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Fashion plate from an 1849 issue of Graham's Magazine.
Fashion plate from an 1849 issue of Graham's Magazine.

Graham's Magazine was a Philadelphia-based periodical established by George Rex Graham, alternatively referred to as Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine (1841-1842, and July 1843 - June 1844), Graham's Magazine of Literature and Art (January 1844 - June 1844), Graham's American Monthly Magazine of Literature and Art (July 1848 - June 1856), and Graham's Illustrated Magazine of Literature, Romance, Art, and Fashion (July 1856 - 1858). Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Magazines, periodicals or serials are Publications generally published on a regular schedule containing a variety of articles, generally Life and work Graham was born on January 18 1813 his father was a shipping Merchant who had lost much of his money in early in the 19th century [1]

The journal was founded after the merger of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine and Atkinson's Casket in 1840. Burton's Gentleman's Magazine or more simply Burton's Magazine, was a literary publication founded in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1837 Publishing short stories, critical reviews, and music as well as information on fashion, Graham intended the journal to reach all audiences including both men and women. He offered the high payment of $5 per page, successfully attracting some of the best-known writers of the day. It also became known for its engravings and artwork. Graham's may have been the first magazine in the United States to copyright each issue. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Edgar Allan Poe became the editor of Graham's in February 1841 and soon was publishing the harsh critical reviews for which he became known. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, It was also where he first published "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", now recognized as the first detective story. " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " is a Short story by Edgar Allan Poe published in Graham's Magazine in 1841 Detective fiction is a branch of Crime fiction in which a Detective (or detectives either professional or amateur investigate a crime usually Murder After Poe left the journal, his successor was Rufus Wilmot Griswold, a known enemy. Rufus Wilmot Griswold (February 13 1812 – August 27 1857 was an American anthologist, editor, Poet, and Critic. Graham's later passed on being the first to publish "The Raven". " The Raven " is a narrative poem by the American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845 Graham left his magazine for a time in 1848 and it eventually ceased in 1858.

Contents

History

In December of 1840, Graham had just acquired Burton's Gentleman's Magazine for $3,500, paying a dollar for each of its 3,500 subscribers,[2] and merged it with another recently-purchased magazine, Atkinson's Casket, which only had 1500 subscribers. Year 1840 ( MDCCCXL) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Burton's Gentleman's Magazine or more simply Burton's Magazine, was a literary publication founded in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1837 [3]

Graham intended the magazine to be popular amongst both men and women, containing fashion, photographs, music, short stories and critical reviews. [4] He also hoped to reach out to both mainstream audiences and those with more refined tastes. [5] Graham was not a writer himself, other than a section at the back of each issue called "Graham's Small Talk", and so relied heavily on contributors. [6] To that end, Graham made sure it was popular amongst writers as a well-paying journal; the $5 standard become known as a "Graham page. "[7] Other journals at the time were paying the standard rate of $1 per page. [8] His attempt at attracting the best contributors worked: Contributors to the magazine included William Cullen Bryant, Nathaniel Hawthorne, James Russell Lowell,[9] Christopher Pearse Cranch, Fitz-Greene Halleck, George D. Prentice, Alice and Phoebe Cary and others. William Cullen Bryant (November 3 1794 - June 12 1878 was an American romantic poet, journalist and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post. Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer James Russell Lowell (February 22 1819 – August 12 1891 was an American Romantic poet critic editor and Diplomat. Christopher Pearse Cranch ( March 8 1813 – January 20 1892) was a United States Writer and Artist. Fitz-Greene Halleck (July 81790 &ndash November 19 1867 was an American Poet, born and died at Guilford Connecticut. George Dennison Prentice was a newspaper editor in Louisville Kentucky. Alice Cary ( April 26, 1820 - February 12, 1871) was an American Poet, and the sister of fellow poet Phoebe Cary (1824-1871 Phoebe Cary ( September 4, 1824 - July 31, 1871) was an American poet and the younger sister of poet Alice Cary (1820-1871 [10]

James Fenimore Cooper was reportedly the highest-paid contributor to Graham's, receiving $1,600 for the serial "The Islets of the Gulf, or Rose-Budd", later published as Jack Tier, or The Florida Reefs. James Fenimore Cooper (September 15 1789 &ndash September 14 1851 was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century He received another $1,000 for a series of biographies on distinguished naval commanders. [11] Graham's at one point was advertised as having the most distinctive list of contributors ever achieved by any American magazine. [5] Graham's boasted that many issues of his magazine cost $1,500 for "authorship" alone. [12]

Graham's may have been the first magazine in America to copyright each issue. [5] By March 1842, Graham's Magazine was issuing 40,000 copies. This boom was reflective of a changing market in American readership. [13] John Sartain believed its success was due to the appeal of his engravings. John Sartain ( 24 October, 1808 in London, England - 25 October 1897 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [14] The Saturday Evening Post reported in its April 30, 1842: "It is doubtful, if engravings of equal beauty ever adorned an American work". The Saturday Evening Post was a weekly Magazine published in the United States from August 4, 1821 to February 8, Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common [15] Typical engravings in Graham's included bridges, happy maids, and scenes which focused on peaceful domestic life and promoted marriage. [6] The editorial staff grew to include "two lady editors", Ann S. Stephens and E. Ann Sophia Stephens (1813&mdash1886 was an American novelist Born in Derby Connecticut, she was an author of Dime novels and is credited as the C. Embury. [14]

Poe as editor

Graham hired Edgar Allan Poe as a critic and editor in February 1841. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Poe suspended his plans to start his own journal, The Penn, to work for Graham, who promised to help subsidize Poe's entrepreneurial endeavor within a year, though he never did. The Stylus, originally intended to be named The Penn, was a would-be periodical owned and edited by Edgar Allan Poe. [16] Poe complained about the content of Graham's. He disliked "the contemptible pictures, fashion-plates, music and love tales" for which the magazine was known. Graham, however, was aware of Poe's status as an author and critic. He introduced his new editor in the pages of the magazine: "Mr. POE is too well known in the literary world to require a word of commendation. "[17]

Even so, Poe had a decent relationship with Graham, and took advantage of his own editorial control. The magazine was the first to publish "The Murders in the Rue Morgue", "A Descent into the Maelström", "The Island of the Fay" and others. " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " is a Short story by Edgar Allan Poe published in Graham's Magazine in 1841 "A Descent into the Maelström" is a Short story by Edgar Allan Poe. He also reviewed Charles Dickens's The Old Curiosity Shop, Nathaniel Hawthorne's Twice-Told Tales, and works by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Washington Irving and many others. The Old Curiosity Shop is a novel by Charles Dickens. The plot follows the life of Nell Trent and her grandfather both residents of The Old Curiosity Shop in Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4 1804 – May 19 1864 was an American novelist and Short story writer Twice-Told Tales is a Short story collection in two volumes by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the spring of 1837. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27 1807 &ndash March 24 1882 was an American educator and Poet whose works include " Paul Revere's Ride " Washington Irving (April 3 1783 – November 28 1859 was an American Author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th [18] He also further built up his reputation as a harsh literary critic, causing James Russell Lowell to suggest Poe sometimes mistook "his phial of prussic acid for his inkstand. James Russell Lowell (February 22 1819 – August 12 1891 was an American Romantic poet critic editor and Diplomat. Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN "[19] Poe left Graham's employ in April of 1842.

Though he originally called his salary "liberal," Poe would later complain of his "nambypamby" payment of $800 per year when compared to Graham's alleged $25,000 in profit. [20] A possibly apocryphal story is that Poe return to the office in April 1842 after a brief illness to find Charles Peterson, another editor, sitting at his desk and performing his duties. Upset, he impulsively resigned on the spot. [21] By then, however, he had already made a significant impact on Graham's. A year after Poe's departure, Philadelphia editor George Lippard said, "It was Mr. George Lippard (April 10 1822 – February 9 1854 was a 19th-century American novelist journalist playwright social activist and labor organizer Poe that made Graham's Magazine what it was a year ago; it was his intellect that gave this now weak and flimsy periodical a tone of refinement and mental vigor". [22]

After Poe

Rufus Wilmot Griswold, a well-known critic and anthologist as well as Poe's greatest rival, took over editing after Poe's departure in April 1842. Rufus Wilmot Griswold (February 13 1812 – August 27 1857 was an American anthologist, editor, Poet, and Critic. Griswold was reportedly paid a salary of $1000 a year, $200 more than Poe. To his credit, Griswold had some success, including a contract with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to write for Graham's exclusively for a time. [20] Longfellow was paid about $50 for each poem printed. [11] By September 1842, Graham was unhappy with Griswold's work and made an offer for Poe to return, though he refused. [16] Late in 1844 Poe allegedly offered first publication of "The Raven" to Graham, who refused. " The Raven " is a narrative poem by the American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in January 1845 Some accounts say Graham may have given $15 to Poe as a friendly charity, but that he did not like the poem. Graham made it up to Poe a short while later by publishing the essay "The Philosophy of Composition" in which Poe tells of his inspiration for his famous poem and the technique of writing well. " The Philosophy of Composition " is an Essay written by Edgar Allan Poe that elucidates a theory about how good writers write when they write well [23] Joseph Ripley Chandler and Bayard Taylor also had short runs as editorial assistants in 1848[11] and Edwin Percy Whipple was its main literary critic for a time. Joseph Ripley Chandler ( August 22, 1792 &ndash July 10, 1880) was a Whig member of the U Bayard Taylor ( James) (January 11 1825 &ndash December 19 1878 was an American Poet, literary critic translator and travel author Edwin Percy Whipple (1819 - 1886 essayist and Critic, born in Gloucester, Massachusetts. [24]

Decline

In 1848, after some financial difficulties caused by poor copper investments, Graham sold the magazine to Samuel Dewee Patterson, though he retained the title of editor. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 [25] Sartain, whose engravings had become an important part of Graham's, left to found his own journal, Sartain's Union Magazine, in 1849. [25] People who sympathized with Graham's difficulties helped him regain some of his fortune and he bought back his interest in the magazine in 1850. [26] Competition with Harper's New Monthly Magazine beginning in that year caused significant drops in subscriptions, as did the lack of an international copyright. Harper's Magazine (also Harper's) is a monthly general-interest Magazine of literature politics culture finance and the arts Charles Godfrey Leland took over when Graham left the magazine in 1853 or 1854 and Graham's Magazine ceased publication in 1858. Charles Godfrey Leland (August 15 1824 &ndash March 20 1903 was an American Humorist and Folklorist, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [27]

See also

Other American journals that Edgar Allan Poe was involved with include:

References

  1. ^ The Casket, and Graham's Magazine at the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore online
  2. ^ Silverman, Kenneth. The American Review, alternatively known as American Review A Whig Journal and American Whig Review, was a New York City -based monthly The Broadway Journal was a short-lived New York City -based Periodical founded by Charles Frederick Briggs and John Bisco in 1844 Burton's Gentleman's Magazine or more simply Burton's Magazine, was a literary publication founded in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1837 Godey's Lady's Book, alternatively known as Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book, was a popular United States Magazine among The Southern Literary Messenger was a Periodical published in Richmond, Virginia, from 1834 until June 1864. The Stylus, originally intended to be named The Penn, was a would-be periodical owned and edited by Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. Harper Perennial, 1991. p. 162. ISBN 0060923318
  3. ^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York: Checkmark Books, 2001. p. 39. ISBN 081604161X
  4. ^ Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. Checkmark Books, 2001. p. 39. ISBN 081604161X
  5. ^ a b c Pattee, Fred Lewis. The First Century of American Literature: 1770–1870. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1966. p. 498.
  6. ^ a b Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. , 1906. ISBN 1932109455. p. 275
  7. ^ Fisher, Benjamin Franklin. "Poe's 'Metzengerstein': Not a Hoax" in On Poe: The Best from "American Literature. " Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. p. 142
  8. ^ Tomc, Sandra. "Poe and His Circle," as collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, Kevin J. Hayes, ed. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2002. p. 23. ISBN 0521797276
  9. ^ Harthorn, Steven P. "Cooper's Autobiography of a Pocket-Handkerchief as a Defense of Authorship".
  10. ^ Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. , 1906. ISBN 1932109455. p. 269
  11. ^ a b c Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. , 1906. ISBN 1932109455. p. 273
  12. ^ Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. , 1906. ISBN 1932109455. p. 274
  13. ^ Silverman, Kenneth: Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. p. 174. ISBN 0060923318
  14. ^ a b Quinn, Arthur Hobson. Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. ISBN 0801857309. p. 330
  15. ^ Thomas, Dwight & David K. Jackson. The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co. , 1987. ISBN 0816187347. p. 364
  16. ^ a b Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. Cooper Square Press, 1992. p. 141. ISBN 0815410387
  17. ^ Silverman, Kenneth: Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. p. 163. ISBN 0060923318
  18. ^ Poe's writings in The Casket and Poe's writings in Graham's Magazine at the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore online
  19. ^ Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. , 1906. ISBN 1932109455. p. 282
  20. ^ a b Silverman, Kenneth: Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. p. 216. ISBN 0060923318
  21. ^ Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. Cooper Square Press, 1992. p. 140. ISBN 0815410387
  22. ^ Thomas, Dwight & David K. Jackson. The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co. , 1987. ISBN 0816187347. p. 441
  23. ^ Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. pp. 79-80. ISBN 0807123218
  24. ^ Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. , 1906. ISBN 1932109455. p. 283
  25. ^ a b Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. , 1906. ISBN 1932109455. p. 277
  26. ^ Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. , 1906. ISBN 1932109455. p. 282
  27. ^ Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. , 1906. ISBN 1932109455. p. 284

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