The term Governor-General refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription. A Governor-General is a governor of high rank, or a principal governor ranking above "ordinary" governors. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government ^[1]

Contents 1 Current uses 2 British colonialism and the Governor-General 3 Modern Commonwealth 3.1 Independent Commonwealth realms 3.2 Appointment 3.3 Commonwealth countries with Governors General 3.4 Other attributes 3.5 Former British colonies 3.5.1 In the Americas 3.5.2 In Asia 3.5.3 In Africa 3.6 Former Commonwealth realms 3.6.1 In Africa 3.6.2 In the Americas 3.6.3 In Asia 3.6.4 In Europe 3.6.5 In Oceania 4 Other colonial and similar usages 4.1 Belgian 4.2 French 4.3 Netherlands 4.4 Spanish 4.5 Portuguese 4.6 U.S. 5 Other Western usages 6 Asian counterparts 7 Note 8 See also 9 Sources and references

Current uses

Today, the title Governor-General is used in the independent Commonwealth realms (those Commonwealth countries which share the British monarch, presently Queen Elizabeth II, as head of state). A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II The United Kingdom does not have a Governor-General, being the Sovereign's home realm.

In modern usage, the term "Governor-General" originated in those British colonies which became self-governing Dominions within the British Empire (examples are Australia, Canada and New Zealand). See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island With the exception of New Zealand, each of the previously constituent colonies of these federated colonies already had a Governor, and the Crown's representative to the federated Dominion was therefore given the superior title of Governor-General. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government New Zealand was granted Dominion status in 1907, but as it had never been a federal state there was no pressing need to change the gubernatorial title. It was not until 28 June 1917 that Earl of Liverpool was appointed the first Governor-General of New Zealand. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Arthur William de Brito Savile Foljambe 2nd Earl of Liverpool GCB GCMG GBE MVO PC ( 27 May, 1870 &ndash Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings's representative retaining the title of Governor throughout this time. Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government

Since the 1950s, the title Governor-General has been given to all representatives of the Sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these cases, the former office of colonial Governor was altered (sometimes for the same incumbent) to become Governor-General upon independence, as the nature of the office became an entirely independent constitutional representative of the monarch rather than a symbol of previous colonial rule. In these countries the Governor-General acts as the Monarch's representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a Head of State.

The only other nation which uses the Governor-General designation is the Islamic Republic of Iran, which of course has no connection with either the British (or any other) monarchy or the Commonwealth. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. In Iran, the provincial authority is headed by a Governor-General^[2] (Persian: استاندار ostāndār), who is appointed by the Minister of the Interior.

British colonialism and the Governor-General

Until the 1920s, Governors-General were British subjects, appointed on the advice of the British Government, who acted as agents of the British Government in each Dominion, as well as being representatives of the monarch. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada As such they notionally held the prerogative powers of the monarch, and also held the executive power of the country to which they were assigned. The Governor-General could be instructed by the Colonial Secretary on the exercise of some of his functions and duties, such as the use or withholding of the Royal Assent from legislation; history shows many examples of Governors-General using their prerogative and executive powers. The granting of Royal Assent is the formal method by which a constitutional monarch completes the legislative process of Lawmaking by formally assenting to an The monarch (in fact the government) could overrule any Governor-General, though this could often be cumbersome, due to remoteness of the territories from London.

The Governor-General was also the head of the armed forces in his or her territory and, because of the Governor-General's control of the military, the post was as much a military appointment as a civil one. Indeed, until the late 20th century, the Governor-General's official attire was the court dress, Windsor uniform or other military uniform. Court dress comprises Dress prescribed for courts of law. This article deals primarily with dress worn in the courts of law of England and Wales and The Windsor uniform is a type of dress worn by male members of the House of Windsor.

In some colonies, the title of the royal representative was never Governor-General. The King's representative in New Zealand, for instance, was simply titled Governor (earlier even Lieutenant-Governor, as in Canadian provinces, still lower in rank) until after the country became a Dominion. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island A Lieutenant Governor is a high officer of state whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and

Modern Commonwealth

Independent Commonwealth realms

Following the Imperial Conference, and subsequent issuing of the Balfour Declaration in 1926, the role and responsibilities of the Governor-General began to shift, reflecting the increased independence of the Dominions. Imperial Conferences ( Colonial Conferences before 1911 were gatherings of British Empire government leaders in London in 1887, 1897 The Balfour Declaration of 1926, named after the British Lord President of the Council Arthur Balfour, Earl of Balfour was the name given to a report resulting Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and As the sovereign came to be regarded as monarch of each territory independently, and, as such, advised only by the ministers of each country in regard to said country's national affairs (as opposed to a single British monarch ruling all the Dominions as a conglomerate and advised only by an imperial parliament), so too did the Governor-General become a direct representative of the national monarch only, who no longer answered to the British government. These concepts were entrenched in legislation with the enactment of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, and governmental relations with the United Kingdom were placed in the hands of a British High Commissioner in each country. The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (22 & 23 Geo Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment

In other words, the political reality of a self governing dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign of Great Britain became clear. British interference in the dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed. Canada, Australia and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The monarch of these countries (Elizabeth II) is in law Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, Queen of New Zealand and only acts on the advice of the ministers in each country and is in no way influenced by the British government. TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy of TalkCommonewalth realm.-->The monarchy TalkCommonewalth realm.--> New Zealand The monarch appoints a governor-general as a personal representative only on the advice of the Prime Minister of the realm. The Governor-General of Canada is appointed by the Queen of Canada on the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister. The Governor-General of Australia is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Australian Prime Minister and the Governor-General of New Zealand is appointed by the Queen of New Zealand on the advice of the New Zealand Prime Minister. There is no legal relationship between any realm that acknowledges Elizabeth II as their monarch. They are all completely independent from one another.

Today, therefore, in former British colonies which are now independent Commonwealth realms, the Governor-General is constitutionally the representative of the monarch in his or her state, and may exercise the reserve powers of the monarch according to their own constitutional authority. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of Government, a reserve power is a power that may be exercised by the Head of state without the The Governor-General, however, is still appointed by the monarch, and takes an oath of allegiance to the monarch of their own country. An oath of allegiance is an Oath whereby a subject or Citizen acknowledges his/her duty of Allegiance and swears loyalty to his Monarch Executive authority is also vested in the monarch, though it can be placed with the Governor-General on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Letters of Credence or Letters of Recall are now sometimes received or issued in the name of the monarch, though in some countries, such as Canada and Australia, the Letters of Credence and Recall are issued in the name of the Governor-General alone. A letter of credence is a formal letter sent by one Head of state to another head of state that formally grants Diplomatic accreditation to a named A letter of credence is a formal letter sent by one Head of state to another head of state that formally grants Diplomatic accreditation to a named Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

At diplomatic functions where the Governor-General is present, the visiting diplomat or head of state toasts "The King" or "The Queen" of the relevant realm, not the Governor-General, with any reference to the Governor-General being subsidiary in later toasts if featuring at all, and will involve a toast to them by name, not office. (E. g. , "Mr. and Mrs. Smith," not "Her Excellency, the Governor-General. " Sometimes a toast might be made using name and office, e. g. , "Governor-General Smith. ")

Except in rare cases, the Governor-General only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national Prime Minister. Alternative meaning Constitutional convention (political meeting A constitutional convention is an informal and uncodified procedural agreement that is Advice, in Constitutional law, is formal usually binding instruction given by one constitutional officer of state to another This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. ^[3] The Governor-General is still the local representative of the sovereign, and performs the same duties as they carried out historically, though their role is almost purely ceremonial. Rare and controversial exceptions occurred in 1926, when Canadian Governor General Lord Byng refused Prime Minister Mackenzie King's request for a dissolution of parliament; and in 1975, when the Governor-General of Australia, Sir John Kerr, dismissed the Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative Field Marshal Julian Hedworth George Byng 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy GCB GCMG MVO ( 11 September 1862 &ndash The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus William Lyon Mackenzie King PC OM CMG ( December 17, 1874 – July 22, 1950) was a Canadian Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Kerr may refer to one of the following Government and politics John Kerr (Governor-General (1914&ndash1991 Australian Governor-General Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916 known as Gough Whitlam (ˈɡɒf goff is an Australian former politician and 21st ^[4] In principle, the Crown could overrule a Governor-General, but this has not happened in modern times.

The term de facto head of state, though having no constitutional status, has been used informally in Commonwealth realms to describe the role of a governor-general. A De facto head of state is a term used to an office-holder who fulfils some many or all of the functions of a Head of state. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription

The Governor-General is usually a person with a distinguished record of public service, often a retired politician, judge or military commander; but some countries have also appointed prominent sporting figures, academics, members of the clergy, philanthropists, or figures from the news media to the office. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively The Governor-General is formally appointed by the Monarch, following the specific request of the Prime Minister of the country concerned; Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands are the only realms that elect their Governors-General, in both cases by a parliamentary vote. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands

Traditionally, the Governor-General's official attire was military uniform, but this practice been abandoned except on occasions when it is appropriate to be worn. In South Africa, the Governors-General of the Union nominated by the Afrikaner Nationalist government chose not to wear uniform on any occasion. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Governor-General of the Union of South Africa was the representative of the British (1910-1931 and later South African Crown (1931-1961 in South } The Union of South Africa is the historic predecessor to the present-day state of the Republic of South Africa. The term Afrikaner people refers to white Afrikaans -speaking people who have been established in Southern Africa since the 17th century and are mainly of northwestern The National Party ( Afrikaans: Nasionale Party) (with its members sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats) was the governing party of Most Governors-General continue to wear appropriate medals on their clothing when required. A medal is usually a Coin -like sculpted object of metal or other material that has been engraved with an Insignia, Portrait or other artistic rendering

The Governor-General's official residence is usually called Government House. The Governor-General of the Irish Free State resided in the then Viceregal Lodge in Phoenix Park, Dublin, but the government of Éamon de Valera sought to downgrade the office, and the last Governor-General, Domhnall Ua Buachalla, did not reside there. The Governor-General (Seanascal was the representative of the King in the 1922&ndash1937 Irish Free State. Áras an Uachtaráin, formerly the Viceregal Lodge, is the official residence of the President of Ireland. The Phoenix Park (Páirc an Fhionn-Uisce is the largest enclosed urban public Park in Europe located 3 km to the north west of Dublin city centre in Ireland Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Domhnall Ua Buachalla (Donal Buckley 5 February 1866 – 30 October 1963 was an Irish politician shopkeeper and member of the First Dáil who served as third The office was abolished there in 1936. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In most Commonwealth realms, the flag of the Governor-General has been the standard pattern of a blue field with the Royal Crest (a lion standing on a crown) above a scroll with the name of the jurisdiction. The design and description of Flags typically uses specialised flag terminology' with precise and technical meanings and is hence a form of Jargon. The word crest is often mistakenly applied to a Coat of arms. In Canada, however, this was replaced with a crowned lion clasping a maple leaf. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In the Solomon Islands, the scroll was replaced with a two-headed frigate bird motif, while in Fiji, the former Governor-General's flag featured a whale's tooth. The Solomon Islands is a country in Melanesia, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands The frigatebirds are a family Fregatidae, of Seabirds There are five Species in the single Genus Fregata. Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य Whales are marine mammals which are neither Dolphins (ie members of the families Delphinidae or Platanistoidae) nor Porpoises Orcas

Governors-General are accorded the style of His/Her Excellency. Excellency is a Honorific style given to certain members of an organization or state This style is also extended to their spouses, whether female or male (for an example of the latter, see Jean-Daniel Lafond). Jean-Daniel Lafond CC (born 1944 is a French -born Canadian filmmaker and the husband to Governor General Michaëlle

In former colonies which are now Commonwealth republics, the Governor-General and Monarch have been replaced by an elected or appointed (sometimes non-executive) Head of State. A Commonwealth republic is any one of the 31 sovereign states of the Commonwealth of Nations with a Republican form of government

Appointment

Until the 1920s, the Governors-General were British, and appointed on the advice of the British Government. Timothy Michael Healy, KC (17 May 1855 &ndash 26 March 1931 was an Irish nationalist politician journalist author barrister and one of the most The Governor-General (Seanascal was the representative of the King in the 1922&ndash1937 Irish Free State.

Following the changes to the structure of the Commonwealth in the late 1920s, in 1929, the Australian Prime Minister James Scullin established the right of a Dominion Prime Minister to advise the Monarch directly on the appointment of a Governor-General, by insisting that his choice (Sir Isaac Isaacs, an Australian) prevail over the recommendation of the British Government. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. James Henry Scullin (18 September 1876 &ndash 28 January 1953 Australian Labor Politician and ninth Prime Minister of Australia. A dominion, often Dominion, refers to one of a group of autonomous polities under sovereign authority within the British Empire and Sir Isaac Alfred Isaacs GCB GCMG ( 6 August 1855 &ndash 11 February 1948) Australian judge and politician The convention was gradually established throughout the Commonwealth that the Governor-General would be a citizen of the country concerned, and would be appointed on the advice of the government of that country, with no input from the British Government. Since 1931 as each former Dominion has patriated its constitution from the UK, the convention has become law—no government of any realm can advise the Monarch on any matter pertaining to another realm, including the appointment of a Governor-General; today a country's Governor-General is appointed by the Sovereign based solely on the advice of the prime minister of the country concerned. Patriation is a non-legal term particularly used in Canada, to describe a process of Constitutional change also known as "bringing home" the constitution

Commonwealth countries with Governors General

Commonwealth realm	From
Antigua and Barbuda	1981	Website
Australia	1901	Website
Bahamas	1973	Website
Barbados	1966	Website
Belize	1981	Website
Canada	1867	Website
Grenada	1974
Jamaica	1962	Website
New Zealand	1917	Website
Papua New Guinea	1975
Saint Kitts and Nevis	1983
Saint Lucia	1979	Website
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1979	Website
Solomon Islands	1978
Tuvalu	1978

Clicking on the country above will take you the relevant Governor-General article. This is a list of governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda. For a list of viceroys in Antigua and Barbuda before independence see List of Governors of Antigua. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the monarch of Australia (currently Elizabeth II Queen of Australia) This is a list of Governors-General of the Bahamas. Governors-General of the Bahamas Sir John Warburton Paul ( 10 &ndash The Governor-General of Barbados is the domestic representative of the Queen of Barbados. This page contains a list of Governors-General of Belize. For viceroys in Belize before independence see List of Governors of British Honduras. The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative The Governor-General of Grenada has been the Viceroy of the Queen of Grenada since the country's independence from the United Kingdom in 1974 The Governor-General of Jamaica represents the Jamaican monarch and Head of state, who holds the title of King or Queen of Jamaica (as of 2007 Elizabeth The Governor-General of New Zealand (Te Kawana Tianara o Aotearoa is the representative of the Sovereign in right of New Zealand (currently Queen The Governor-General of Papua New Guinea is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, known in Tok Pisin as 'Missis Kwin' Papua New Guinea 's This is a list of Governors-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis. This is a list of Governors-General of Saint Lucia. Governors-General of Saint Lucia 1979-present Sir Allen Montgomery Lewis The office of Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was created in 1979 when the islands gained independence as a Commonwealth realm The Governor-General of the Solomon Islands is the De facto Head of State of the Solomon Islands, representing Queen Elizabeth II, who is styled The Governor-General of Tuvalu is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Tuvalu the nation's Head of State, and performs the duties

Other attributes

Main article: Administrator of the Government

Different realms have different constitutional arrangements governing who acts in place of the Governor-General in the event of his or her death, resignation, or incapacity. An Administrator ( Administrator of the Government, Officer Administering the Government) in the constitutional practice of some countries in the Commonwealth

• In Australia, the senior state governor is usually delegated as "Administrator of the Commonwealth" to perform the necessary official functions, pending a decision by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia about a permanent replacement as Governor-General. The Administrator has usually been the senior Governor of the Australian states. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government Each state governor holds what is known as a dormant commission.

• In Canada, Jamaica, and New Zealand, it is the Chief Justice. The Chief Justice in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court in Commonwealth or other countries with an Anglo-Saxon justice system based on English

• In Papua New Guinea, it is the Speaker of the House. Speaker of the House is a political term referring to a number of people In the United Kingdom and Canada, the Speaker of the House

• Many Caribbean countries have a specific office of "Deputy Governor-General".

Former British colonies

The title has been used in many British colonial entities that either no longer exist or are now independent countries.

In the Americas

• The Federation of the West Indies (Antigua, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Turks and Caicos Islands), less commonly referred to as the British Caribbean Federation, had a single governor-general during its short existence, 3 January 1958–31 May 1962: Governor-General Patrick George Thomas Buchan-Hepburn, Baron Hailes (b. The West Indies Federation, also known as the Federation of the West Indies, was a short-lived Caribbean Federation that existed from January 3 1958 Antigua (ænˈtiːgə an-TEE-gah) is an Island in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region the main The Cayman Islands are a British overseas territory located in the western Caribbean Sea, comprising the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Montserrat (ˌmɒntsəˈræt is British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis) located in the Leeward Islands, is a federal two-island Saint Lucia (ˌseɪnt ˈluːʃɪə is an Island nation in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. The Turks and Caicos Islands ( TCI) (ˈtɜːks ænd ˈkeɪkəs are a British Overseas Territory consisting of two groups of tropical islands in the West Indies Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1958 ( MCMLVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1901–d. 1974).

In Asia

• British India (the present India, Pakistan and Bangladesh and till 1937 Burma, the present Myanmar)—see also Viceroy
• The Dominon of Ceylon (present Sri Lanka) (1948-1972)
  • The Governor-General of Ceylon
    • Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore (4 February 1948–6 July 1949)
    • Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Viscount Soulbury (6 July 1949–17 July 1954)
    • Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke (17 July 1954–2 March 1962)
    • William Gopallawa (2 March 1962–22 May 1972)

In Africa

• 1 August 1953–31 December 1963 The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland also called the Central African Federation) comprising Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and Nyasaland (now Malawi). India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island The Governor-General of Ceylon was the representative of the King of Ceylon (1948-1952 and the Queen of Ceylon (1952-1972 Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore GCMG, KStJ (1887 - 1964 was British Governor of Sierra Leone, Kenya and Ceylon. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Herwald Ramsbotham 1st Viscount Soulbury GCMG GCVO OBE MC PC ( 6 March 1887 &ndash 30 January Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Sir Oliver Goonetilleke, GCMG, KCVO, KBE, KStJ ( 20 October 1892 &mdash 17 December 1978) was an important Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William Gopallawa ( September 17, 1897 - January 31, 1981) was the last Governor General of Ceylon from 1962 to 1972 and became Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Constitutional origins It was commonly understood that Southern Rhodesia would be the dominant territory in the federation — economically electorally and militarily See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. The Republic of Malawi (məˈlɑːwi or; formerly Nyasaland) is in southern Africa.
• Sudan as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1899 and 1 January 1956. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Anglo-Egyptian Sudan referred to the manner by which Sudan was administered between 1899 and 1956, when it was a condominium of Egypt New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Nigeria until independence on 1 October 1960. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Former Commonwealth realms

Most Commonwealth countries that are now republics, with the President as head of state, were originally Commonwealth realms, with Governors-General. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Some became parliamentary republics, like India, where the presidency is a ceremonial post, similar that of the British monarch, while others, like Ghana, adopted a presidential system like the United States. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Australia held a referendum on becoming a parliamentary republic in 1999, but this was rejected. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The 1999 Australian referendum was a two-question Referendum held on 6 November 1999. Republicanism in Australia is a movement to change Australia 's status as a Constitutional monarchy to a Republican form of government Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar)

The current governments of Barbados and Jamaica while having announced plans to hold referendums on becoming republics (in each case with a non-executive President replacing the Queen as head of state, as occurred in Trinidad and Tobago in 1976), have not proceeded any further. Barbados ( Portuguese word for bearded-ones, bɑrˈbeɪdoʊz -dɒs situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is an independent Island nation Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. There can be no way of knowing whether the necessary referendums to enable appropriate changes would be approved by voters. In Australia, a referendum to change the country into a republic was soundly defeated in 1999.

In Africa

• Gambia, two incumbents:
  • 18 February 1965–9 February 1966 Sir John Warburton Paul (b. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Sir John Warburton Paul, GCMG, CBE, MC ( 29 March 1916 &ndash March 31 2004) was a British government official 1916–d. 2004), formerly the last colonial Governor
  • 9 February 1966–24 April 1970 Sir Farimang Mamadi Singateh (b. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Alhaji Sir Farimang Mamadi Singateh (1912 – 19 May 1977) was the second and last Governor General of The Gambia, representing Queen 1912); the country became a republic with Dawda Jawara, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President. Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara (born May 16, 1924) was the first leader of The Gambia, serving first as Prime Minister from 1962 to 1970 and then as President
• Ghana:
  • 6 March 1957–24 June 1957 Sir Charles Noble Arden-Clarke (b. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) 1898–d. 1962), formerly the last colonial Governor
  • 24 June 1957–1 July 1960 William Francis Hare, Earl of Listowel (b. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1906–d. 1997); the country became the first in Africa to become a republic within the Commonwealth, with Kwame Nkrumah, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President. Kwame Nkrumah ( September 21, 1909 - April 27, 1972) was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism, and the leader of
• Kenya: 12 December 1963–12 December 1964 Malcolm John MacDonald (b. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. 1901–d. 1981), formerly the last colonial Governor; the country became a republic with Jomo Kenyatta, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President. Jomo Kenyatta ( October 20, 1894 &ndash August 22, 1978) served as the first Prime Minister (1963&ndash1964 and President
• Malawi: 6 July 1964–6 July 1966 Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones (b. The Republic of Malawi (məˈlɑːwi or; formerly Nyasaland) is in southern Africa. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. 1908–d. 1992), formerly the last colonial Governor (until 1963 of "Nyasaland") the country became a republic with Kamuzu Banda, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President. Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1896? – 25 November 1997) was the leader of Malawi, from 1961 to 1994
• Mauritius: Sir John Shaw Rennie (12 March–3 September 1968) formerly the last colonial Governor. Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The country became a republic on 12 March 1992 with the last Governor General Veerasamy Ringadoo as the first ceremonial President. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, GCMG (1920 &ndash 9 September 2000) was Governor-General of Mauritius from January 17 1986 to
• Nigeria:
  • 1 October 1960–16 November 1960 Sir James Wilson Robertson (b. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sir James Wilson Robertson, KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE (1899 - 1983 was the last British Head of Nigeria 1899–d. 1983) Non-party (previously colonial Governor-General)
  • 16 November 1960–1 October 1963 Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe (b. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1960 ( MCMLX) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Benjamin Nnamdi Azikiwe ( November 16, 1904 – May 11, 1996) usually referred to as Nnamdi Azikiwe, or informally 1904–d. 1996) NCNC; became first ceremonial President of the Federal Republic
• Sierra Leone (See also Governor-General of Sierra Leone):
  • 27 April 1961–27 April 1962 Sir Maurice Henry Dorman (b. Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. This page contains a list of governors-general of Sierra Leone. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sir Maurice Henry Dorman, GCMG, GCVO (1902&ndash1993 was the representative of the British Monarchy in Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago 1902–d. 1993), formerly the last colonial Governor
  • 27 April 1962–April 1967 Sir Henry Josiah Lightfoot Boston (b. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sir Henry Josiah Lightfoot Boston (1898 - 1969 was a Sierra Leonean Diplomat and Politician. 1898–d. 1969) (acting to 27 July 1962)
  • April 1967–18 April 1968 Andrew Terence Juxon-Smith (acting) (b. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Brigadier Andrew Terence Juxon-Smith (1933 - 1996 was a politician and military official in Sierra Leone. 1933–d. 1996)
  • 18 April 1968–22 April 1968 John Amadu Bangura (acting) (b. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Brigadier John Amadu Bangura was the acting Governor-General of Sierra Leone from 18 April 1968 until 22 April 1968 1930–d. 1971)
  • 22 April 1968–31 March 1971 Banja Tejan-Sie (from 1970, Sir Banja Tejan-Sie) (b. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. 1917–d. 2000)
  • 31 March 1971–19 April 1971 Christopher Cole (acting) (b. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Christopher Okoro Cole (b 1921 - d after 1990 was a former Governor-general and President of Sierra Leone. 1921–d. after 1990); briefly first President, before being succeeded by Prime Minister Siaka Stevens, who became executive President. Siaka Probyn Stevens ( 24 August 1905 &ndash 29 May 1988) was the Prime minister and later president of the Republic of Sierra
• South Africa from 31 May 1910 when Cape, Natal, Orange Free State and Transvaal united as a dominion (Union of South Africa) until the 31 May 1961 declaration of the Republic of South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting } The Union of South Africa is the historic predecessor to the present-day state of the Republic of South Africa. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The last Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, Charles Robberts Swart, became the first State President of South Africa. The Governor-General of the Union of South Africa was the representative of the British (1910-1931 and later South African Crown (1931-1961 in South Charles Robberts Swart ( Winburg, 5 December 1894 &ndash Bloemfontein, 16 July 1982) served as the last Governor-General State President, or Staatspresident in Afrikaans, was South Africa 's Head of state from 1961 to 1994.
• Tanganyika (now Tanzania): 9 December 1961–9 December 1962 Sir Richard Gordon Turnbull (b. Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1909–d. 1998), formerly the last colonial Governor; the country became a republic with Julius Nyerere, formerly Prime Minister, as executive President. Julius Kambarage Nyerere ( April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999) served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika
• Uganda: 9 October 1962–9 October 1963 Sir Walter Fleming Coutts (b. The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1912–d. 1988), formerly the last colonial Governor; the country became a republic with Frederick Mutesa, Kabaka of Buganda, as ceremonial President. Sir Edward Mutesa II, KBE ( November 19, 1924 - November 21, 1969) was the Kabaka ( king) of Buganda Buganda is the kingdom of the Baganda people the largest of the traditional kingdoms in present-day Uganda.

• In Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), a unique situation arose following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, unrecognised by the United Kingdom. Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election The Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI) of Rhodesia from the United Kingdom was signed on November 11, 1965 by the administration Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Rhodesian Front government of Ian Smith recognised Queen Elizabeth II as "Queen of Rhodesia", but refused to recognise the authority of her Governor Sir Humphrey Gibbs, whose duties were performed by an Officer Administering the Government, Clifford Dupont (b. The Rhodesian Front ( RF) was a Political party in Southern Rhodesia when the country was under White minority rule. Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID ( 8 April 1919 &ndash 20 November 2007) served as the Prime Minister of the British For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Sir Humphrey Vicary Gibbs, GCVO, KCMG, ( November 22, 1902 &ndash 1990 was the penultimate Clifford Walter Dupont ( December 6 1905 &ndash June 28 1978) served in the internationally unrecognized positions as Officer Administrating 1905–d. 1978). Dupont served in the post until 2 March 1970, when Rhodesia was declared a republic (an act also unrecognised internationally) and he became President. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The position of President of Rhodesia only existed from 1970 to 1979 The country became an independent republic within the Commonwealth as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar)

Zambia and the Seychelles became republics within the Commonwealth on independence. The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole

In the Americas

• Guyana:
  • 26 May 1966–16 December 1966 Sir Richard Edmonds Luyt (b. Guyana (ɡaɪˈænə or /ɡiːˈɑːnə/ officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is the only Nation state Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. 1915–d. 1994), formerly the last colonial Governor
  • 16 December 1966–10 November 1969 Sir David James Gardiner Rose (b. Events 755 - An Lushan revolts against Chancellor Yang Guozhong at Fanyang, initiating the An Shi Rebellion Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1923–d. 1969)
  • 10 November 1969–22 February 1970 Sir Edward Victor Luckhoo (acting) (b. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1912–d. 1998); succeeded by the first President
• Trinidad and Tobago:
  • 31 August 1962–15 September 1972 Sir Solomon Hochoy (b. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (ˈtrɪnɪdæd ən təˈbeɪgoʊ is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American Events 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora becomes ill dying suddenly a few days later without children to succeed the Throne Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sir Solomon Hochoy TC, GCMG, GCVO, OBE, (b April 20, 1905 in Jamaica, d 1905–d. 1983), formerly the last colonial Governor
  • 15 September 1972–1 August 1976 Sir Ellis Clarke (b. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Sir Ellis Emmanuel Innocent Clarke, TC, GCMG (born December 28, 1917) was the second and last Governor-General of Trinidad 1917)

Dominica became a republic on independence in 1978, with a ceremonial President as head of state. The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) This page contains a list of presidents of Dominica from 1978 to the present

In Asia

• India
  • 15 August 1947–21 June 1948 Louis Francis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma (s. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. a. ), formerly the last colonial Viceroy
  • 21 June 1948–26 January 1950 Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (b. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari (Tamil சக்ரவர்த்தி ராஜகோபாலாச்சாரி ( December 10, 1878 - December 25, 1878–d. 1972); became the first republic within the Commonwealth
• Pakistan
  • 15 August 1947–11 September 1948 Mohammad Ali Jinnah (b. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan 1876–d. 1948) ML
  • 14 September 1948–17 October 1951 Khwaja Nazimuddin (b. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January 1894–d. 1964) ML
  • 17 October 1951–6 October 1955 Ghulam Mohammad (b. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) 1895–d. 1956) ML
  • 6 October 1955–23 March 1956 Sikandar Ali Mirza (b. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1899–d. 1969) Mil; since then a republic
• Ceylon (now Sri Lanka):
  • 4 February 1948–6 July 1949 Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore (b. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1887–d. 1964), previously the last colonial Governor)
  • 6 July 1949–17 July 1954 Herwald Ramsbotham, Baron Soulbury (b. Events 1044 - The Battle of Ménfő takes place 1189 - Richard the Lionheart is crowned King of England Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) 1887–d. 1971)
  • 17 July 1954–2 March 1962 Sir Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke (b. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 1892–d. 1978)
  • 2 March 1962–22 May 1972 William Gopallawa (b. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William Gopallawa ( September 17, 1897 - January 31, 1981) was the last Governor General of Ceylon from 1962 to 1972 and became 1897–d. 1981)); became the first President of the republic of Sri Lanka

In Europe

• Ireland Governor-General of the Irish Free State dominion 6 December 1922 until 29 December 1937. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Governor-General (Seanascal was the representative of the King in the 1922&ndash1937 Irish Free State. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Malta:
  • 21 September 1964–4 July 1971 Sir Maurice Henry Dorman (b. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Sir Maurice Henry Dorman, GCMG, GCVO (1902&ndash1993 was the representative of the British Monarchy in Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago 1902–d. 1993), formerly the last colonial Governor
  • 4 July 1971–13 December 1974 Sir Anthony Joseph Mamo (b. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Sir Anthony Joseph Mamo, OBE, QC, ( 9 January 1909 &ndash 1 May 2008) was the first President of Malta 1909); became first President of Malta

Cyprus became a republic on independence. The office of the President of Malta (President ta' Malta came into being on 13 December 1974, when Malta became a Commonwealth republic. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía

In Oceania

• Fiji:
  • 10 October 1970–13 January 1973 Sir Robert Sidney Foster (b. Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. 1913–d. 2005), formerly the last colonial Governor
  • 13 January 1973–12 February 1983 Ratu Sir George Cakobau (b. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) 1912–d. 1989)
  • 12 February 1983–6 October 1987 Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau (b. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) 1918–d. 1993); it became a republic under a President on 5 December 1987

Other colonial and similar usages

Belgian

• Belgian Congo;
• Ruanda-Urundi

French

The equivalent word in French is gouverneur général, used in the following colonies:

• From 1887 to 1945 the French appointed a Governor-General to govern French Indo-China (now Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia); the function of High commissioner in the Pacific Ocean, from 22 March 1907 held by the Governors of New Caledonia, was used to coordinate that colony, the other French Settlements in Oceania and the governors-general of French Indochina and the Resident commissioners of the New Hebrides and the Residents of Wallis and Futuna were subordinated to him. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) The Belgian Congo ( Dutch: Belgisch Kongo French: Congo Belge German: Belgisch Kongo was the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic Ruanda-Urundi was a Belgian Suzerainty from 1916 to 1924 a League of Nations Class B Mandate from 1924 to 1945 and then a UN trust territory Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar The Governor-General of French Indochina ( French: Gouverneur-général de l'Indochine Française) was the head of the French Indochina. First French interventions See also France-Vietnam relations France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially Laos (ˈlɑːoʊs or /ˈlaʊs/ officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East For the former North American fur-trading district see New Caledonia (Canada, and for the Scottish colony in Panama see Darien scheme. Resident Commissioner is the title of several quite different types of Commissioner in overseas possession or protectorate of the British Crown or of the U Hebrides (disambiguation New Hebrides was the colonial name for an Island group in the South Pacific that now forms the nation of Vanuatu. A Resident, or in full Resident Minister, is a state official of certain representative -diplomatic and/or colonial- types required to take up permanent residency abroad officially Wallis and Futuna, officially the Territory of Wallis and Futuna Islands ( French: Wallis et Futuna or Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna,
• From 1699–1947, the French appointed a Governor-General to administer French India (including Pondichéry). French India is a general name for the former French possessions in India. See also French India, Colonial History of Yanam The History of Puducherry can be traced back to 1st century
• Governors-general of the Mascarene Islands (under control of the chartered Compagnie des Indes to 14 July 1767) from 4 June 1735 (succeeding to governors), and after its split-up of Mauritius (Réunion and the Seychelles got lower-styled Commandants or Governors) , till 25 September 1803
• Haiti January 1714 - 31 December 1803; last incumbent Jean-Jacques Dessalines shortly maintained the title after the January I, 1804 independence before proclaiming himself 'emperor' Jacques I
• Since its creation on 16 June 1895 in French West Africa (AOF), until 4 April 1957; the last stayed on as first of two High commissioners
• Madagascar
• From 28 June 1908 (previously it had a Commissaire général, i. The Mascarene Islands (or Mascarenhas Archipelago) is a group of Islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar comprising Mauritius A chartered company is an association formed by investors or Shareholders for the purpose of trade Exploration and Colonization. In August 1717 Scottish businessman John Law acquired a controlling interest in the then derelict Mississippi Company and renamed it the Compagnie d'Occident (or Compagnie Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République Commandant (pronounced /'cɒmʊndɑnt/ or /'cɒmʊndænt/ COM-un-dahnt, -dant is a military or police title or rank Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Jean-Jacques Dessalines ( September 20, 1758 – 17 October 1806 was a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year French West Africa ( Afrique occidentale française, AOF) was a Federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment e. Commissioner general) to 4 April 1957 (the last stayed on as first of three High commissioners) in French Equatorial Africa (AEF); during several periods he also acted as Governor of the constitutive colony Congo Brazzaville. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) French Equatorial Africa ( Afrique équatoriale française, AEF) was the federation of French colonial possessions in Middle Africa, extending French Congo was the original French Colony established in the present-day area of the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and the Central African

Furthermore, in Napoleonic Europe successive French Governors-general were appointed by Napoleon I in:

• the German states of Brandenburg (various other got 'mere' Governors), two incumbents during the 27 October 1806 - 10 December 1808 French occupation
• Province of Courland under the French occupation (from 1 August 1812, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and District of Pilten nominally re-established under joint French-Saxon protectorate 8 October 1812 - 20 December 1812) : Jacques David Martin, baron de Campredon (b. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Courland (Kurzeme Kurland Latin: Curonia / Couronia; Kuršas Kuramaa Kurlandia Курляндия Курляндія Kuurinmaa is one of the historical Piltene ( is a city in northwestern Latvia. Population 40000 (1795 History September 1234 Bishopric of Courland 1761 - d. 1837)
• Parma and Piacenza under occupation, (after a Commissioner) 15 February 1804 - 23 July 1808, later annexed as département under a Prefect of Taro
• principality of Piombino May 1806 - 1811 : Adolphe Beauvais (d. Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Taro (from Tahitian or other Polynesian languages) more rarely kalo (from Hawaiian) and gabi in The Philippines, is a Piombino is a town and commune in the Province of Livorno ( Tuscany) Italy, on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea 1811)
• annexed Tuscany, two incumbents, over prefects for Arno, Méditerranée [Mediterranean] and Ombrone:
  • May 1808 - 3 March 1809 Jacques François de Boussay, baron de Menou (b. Tuscany (Toscana is a region in Italy. It has an area of 22990 km² and a population of about 3 Arno was a Département of the First French Empire in present Italy. Méditerranée was the name of a département of the First French Empire in present-day Italy. The Ombrone (Latin Umbro) is a 161 km long river in Italy, region Tuscany. 1750 - d. 1810)
  • 3 March 1809 - 1 February 1814 Elisa Baciocchi Bonaparte (with courtesy style of Grand Duchess of Tuscany) (b. 1777 - d. 1820)
• the Illyrian provinces (comprising present Croatia, Slovenia and even adjacent parts of Austria and Italy), annexed as part of the French Empire proper, 14 October 1809 - August 1813

Netherlands

From 1691 to 1948 the Dutch appointed a Gouverneur-generaal ("Governor-General") to govern the Netherlands East Indies, now Indonesia. The Illyrian Provinces (Provinces illyriennes Ilirske province Ilirske pokrajne Province Illiriche were lands on the north and east coasts of the Adriatic Sea which were Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies represented the Dutch rule in the Dutch East Indies between 1610 and Dutch recognition of the independence of Indonesia See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.

While in the Caribbean, various other titles were used, Curaçao had three Governors-General between 1816 and 1820:

• 1816–1819 Albert Kikkert
• 1819–1820 Petrus Bernardus van Starkenborgh
• 1820 Isaäk Johannes Rammelman Elsevier

Spanish

• From 21 November 1564 the Spanish colony Islas Filipinas had a Governor-general, subordinated to the viceroyalty of New Spain (in Mexico) to 1821. Year 1816 ( MDCCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. Spanish East Indies ( Indias Orientales Españolas) was a term used to describe Spanish possessions in Asia-Pacific which lasted over three centuries Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America,

Portuguese

The equivalent word in Portuguese is Governador-Geral, but this style was only used in a few major colonies, other colonies lower titles, mainly Governador (Governor) or Captain-major, prevailed

• In the overseas province of Portuguese India (Estado da Índia, capital Goa) the style was changed repeatedly for another, mostly Viceroy, or a commission
• In Brazil, after a few Governors, from 1578 till its promotion on 13 Jul 1714 to Viceroyalty
• in Africa, from 1837 Portugal appointed a Governor-general to govern the colony of Portuguese West Africa (later Angola), and another in Mozambique (Portuguese East Africa); both offices were restyled in full High Commissioner and Governor-general in 1921, and both existed until their 1975 decolonisation. Captain-major is the English rendering of the Portuguese title Capitão-mor (sometimes Capitão Donatário) for colonial officers put in charge Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India. A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. Angola was the name of the Portuguese overseas colonies and later a Portuguese overseas province on the south-west African coast which now form the republic of Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment

U. S.

• From 1905 to 1935 the Philippines (since 13 August 1898 a U. Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common S territory; first under three Military and two ordinary Governors) was administered by a series of Governors General appointed by the United States. Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Other Western usages

• Governor-General in the Swedish Realm
• From 1636 to 1815, the Governors-General of Sweden typically were appointed for the Swedish Dominions on the eastern side of the Baltic and in northern Germany, but occasionally also for Scania. A Governor-General, or generalguvernör, was appointed by the Swedish monarch as his permanent representative with both civil and military jurisdiction over parts Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year A Governor-General, or generalguvernör, was appointed by the Swedish monarch as his permanent representative with both civil and military jurisdiction over parts The Dominions of Sweden or Svenska besittningar were territories that historically came under control of the Swedish Crown, but never became fully integrated Scania ( in Swedish and Danish) is a geographical region on the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula, a traditional province (
• From 1809 to 1918 there were Russian Governor-General of Finland in the Grand Duchy of Finland; Governor-Generals of Poland in Congress Poland and in various other Governorates-General. Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Governor-General of Finland (Suomen kenraalikuvernööri Generalguvernör av Finland was the military commander and the highest administrator of Finland sporadically The Grand Duchy of Finland (Magnus Ducatus Finlandiæ Великое княжество Финляндское ' Velikoe knjažestvo finljandskoe) was the Predecessor Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland (Namiestnik Królestwa Polskiego was the Title of the official representatives of the King of Poland (i Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye Guberniya (губе́рния) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of Imperial Russia, usually
• From 1939 to 1944, during the German occupation of Poland, part of the country was designated the General Government and the Nazi official Hans Frank had the title Governor-General (Generalgouverneur für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete). Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The General Government (Generalgouvernement refers to a part of the territories of Poland (and Ostrava Czechoslovakia under German Military occupation Hans Michael Frank ( May 23 1900 &ndash October 16 1946) was a German Lawyer who worked for the Nazi party
• the kingdom of Saxony had a Governor general twice, under Allied control after French emperor Napoleon I's defeat:
  • 28 October 1813 - 8 November 1814 Prince Nikolay Grigorievich Repnin-Volkonsky (Russia) (b. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. 1778 - d. 1845)
  • 8 November 1814 - 8 June 1815 Eberhard Friedrich Christoph Ludwig, Freiherr von der Recke (Prussia) (b. Freiherr, a German word is a title of Nobility of lower Peerage rank in the former Holy Roman Empire (in German Heiliges Römisches 1744 - d. 1826)
• during the occupation of Serbia by Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, the former (Habsburg empire) appointed three consecutive governors-general:
  • 1 January 1916 - July 1916 Johan Ulrich Graf von Salis-Seewis (b. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country 1862 - d. 1940)
  • July 1916 - October 1918 Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Barensfeld (b. 1855 - d. 1932)
  • October 1918 - 1 November 1918 Herman Freiherr Kövess von Kövessháza (b. 1854 - d. 1924; a former military commander in northern Serbia)

Asian counterparts

• From 1644 to 1911, in Qing Dynasty China, a Governor General or zongdu (Chinese: 总督) was the highest official of joint military and civil affairs in one or several provinces (alternately translated as Viceroy)
• Imperial Japan:
  • From 1895 to 1945, Taiwan was administered by the Japanese Governor-General of Taiwan. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Zǒngdū, ( traditional: 總督 simplified: 总督 Wade-Giles: tsung-tu Manchu: Uheri kadalara amban) usually translated as A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division A viceroy is a royal official who governs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the Monarch. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. The position of Governor-General of Taiwan existed when Taiwan and the Pescadores were part of the Empire of Japan, from 1895 to 1945
  • From 1910 to 1945, Korea was administered by the Japanese Governor-General of Korea. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The post of Governors-General of Korea ( Korean: 조선총독부 Hanja: 朝鮮總督府 Japanese: 朝鮮総督府 served as the
• Islamic Republic of Iran
  • The provincial authority is headed by a Governor-General^[2] (Persian: استاندار ostāndār). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Note

In Canada the title "Governor General" is always used unhyphenated. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In Australia and New Zealand, the term is always hyphenated. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island ^{[5] [6]}

See also

• Administrator of the Government
• Governor-in-chief
• Governor
• Lieutenant-Governor
• High Commissioner
• Governor-General of the Philippines
• Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles; territories of the Dutch Monarchy
• Guberniya; an administrative sub-division of Imperial Russia headed by the equivalent of a governor-general
• Each current Commonwealth realm's Governor-General has his/her own article:
  • List of Governors-General of Antigua and Barbuda
  • Governor-General of Australia
  • List of Governors-General of the Bahamas
  • List of Governors-General of Barbados
  • List of Governors-General of Belize
  • Governor General of Canada
  • List of Governors-General of Grenada
  • List of Governors-General of Jamaica
  • Governor-General of New Zealand
  • Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
  • List of Governors-General of Saint Lucia
  • List of Governors-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  • List of Governors-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
  • Governor-General of the Solomon Islands
  • Governor-General of Tuvalu
• Some defunct political entities: Governor-General of the Irish Free State, Governor-General of the Federation of the West Indies, Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Governor-General of French Indochina
• Some former Commonwealth realms in the Americas Governor-General of Guyana, Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago
• Some former Commonwealth realms in Africa: Governor-General of Nigeria, Governor-General of Sierra Leone, Governor-General of Tanzania, Governor-General of the Union of South Africa, Governor-General of Uganda, Governor-General of Gambia, Governor-General of Kenya, Governor-General of Ghana, Governor-General of Malawi
• Some former Commonwealth realms in Asia Governor-General of India, Governor-General of Pakistan, Governor-General of Sri Lanka
• Some former Commonwealth realms in Europe Governor-General of Malta
• Some former Commonwealth realms in Oceania Governor-General of Fiji

Sources and references

(incomplete)

1. ^ "Governor General" definition on dictionary.com (retrieved February 14, 2006)
2. ^ ^{a b} IRNA, Online Edition. An Administrator ( Administrator of the Government, Officer Administering the Government) in the constitutional practice of some countries in the Commonwealth Governor-in-chief is a British colonial title for governing offices with a jurisdiction that comprises — unlike an ordinary governor but like certain governors-general — several colonies A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government A Lieutenant Governor is a high officer of state whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the chief political executive during two pre-independence phases in the history of the Philippines, under Spanish Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles The Netherlands has been an independent Monarchy since 16 March 1815, and has been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau Guberniya (губе́рния) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of Imperial Russia, usually The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch This is a list of governors-general of Antigua and Barbuda. For a list of viceroys in Antigua and Barbuda before independence see List of Governors of Antigua. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the monarch of Australia (currently Elizabeth II Queen of Australia) This is a list of Governors-General of the Bahamas. Governors-General of the Bahamas Sir John Warburton Paul ( 10 &ndash The Governor-General of Barbados is the domestic representative of the Queen of Barbados. This page contains a list of Governors-General of Belize. For viceroys in Belize before independence see List of Governors of British Honduras. The Governor General of Canada ( French: Gouverneure générale du Canada, or: Gouverneur général du Canada) is the vice-regal representative The Governor-General of Grenada has been the Viceroy of the Queen of Grenada since the country's independence from the United Kingdom in 1974 The Governor-General of Jamaica represents the Jamaican monarch and Head of state, who holds the title of King or Queen of Jamaica (as of 2007 Elizabeth The Governor-General of New Zealand (Te Kawana Tianara o Aotearoa is the representative of the Sovereign in right of New Zealand (currently Queen The Governor-General of Papua New Guinea is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, known in Tok Pisin as 'Missis Kwin' Papua New Guinea 's This is a list of Governors-General of Saint Lucia. Governors-General of Saint Lucia 1979-present Sir Allen Montgomery Lewis The office of Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was created in 1979 when the islands gained independence as a Commonwealth realm This is a list of Governors-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The Governor-General of the Solomon Islands is the De facto Head of State of the Solomon Islands, representing Queen Elizabeth II, who is styled The Governor-General of Tuvalu is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Tuvalu the nation's Head of State, and performs the duties The Governor-General (Seanascal was the representative of the King in the 1922&ndash1937 Irish Free State. The Federation of the West Indies (consisting of Antigua (with Barbuda, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, This is a list of the men who served as Governor-General of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (also known as the Central African Federation The Governor-General of French Indochina ( French: Gouverneur-général de l'Indochine Française) was the head of the French Indochina. This page lists Governors-General of Guyana from 1966 to 1970. This page lists Governors-General of Trinidad and Tobago from 1962 when the islands gained independence as a Commonwealth realm until 1976 when This page contains a list of Governors-General of Nigeria. See also Lists of incumbents, List of Presidents of Nigeria. This page contains a list of governors-general of Sierra Leone. This page contains a list of Governors-General of Tanganyika. The Governor-General of the Union of South Africa was the representative of the British (1910-1931 and later South African Crown (1931-1961 in South This page contains a list of the Governor-General of Uganda. See also Lists of incumbents, List of Presidents of Uganda, List of Prime Ministers of Uganda This page contains a list of Governors-General of The Gambia during the period when it was a monarchy from 1965 to 1970. This page contains a list of Governors-General of Kenya during the period when it was a monarchy from 1963 to 1964. This page contains a list of Governors-General of Ghana during the period when it was a monarchy from 1957 to 1960. Latest election List of Heads of State of Malawi Affiliations- MCP = Malawi Congress Party - nationalist authoritarian sole legal The Governor-General of India (or from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen The Governor-General of Ceylon was the representative of the King of Ceylon (1948-1952 and the Queen of Ceylon (1952-1972 The Governor-General of Malta was the representative in Malta of Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Malta between independence in 1964 until the Fiji became a British Crown Colony in 1874 and an independent Dominion in the Commonwealth in 1970 "Paris for further cultural cooperation with Iran". Retrieved on 2007-10-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.
3. ^ In particular, see the history of the Governor-General of Australia
4. ^ Letter from the Queen's Private Secretary to the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Australia of 17 November 1975, at The Whitlam Dismissal, retrieved February 15, 2006. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the monarch of Australia (currently Elizabeth II Queen of Australia)
5. ^ Governor General of Australia ~ Welcome Message - Main Home Page
6. ^ www. gov-gen. govt. nz

• WorldStatesmen

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