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Grace Murray Hopper
December 9, 1906 (1906-12-09) – January 1, 1992 (aged 85)

Grace Hopper
Place of birth New York City, New York
Place of death Arlington, Virginia
Allegiance United States of America
Service/branch United States Navy
Years of service 1943-1966, 1967-1971, 1972-1986. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The City of New York The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Rank Rear Admiral
Awards ​

Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper (December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer. The uniformed services of the United States have two grades of rear admirals. The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is a United States military award which is presented for exceptionally distinguished performance of duty contributing to national security The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding The Meritorious Service Medal is a military award presented to members of the United States Armed Forces who distinguished themselves by outstanding non-combat meritorious The American Campaign Medal was a military decoration of the United States armed forces which was first created on November 6, 1942 by The World War II Victory Medal is a decoration of the United States military which was created by an act of Congress in July 1945. The National Defense Service Medal is a military decoration of the United States military originally commissioned by President Dwight D The Armed Forces Reserve Medal is a military decoration of the United States Armed Forces which has existed since 1953. The Hourglass Device is a military award of the United States armed forces presented as an attachment to the Armed Forces Reserve Medal. The Naval Reserve Medal is a decoration of the United States Navy which was created by order of Secretary of the Navy James Paulding The uniformed services of the United States have two grades of rear admirals. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) A computer scientist is a person that has acquired knowledge of Computer science, the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their application A pioneer in the field, she was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator, and she developed the first compiler for a computer programming language. A programmer is someone who writes Computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator ( ASCC) called the Mark I by Harvard University, was the first large-scale automatic digital A compiler is a Computer program (or set of programs that translates text written in a computer language (the source language) into another A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. [1] Because of the breadth of her accomplishments and her naval rank, she is sometimes referred to as "Amazing Grace".

Contents

Early life and education

Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray in New York City. The City of New York For her prep school education, Hopper attended the Hartridge School in Plainfield, NJ. The Wardlaw-Hartridge School is a private Nonsectarian, Coeducational Day school located in Edison, New Jersey, United States Plainfield is a City in Union County, New Jersey, United States. She married Vincent Hopper (a Ph. D. in English who for many years was chairman of the NYU English department) in 1930, but they were divorced in 1945. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College with a Bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics in 1928 and pursued her graduate education at Yale University, where she received a Master's degree in those subjects in 1930. The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an academic Honor society with the mission of "fostering and recognizing excellence" in the Undergraduate Liberal arts Vassar College is a private Coeducational, liberal arts college situated in the town of Poughkeepsie, New York, USA. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1934 she received a Ph.D. in mathematics. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. Her dissertation was titled New Types of Irreducibility Criteria[2]. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and by 1941 she was an associate professor. Vassar College is a private Coeducational, liberal arts college situated in the town of Poughkeepsie, New York, USA. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies

UNIVAC

In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The UNIVAC I ( U N I V ersal A utomatic C omputer I) was the first commercial computer made in the United States In the early 1950s the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive Remington Rand (1927–1955 was an early American Computer manufacturer best known as the original maker of the UNIVAC I, and now part of Unisys A compiler is a Computer program (or set of programs that translates text written in a computer language (the source language) into another The compiler was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0. The A-0 system, written by Grace Hopper in 1951 and 1952 for the UNIVAC I, was the first Compiler ever developed for an electronic computer Later versions were released commercially as the ARITH-MATIC, MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC compilers. You may have been looking for Arithmetic, a branch of Mathematics. MATH-MATIC is the marketing name for the AT-3 Compiler. Early Programming language for UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II. FLOW-MATIC, originally known as B-0 is possibly the first English-like Data Processing language

COBOL

She later returned to the Navy where she worked on validation software for the programming language COBOL and its compiler. COBOL (ˈkoʊbɒl is one of the oldest programming languages still in active use COBOL was defined by the CODASYL committee which extended her FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the IBM equivalent, the COMTRAN. CODASYL (often spelt Codasyl) is an Acronym for "Conference on Data Systems Languages" International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology COMTRAN (COMmercial TRANslator is an early Programming language developed at IBM. However, it was her idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages close to machine code (such as assembly language), which is how it was normally done at that time. Machine code or machine language is a system of instructions and data executed directly by a Computer 's Central processing unit. See the terminology section below for information regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler It is fair to say that COBOL was based very much on her philosophy.

Standards

In the 1970s, she pioneered the implementation of standards for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. Standardization (or standardisation) is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. Fortran (previously FORTRAN) is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative Programming language that is especially suited to COBOL (ˈkoʊbɒl is one of the oldest programming languages still in active use The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Retirement

Grace Hopper (January 1984)
Grace Hopper (January 1984)

Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of Commander at the end of 1966. In the United States, Commander is a military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the branch of service Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. She was recalled to active duty in August of 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. She again retired in 1971 but was asked to return to active duty again in 1972. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. She was promoted to Captain in 1973 by Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.. See " Captain " for other versions of this rank In the uniformed services of the United States, captain is a federal Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Please see " Admiral " for other nations which use this rank In the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard and the Elmo Russell Zumwalt Jr ( November 29, 1920 &ndash January 2, 2000) was an American naval officer and the youngest man to serve

After Rep. Philip Crane saw her on a March 1983 segment of 60 Minutes, he championed H.J.RES.341 a joint resolution in the House of Representatives which led to her promotion to Commodore by special Presidential appointment. Philip Miller "Phil" Crane (born November 3, 1930, in Chicago Illinois) is a former American politician Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Not to be confused with the BBC news magazine program Sixty Minutes (TV series. This article concerns the legal meaning of the term resolution. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Please see " Commodore " for other uses of this rank Commodore is a rank of the United States Navy with a somewhat [3] In 1985, the rank of Commodore was renamed Rear Admiral, Lower Half. The uniformed services of the United States have two grades of rear admirals. She retired (involuntarily) from the Navy on August 14, 1986. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) At a celebration held in Boston on the USS Constitution to celebrate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the highest non-combat award possible by the Department of Defense. Construction In August 1785 after the Revolutionary War drew to a close Congress sold, the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy. The Defense Distinguished Service Medal is a United States military award which is presented for exceptionally distinguished performance of duty contributing to national security At the moment of her retirement, she was the oldest officer in the United States Navy, and aboard the oldest ship in the United States Navy. [4]

She was then hired as a senior consultant to Digital Equipment Corporation, a position she retained until her death in 1992, aged 85. Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the Computer industry Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar)

Her primary activity in this capacity was as a Goodwill Ambassador, lecturing widely on the early days of computers, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited a large fraction of Digital's engineering facilities where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. She always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures.

She was laid to rest with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery; Section 59, grave 973. Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington Virginia, is a military cemetery in the United States, established during the American Civil War [5]

Honors

The Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center is located at 7 Grace Hopper Avenue in Monterey, California. The Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (or FNMOC) known prior to 1995 as the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC is a meteorological and

Grace Murray Hopper Park, located on South Joyce Street in Arlington, Virginia, is a small memorial park in front of her former residence (River House Apartments) and is now owned by Arlington County, Virginia. Grace Murray Hopper Park is a small memorial park in Arlington Virginia.

Women at the world's largest software company, Microsoft Corporation, formed an employee group called "Hoppers" and established a scholarship in her honor. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Hoppers has over 3000 members worldwide.

Brewster Academy, a school located in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, USA, dedicated their computer lab to her in 1985, calling it the Grace Murray Hopper Center for Computer Learning. Brewster Academy (also called BA) is a co-educational independent Boarding school located on in Wolfeboro New Hampshire, USA, two hours The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hopper had spent her childhood summers at a family home in Wolfeboro.

An administration building on Naval Support Activity Annapolis (Previously known as Naval Station Annapolis) in Annapolis, Maryland is named "The Grace Hopper Building" in her honor.

Anecdotes

Photo of first computer bug
Photo of first computer bug

Throughout much of her later career, Grace Hopper was much in demand as a speaker at various computer-related events. A software bug (or just “bug” is an error flaw mistake Failure, fault or “undocumented feature” in a Computer program that prevents it She was well-known for her lively and irreverent speaking style, as well as a rich treasury of early "war stories".

During the same interview, she was asked if she has an open mind. She replied, "I believe in having an open mind, but not so open that your brains fall out. "

Obituary notices by:

See also

References

  1. ^ Richard L. The IEEE Annals of the History of Computing is a quarterly Journal published by the IEEE Computer Society. Systems engineering is an Interdisciplinary field of Engineering that focuses on how complex engineering projects should be designed and managed Wexelblat, ed. (1981). History of Programming Languages. New York: Academic Press. The City of New York Academic Press ( London, New York and San Diego) was an Academic Book Publisher that is now part of Elsevier. ISBN 0-12-745040-8.  
  2. ^ G. M. Hopper and O. Ore, New types of irreducibility criteria, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 40 (1934) 216
  3. ^ Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, USN. Biographies in Naval History. United States Navy Naval Historical Center. The Naval Historical Center (NHC is the official History program of the United States Navy. Retrieved on 2007-05-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling  “. . . at the age of 76, she was promoted to Commodore by special Presidential appointment. . . . ”
  4. ^ UPI. "Computer Whiz Retires from Navy", Detroit Free Press, 1986-08-15, p. The Detroit Free Press is the largest daily Newspaper in Detroit, Michigan, USA. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed  4A.  
  5. ^ Grace Hopper at Find A Grave
  6. ^ Taylor, Alexander L. Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records , III. "The Wizard Inside the Machine", TIME, April 16, 1984. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 2007-02-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori  
  7. ^ Log Book With Computer Bug. National Museum of American History. The National Museum of American History collects preserves and displays American heritage in the areas of social political cultural scientific and military history Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  8. ^ McKenzie, Marianne. The amazing Grace Hopper. Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
  9. ^ Hamblen, Diane. Only the Limits of Our Imagination: An exclusive interview with RADM Grace M. Hopper. Department of the Navy Information Technology Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
  10. ^ Tropp, Henry S. (Fall 1984). "Grace Hopper: The Youthful Teacher of Us All". Abacus 2 (1): p. 18. ISSN 0724-6722. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  

Further reading

External links

Deployments Hopper has participated in multiple deployments to East Asia and the Persian Gulf including RIMPAC 98 three individual PACMEF deployments an Expeditionary The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a web-based Database that gives an Academic genealogy based on Dissertation supervision relations Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records
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