its historic capital in Thonon-les-Bains.
The Graian Alps can be divided into four groups:
- the Mont Blanc group (north of the Little St Bernard Pass)
- the Central group (the watershed between the Little St Bernard Pass and the Col du Mont Cenis)
- the Western or French group,
- and the Eastern or Italian group.
The western group contains the Vanoise National Park; the eastern group contains the Gran Paradiso national park. Vanoise National Park (Parc national de la Vanoise is a French National park in the Alps, created in 1963 after mobilization from the Environmentalist The Gran Paradiso (Grand Paradis the 7th highest Mountain in the Graian Alps with Mont Blanc being the highest is located in the Aosta Valley
The French side of the Graian Alps is drained by the river Isère (Tarentaise valley) and its tributary Arc (Maurienne valley), and by the Arve. The Isère ( Isera in Arpitan and Occitan) is a 286 km long River in southeastern France, in the Rhône-Alpes The Arc is a 128 km long River in the Savoie Département of south-eastern France. Maurienne is one of the provinces of Savoy, corresponding to the Arrondissement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in France. The Arve River flows for approximately 100km (62 miles through France, in the département of Haute-Savoie, and (for a few kilometers The Italian side is drained by the rivers Dora Baltea, Orco and Stura di Lanzo, tributaries of the Po. Dora Baltea ˈbaltea or Doire Baltée (Duria maior or Duria Bautica) is a river in northern Italy. The Orco ( Eva d'òr, that is Water of gold in Piedmontese; Orgus is an Italian River. Stura di Lanzo (Varus is a 65 km long river in north-western Italy ( Piedmont) The Po ( Latin: Padus, Po Ligurian: Bo, Greek: Eridanus) is a river that flows 652 km(405 miles (682 km by considering
Contents |
Peaks
The main peaks of the Graian Alps are:
Mont Blanc group
| Name | metres | feet | Name | metres | feet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mont Blanc | 4,807 | 15,771 | Aiguille du Tacul | 3,438 | 11,280 | |
| Mont Maudit | 4,471 | 14,669 | Pointe d'Orny | 3,274 | 10,742 | |
| Dôme du Goûter | 4,331 | 14,210 | Dents du Midi | 3,260 | 10,696 | |
| Grandes Jorasses | 4,205 | 13,797 | Mont Favre | 3,259 | 10,693 | |
| Aiguille Verte | 4,127 | 13,541 | Tour Sallière | 3,227 | 10,588 | |
| Aiguille de Bionnassay | 4,066 | 13,341 | Pointe de Léchaud | 3,127 | 10,260 | |
| Dent du Géant | 4,013 | 13,166 | Mont Buet | 3,109 | 10,201 | |
| Trélatête | 3,911 | 12,832 | Mont Ruan | 3,078 | 10,099 | |
| Aiguille d'Argentière | 3,902 | 12,802 | Pic de Tenneverge | 2,982 | 9,784 | |
| Aiguille de Triolet | 3,876 | 12,717 | Aiguille du Belvédère (Aigs Rouges) | 2,966 | 9,731 | |
| Aiguille du Midi | 3,843 | 12,609 | Crammont | 2,737 | 8,980 | |
| Tour Noir | 3,836 | 12,586 | Pointe des Fours | 2,719 | 8,921 | |
| Aiguille des Glaciers | 3,834 | 12,579 | Pointe du Colloney | 2,692 | 8,832 | |
| Mont Dolent | 3,823 | 12,543 | Catogne | 2,599 | 8,527 | |
| Aiguille du Chardonnet | 3,822 | 12,540 | Mont Joly | 2,527 | 8,291 | |
| Aiguille du Dru | 3,754 | 12,316 | Brevent | 2,525 | 8,284 | |
| Dômes de Miage | 3,688 | 12,100 | Pointe de Sales | 2,494 | 8,183 | |
| Aiguille du Tour | 3,540 | 11,615 | Aiguille de Varan | 2,488 | 8,163 | |
| Aiguille du Grépon | 3,502 | 11,489 | Mont Chetif | 2,343 | 7,687 | |
| Aiguille des Charmoz | 3,442 | 11,293 |
Central group
| Name | metres | feet | Name | metres | feet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pointe de Charbonnel | 3760 | 12,336 | Grande Aiguille Rousse | 3482 | 11,424 | |
| Aiguille de la Grande Sassière | 3757 | 12,325 | Granta-Parey | 3473 | 11,395 | |
| Uia di Ciamarella | 3676 | 12,061 | Roc du Moulinet | 3469 | 11,382 | |
| Albaron | 3638 | 11,936 | Aiguille Pers | 3451 | 11,323 | |
| Pointe de Ronce | 3618 | 11,871 | Cima dell' Auille?? | 3446 | 11,306 | |
| Levanna | 3615 | 11,860 | Pointe de la Galise | 3345 | 10,975 | |
| Bec de l'Invergnan | 3608 | 11,838 | Pointe de la Traversière | 3341 | 10,962 | |
| Tsanteleina | 3606 | 11,831 | Ormelune/Pointe d'Archeboc | 3283 | 10,771 | |
| Bessanese | 3597 | 11,801 | Signal du Mont Iseran | 3241 | 10,634 | |
| Croce Rossa | 3567 | 11,703 | Grand Assaly | 3174 | 10,413 | |
| Punta d'Arnas | 3540 | 11,615 | Torre d'Ovarda | 3075 | 10,089 | |
| Rochemelon | 3537 | 11,605 | Dôme de Val d'Isère | 3033 | 9951 | |
| Punta Chalanson | 3530 | 11,582 | Uia di Mondrone | 2964 | 9725 | |
| Grande Traversière | 3495 | 11,467 | Monte Unghiasse | 2939 | 9643 | |
| Testa del Rutor | 3486 | 11,438 | Monte Civrari | 2302 | 7553 |
Eastern group
| Name | metres | feet | Name | metres | feet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gran Paradiso | 4061 | 13,324 | Punta Tersiva | 3513 | 11,526 | |
| Grivola | 3969 | 13,022 | Punta Foura | 3410 | 11,188 | |
| Herbetet | 3778 | 12,396 | Punta Sengie | 3408 | 11,182 | |
| Torre del Gran San Pietro | 3692 | 12,113 | Punta Lavina | 3308 | 10,854 | |
| Ciarforon | 3665 | 12,025 | Rosa dei Banchi | 3164 | 10,381 | |
| Roccia Viva | 3650 | 11,976 | Becca di Nona | 3142 | 10,309 | |
| Becca di Gay | 3623 | 11,887 | Punta Pousset | 3046 | 9994 | |
| Mont Emilius | 3559 | 11,677 | Monte Marzo | 2750 | 9023 |
Western group
| Name | metres | feet | Name | metres | feet | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grande Casse | 3855 | 12,648 | Pointe de la Sana | 3436 | 11,273 | |
| Mont Pourri | 3788 | 12,428 | Pointe de l'Échelle | 3432 | 11,260 | |
| Dent Parrachée | 3712 | 12,179 | Pointes de la Gliere | 3386 | 11,109 | |
| Grande Motte | 3663 | 12,018 | Pointe de Méan Martin | 3337 | 10,949 | |
| Dôme de l'Arpont | 3599 | 11,808 | Roche Chevrière | 3282 | 10,768 | |
| Dôme de Chasseforet | 3586 | 11,765 | Pointe de la Rechasse | 3223 | 10,575 | |
| Aiguille de Péclet | 3566 | 11,700 | Petit Mont Blanc de Pralognan | 2685 | 8809 | |
| Aiguille de Polset | 3538 | 11,608 | Mont Jouvet | 2563 | 8409 |
Passes
The main passes of the Graian Alps are shown in the table below. Mont Blanc Massif The Mont Blanc ( French for white mountain) or Monte Bianco ( Italian 'White Mountain' also To help compare different Orders of magnitude this page lists Lengths between 1 km and 10 km (103 and 104 m) Mont Maudit (4465 m is a Mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in France and Italy. The Dôme du Goûter (4304 m is a Mountain in the Mont Blanc massif. The Dents du Midi (French "The Teeth of the South" is a mountain situated in the Chablais Alps, in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland The Grandes Jorasses (4208 m is a Mountain in the Mont Blanc range The Aiguille Verte (4122 m is a Mountain in the Mont Blanc Massif in the French Alps. The Aiguille de Bionnassay (el 4052 m/13294 ft is a shoulder of the Mont-Blanc massif of the Alps in France and Italy. The Dent du Géant ( It: Dente del Gigante) (4013 m is a Mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in France and Italy. The Aiguille d'Argentière (3901 m is a Mountain in the Mont Blanc massif on the border between France and Switzerland. The Aiguille du Midi (3842 m is a Mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in the French Alps. Mont Dolent (3823 m is a Mountain in the Mont Blanc massif that lies on the border of France, Italy and Switzerland. The Aiguille du Dru (also the Dru or the Drus; French, Les Drus) is a Mountain in the Mont Blanc massif in the Rochemelon (or Roche Melon) Rocciamelone in Italian, is a high Mountain in Piedmont near the border between Italy and The Gran Paradiso (Grand Paradis the 7th highest Mountain in the Graian Alps with Mont Blanc being the highest is located in the Aosta Valley The Grivola (3969 m is a Mountain in the Graian Alps in Italy. The Grande Casse (3855 m is the highest Mountain in the Vanoise Massif in the Graian Alps. Mont Pourri (3779 m is a mountain in the Vanoise Massif in the Graian Alps. The group in which the pass is located is indicated with "MB" for Mont Blanc group, "C" for Central group, "E" for Eastern group, and "W" for Western group.
| name | location | group | type | elevation (m/ft) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Col de la Brenva | Courmayeur to Chamonix | MB | snow | 4,333 | 14,217 |
| Col de Triolet | Chamonix to Courmayeur | MB | snow | 3,691 | 12,110 |
| Col d'Argentière | Chamonix to Orsières | MB | snow | 3,516 | 11,536 |
| Col de la Grande Rousse | Rhêmes Valley to Valgrisenche | C | snow | 3500 | 11,483 |
| Col de Talefre | Chamonix to Courmayeur | MB | snow | 3,484 | 11,430 |
| Col de Gebroulaz | Modane to Méribel | W | snow | 3470 | 11,385 |
| Col de Monel | Cogne to Locana | E | snow | 3428 | 11,247 |
| Col de Miage | Les Contamines to Courmayeur | MB | snow | 3,376 | 11,077 |
| Col du Géant | Chamonix to Courmayeur | MB | snow | 3,371 | 11,060 |
| Col du Grand Paradis | Ceresole Reale to Valsavarenche | E | snow | 3349 | 10,988 |
| Col du Charforon | Ceresole Reale to Valsavarenche | E | snow | 3331 | 10,929 |
| Col de Teleccio | Cogne to Locana | E | snow | 3326 | 10,913 |
| Col du Chardonnet | Chamonix to Orsières | MB | snow | 3,325 | 10,909 |
| Col de Lauzon | Cogne to the Valsavarenche | E | bridle path | 3301 | 10,831 |
| Col du Bouquetin | Bonneval-sur-Arc to Val d'Isère | C | snow | 3300 | 10,827 |
| Col de St Grat | Valgrisenche to La Thuile | C | snow | 3300 | 10,827 |
| Col du Tour | Chamonix to Orsières | MB | snow | 3,280 | 10,762 |
| Fenetre de Saleinaz | Saleinaz Glacier to Trient Glacier | MB | snow | 3,264 | 10,709 |
| Col de l'Herbetet | Cogne to Valsavarenche | E | snow | 3257 | 10,686 |
| Col du Collerin | Bessans to Balme | C | snow | 3202 | 10,506 |
| Col du Grand Etret | Ceresole Reale to Valsavaranche | E | snow | 3158 | 10,361 |
| Col de Bassac | Rhêmes Valley to Valgrisenche | C | snow | 3153 | 10,345 |
| Col du Carro | Bonneval-sur-Arc to Ceresole Reale | C | snow | 3140 | 10,302 |
| Col d'Arbole | Cogne to Brissogne | E | snow | 3137 | 10,292 |
| Col de la Goletta | Val d'Isère to the Rhêmes Valley | C | snow | 3120 | 10,237 |
| Col de Rhêmes | Val d'Isère to the Rhêmes Valley | C | snow | 3101 | 10,174 |
| Col de la Grande Casse | Pralognan to Termignon | W | snow | 3100 | 10,171 |
| Col de Sea | Bonneval-sur-Arc to Forno Alpi Graie | C | snow | 3083 | 10,115 |
| Col de l'Autaret | Bessans to Usseglio | C | foot path | 3070 | 10,073 |
| Col de Girard | Bonneval-sur-Arc to Forno Alpi Graie | C | snow | 3044 | 9987 |
| Col Rosset | Valsavarenche to the Rhêmes Valley | C | bridle path | 3024 | 9922 |
| Col d'Arnas | Bessans to Balme | C | snow | 3014 | 9889 |
| Col de la Galise | Ceresole Reale to Val d'Isère | C | snow | 2998 | 9836 |
| Col de Sort | Valsavarenche to the Rhêmes Valley | E | bridle path | 2967 | 9735 |
| Quecees de Tignes | Val d'Isère to Termignon | W | snow | 2940 | 9646 |
| Col della Nouva | Cogne to Pont Canavese | E | bridle path | 2933 | 9623 |
| Col de Breuil | Bourg-Saint-Maurice to La Thuile | MB | snow | 2,879 | 9,446 |
| Col de Garin | Aosta to Cogne | E | foot path | 2868 | 9411 |
| Collarin d'Arnas | Balme to Usseglio | C | snow | 2850 | 9351 |
| Colle della Finestra | Rhêmes Valley to the Valgrisenche | C | foot path | 2847 | 9341 |
| Fenetre de Champorcher | Cogne to Champorcher | E | bridle path | 2838 | 9311 |
| Col Vaudet | Sainte-Foy-Tarentaise to the Valgrisenche | C | foot path | 2836 | 9305 |
| Col de Bardoney | Cogne to Pont Canavese | E | snow | 2833 | 9295 |
| Col de Chaviere | Modane to Pralognan | W | foot path | 2806 | 9206 |
| Col de la Leisse | Tignes to Termignon | W | snow | 2780 | 9121 |
| Col de l'Iseran | Bonneval-sur-Arc to Val d'Isère | C | road | 2769 | 9085 |
| Ghicet di Sea | Balme to Forno Alpi Graie | C | foot path | 2735 | 8973 |
| Col de la Sachette | Tignes to Bourg-Saint-Maurice | W | foot path | 2729 | 8954 |
| Col du Palet | Tignes to Moûtiers or Bourg St Maurice | W | bridle path | 2658 | 8721 |
| Col du Mont | Ste Foy to the Valgrisenche | C | bridle path | 2646 | 8681 |
| Col du Nivolet | Ceresole Reale to the Valsavarenche | E | road | 2641 | 8665 |
| Colle della Crocetta | Ceresole Reale to Forno Alpi Graie | C | bridle path | 2636 | 8649 |
| Col de la Platiere | Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne to Moûtiers | W | bridle path | 2600 | 8531 |
| Col du Mont Tondu | Les Contamines to Courmayeur | MB | snow | 2,590 | 8,498 |
| Col Ferret | Courmayeur to Orsières | MB | bridle path | 2,533 | 8,311 |
| Col de la Vanoise | Pralognan to Termignon | W | bridle path | 2527 | 8291 |
| Col de la Seigne | Les Chapieux to Courmayeur | MB | bridle path | 2,512 | 8,242 |
| Col de Susanfe | Champéry to Salvan | MB | foot path | 2,500 | 8,202 |
| Col du Bonhomme | Contamines to Les Chapieux | MB | bridle path | 2,483 | 8,147 |
| Col de Sageroux | Sixt to Champéry | MB | foot path | 2,413 | 7,917 |
| Col des Encombres | Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne to Moûtiers | W | bridle path | 2337 | 7668 |
| Col d'Anterne | Sixt to Servoz | MB | bridle path | 2,263 | 7,425 |
| Col de Balme | Chamonix to the Trient Valley | MB | bridle path | 2,201 | 7,221 |
| Little St Bernard Pass | Aosta to Moûtiers | C | road | 2188 | 7179 |
| Col de la Madeleine | La Chambre to Moûtiers | W | road | 1984 | 6509 |
| Colle Checrouit | Courmayeur to the Lac de Combal | MB | bridle path | 1,960 | 6,431 |
| Col de Voza | Chamonix to Les Contamines | MB | bridle path | 1,675 | 5,496 |
| Col de la Forclaz (F) | Chamonix to Saint-Gervais | MB | bridle path | 1,556 | 5,105 |
| Col de la Forclaz (CH) | Argentière to Martigny | MB | road | 1,520 | 4,987 |
See also
References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. Courmayeur is an Italian town and commune in the autonomous region of Aosta Valley, in northern Italy. Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or more commonly Chamonix (ʃamɔni in French is a Town and commune in eastern France, in the Haute-Savoie Orsières is a municipality in the district of Entremont in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Valgrisenche is a Town and Comune in the Aosta Valley region of north-western Italy. Modane (Modana is a commune of the Savoie département in France. Méribel is a ski resort in the French Alps situated Cogne is a town in Aosta Valley, northern Italy with 1469 inhabitants as of 2005 Locana is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 km northwest of Turin Les Contamines-Montjoie is a commune of the Haute-Savoie département in France. Ceresole Reale is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 50 km northwest of Valsavarenche (known as Valsavara under fascist rule from 1939 to 1946 and as Valsavaranche from 1946 to 1976 is an Italian Comune with a population of Bonneval-sur-Arc is a town and commune in the Savoie département, in France. Val-d'Isère is a Ski resort and a commune located ( in the Savoie département, in France, 5 km (3 miles from the La Thuile may refer to La Thuile Italy, a commune in Italy La Thuile Savoie, a commune in France Lathuile, Trento (traditional English Trent; Italian: Trento; German: Trient; Latin: Tridentum; Note that many Bessans is a commune located in the department of Savoie and the Rhone-Alpes region Balme is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 km northwest of Turin Brissogne is a Town and Comune in the Aosta Valley region of north-western Italy. Termignon is a Village and commune of the Savoie department of eastern France. Usseglio is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 40 km northwest of Pont-Canavese, also Pont Canvese, is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located Bourg-Saint-Maurice ( Latin: Bergintrum) popularly known as Bourg, is a commune of the Savoie département La Thuile may refer to La Thuile Italy, a commune in Italy La Thuile Savoie, a commune in France Lathuile, Champorcher is a Town and Comune in the Aosta Valley region of north-western Italy. Sainte-Foy-Tarentaise is a town and commune in the Savoie département, in France. Tignes (tiːn is a commune of the Savoie département, in France. Col de l'Iseran (el 2770 m is the highest paved Mountain pass in the Alps in the department of Savoie in France. Bourg-Saint-Maurice ( Latin: Bergintrum) popularly known as Bourg, is a commune of the Savoie département Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne (San Giovanni di Moriana is a commune in the Maurienne, the valley of the River Arc. Champéry is a municipality in the district of Monthey in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Salvan is a municipality in the district of Saint-Maurice, in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland. Sixt-Fer-à-Cheval is a town and commune in the Haute-Savoie département, in France. Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne is a Village and commune of the Savoie department of eastern France. The Little St Bernard Pass (French Col du Petit Saint-Bernard, Italian Colle del Piccolo San Bernardo) is a Mountain pass in the Alps on the La Chambre is a Village and commune of the Savoie department of eastern France. Argentière is a mountaineering village in the French Alps, part of the commune of Chamonix. Martigny ( German Martinach, Latin Octodurum, sometimes also Octodure in French) is the capital of the French The Mont Blanc Massif (Massiccio del Monte Bianco Massif du Mont-Blanc is a mountain range in the western part of the Alps. The Vanoise Massif is a Mountain range in the Graian Alps in the western part of the Alps. The Swiss Alps (Schweizer Alpen Alpes suisses Alpi svizzere Alps svizras are the central portion of the Alps Mountain range that lies within The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
External links
- Ascents in Gran Paradiso group - czech and englisch
- Graian Alps on Summitpost - english
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