The Honourable  Gough Whitlam  AC QC
21st Prime Minister of Australia Elections: 1969, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977
In office 5 December 1972 – 11 November 1975
Deputy	Lance Barnard Jim Cairns Frank Crean
Preceded by	William McMahon
Succeeded by	Malcolm Fraser
Constituency	Werriwa (New South Wales)
Born	11 July 1916 (1916-07-11) (age 91) Kew, Victoria, Australia
Political party	Australian Labor Party

Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (born 11 July 1916), known as Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/ goff), is an Australian former politician and 21st Prime Minister of Australia. The prefix The Honourable or The Honorable (abbreviated to " The Hon Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia on 14 February 1975 "for the purpose of according recognition Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. Issues The 1969 election centred heavily on the two leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam Issues The 1972 Election was largely focused on domestic policy issues and the role of the federal government in resolving these issues Federal elections were held in Australia on 18 May 1974. All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 60 seats in the Senate Federal elections were held in Australia on 13 December 1975 All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 64 seats in the Senate were up for Background and Issues The election is remembered for the "fistful of dollars" advertisements run by the government offering tax cuts to voters Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lance Herbert Barnard AO ( 1 May 1919 &ndash 6 August 1997) Australian politician was Deputy Prime Minister of Australia James Ford Cairns ( 4 October, 1914 - 12 October, 2003) Australian politician was prominent in the Labor movement through the 1960s Frank Crean (born 28 February 1916 Australian politician was a senior minister in the Australian Labor Party government of Gough Whitlam from 1972 to 1975 Sir William "Billy" McMahon, GCMG, CH (23 February 1908 31 March 1988 was an Australian Liberal politician and the 20th Prime Minister of John Malcolm Fraser, AC, CH (born 21 May 1930 is an Australian Liberal politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia. The Division of Werriwa is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Kew is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia on 14 February 1975 "for the purpose of according recognition Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Prime Minister of Australia is the Head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia, holding office on commission from the Governor-General. A member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament in 1952, winning a by-election for the Division of Werriwa in New South Wales. The Parliament of Australia or Commonwealth Parliament is the legislative branch of government of Australia. A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant The Division of Werriwa is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives. In 1960 Whitlam was elected deputy leader of the ALP and in 1967, following the resignation of Arthur Calwell after a disastrous election defeat the year before, he assumed the position of Leader of the Opposition. Arthur Augustus Calwell (28 August 1896 - 8 July 1973 Australian politician was Leader of the Australian Labor Party from 1960 to 1967 This is a List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition, who in Australian Federal Politics is a Member of Parliament in the

After initially falling short of gaining enough seats to win government at the 1969 election, Whitlam led the Labor Party to victory at the 1972 election after 23 years of Liberal-Country Party government in Australia. Issues The 1969 election centred heavily on the two leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam Issues The 1972 Election was largely focused on domestic policy issues and the role of the federal government in resolving these issues The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. The National Party of Australia is an Australian political party. After winning the 1974 election, he was dismissed in 1975 by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a protracted constitutional crisis caused by a refusal of opposition Coalition members to pass Supply Bills in the Australian Senate, and lost the subsequent 1975 election. Federal elections were held in Australia on 18 May 1974. All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 60 seats in the Senate The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the monarch of Australia (currently Elizabeth II Queen of Australia) John Kerr may refer to one of the following Government and politics John Kerr (Governor-General (1914&ndash1991 Australian Governor-General The Coalition in Australian politics refers to a pragmatic grouping of Centre-right parties that has existed in the form of a coalition agreement since 1922 An appropriation bill or supply bill is a legislative motion ( Bill) which authorizes the Government to spend money The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. Federal elections were held in Australia on 13 December 1975 All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 64 seats in the Senate were up for He is the only Australian Prime Minister to be dismissed by the Governor-General, using reserve powers. In a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of Government, a reserve power is a power that may be exercised by the Head of state without the Although his government spent a relatively short time in office, many of the policies and institutions set up under it are still evident today, such as Medicare. This article describes the Australian Government agency known as Medicare Australia His 'presidential' style of politics, the socially progressive policies he pursued, and the dramatic dismissal and subsequent election loss still arouse intense passion and debate. Social progressivism is the view that social Mores, Human nature, and Morality are capable of progress through history in a manner similar to that of scientific

Early life

Photograph of Gough Whitlam and attestation paper from his RAAF officer personnel file dated 1942. The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF) is the Air Force branch of the Australian Defence Force.

Pilot Officer Gough Whitlam in Cooktown, Queensland in 1944

Gough Whitlam was born in Kew, a suburb of Melbourne. Cooktown ( Guugu Yimithirr: Gangaarr) is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia, located at the mouth of the Endeavour River, Kew is a Suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public servant who served as Commonwealth Crown Solicitor. Harry Frederick Ernest "Fred" Whitlam ( 3 April 1884 - 8 December 1961) was Australia 's Crown Solicitor from 1936 Australian Government Solicitor, previously known as Commonwealth Deputy Crown Solicitor, is a Law firm that provides legal services to the Government of Australia Whitlam senior's involvement in human rights issues was a powerful influence on his son. Whitlam then studied law at the University of Sydney. The University of Sydney (informally Sydney Uni or USyd) is the oldest university in Australia During the Second World War he served overseas as a navigator in the Royal Australian Air Force's No. 13 Squadron, reaching the rank of Flight Lieutenant. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF) is the Air Force branch of the Australian Defence Force. No 13 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force squadron The Squadron saw combat during World War II as a bomber and maritime patrol squadron and is currently active as Flight Lieutenant ( Flt Lt in the RAF; FLTLT in the RAAF and RNZAF, F/L in the former RCAF) is a junior He completed his studies after the war and was admitted to the New South Wales bar in 1947. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

On 22 April 1942 Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons and a daughter. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Margaret Whitlam is known for having a sardonic wit equal to that of her husband and is a published author as well as a former champion swimmer. Margaret Elaine Whitlam (nee Dovey) AO (born 19 November, 1919 in Sydney, New South Wales) is a prominent Australian On the 60th anniversary of their marriage in 2002, he claimed a record for “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians. ^[1]

One of their sons, Nicholas Whitlam, became a prominent banker and a controversial figure in his own right. Nicholas Richard Whitlam born 6 December 1945 is an Australian businessman the son of former Prime Minister Edward Gough Whitlam and Margaret Whitlam Another, Tony Whitlam, was briefly a federal MP and was appointed as a judge in 1993 to the Federal Court of Australia, and later in 1994 a judge of the ACT Supreme Court. Antony Philip Whitlam QC, (born 7 January 1944) Australian politician and judge is the son of former Prime Minister Gough The Federal Court of Australia is the Australian court in which most civil disputes and some summary criminal matters governed by federal law are decided The Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory is the superior court for the ACT. A third son, Stephen Whitlam (b. 1950), is a former diplomat. ^[2] Daughter Catherine Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the New South Wales Parole Board. A parole board is a panel of people who decide whether an offender should be released from prison on Parole after serving at least a minimum portion of their sentence as prescribed ^[3]

Early political career

Gough Whitlam in 1955

Whitlam's impetus to become involved in politics was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain increased powers for the federal government. Joseph Benedict Chifley (22 September 1885 &ndash 13 June 1951 Australian politician and 16th Prime Minister of Australia, was one of Australia's most influential Prime Ministers He joined the Australian Labor Party in 1945 and in 1950 was a Labor candidate for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly: a contest he was later grateful to have lost. The Legislative Assembly, or lower house is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of New South Wales. When Hubert Lazzarini, the sitting member for the safe Federal electorate of Werriwa, died in 1952, Whitlam was elected to the House of Representatives at the by-election on 29 November 1952. Hubert Peter Lazzarini ( 8 September 1884 – 1 October 1952) was an Australian politician holding the Division of Werriwa The Division of Werriwa is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives. Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[4]

Noted since his school-days for his erudition, eloquence and incisive wit, Whitlam soon became one of the ALP's star performers. Widely acknowledged as one of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of his time, he was also one of the few in the ALP who could hold his own against Robert Menzies on the floor of the House. Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, KT, AK, CH, QC (20 December 1894 - 15 May 1978 Australian politician was the twelfth person to serve

After the electoral success of the Curtin and Chifley years, the 1950s were a grim and divisive time for Labor. John Joseph Curtin (8 January 1885 &ndash 5 July 1945 Australian politician and 14th Prime Minister of Australia, led Australia when the Australian mainland came under direct Joseph Benedict Chifley (22 September 1885 &ndash 13 June 1951 Australian politician and 16th Prime Minister of Australia, was one of Australia's most influential Prime Ministers The Liberal-Country Party coalition government of Robert Menzies gained power in the election of 1949 and governed for a record 23 years. The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. The National Party of Australia is an Australian political party. Electoral reform As of this election single transferrable vote with Proportional representation became the method for electing the Senate Chifley died in June 1951. His replacement, Dr H.V. Evatt, lacked Chifley's conciliatory skills. Herbert Vere Evatt, QC MP ( April 30, 1894 - November 2, 1965) was an Australian Jurist, politician

Whitlam admired Evatt greatly, and was a loyal supporter of his leadership, through a period dominated by the Labor split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic right wing of the party breaking off to form the Democratic Labor Party (DLP). This article is about the current Australian political party founded after the dissolution of the original DLP In 1960, having lost three elections, Evatt resigned, to be replaced by Arthur Calwell, with Whitlam winning the election for deputy over veteran Labor MP Eddie Ward. Arthur Augustus Calwell (28 August 1896 - 8 July 1973 Australian politician was Leader of the Australian Labor Party from 1960 to 1967 Edward John "Eddie" Ward ( 7 March 1899 &ndash 31 July 1963) Australian Politician, was a long-serving Calwell came within a handful of votes of winning the 1961 election, but progressively lost ground from that time onward. Issues Due to a credit squeeze the economy had gone into a brief recession in 1961

The ALP, having been founded as a party to represent the working classes, still regarded its parliamentary representatives as servants of the party as a whole, and required them to comply with official party policy. This led to the celebrated Faceless Men picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam waiting outside a Canberra hotel for the decision of an ALP Federal Conference. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. Prime Minister Menzies used it to great advantage in the November 1963 election campaign, drawing attention to "the famous outside body, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications are unknown, who have no electoral responsibility. "

Whitlam was quick to respond, and spent years struggling for party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 witless men"—and eventually succeeded in having the secretive Labor Party National Conference turned into an open public forum, with state representatives elected in proportion to their membership, and with both state and federal parliamentary leaders being automatic members.

Through the 1960s, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell and the right wing of the party remained uneasy. Whitlam opposed several key Labor policies, including nationalisation of industry, refusal of state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support for the White Australia Policy. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from His stances brought him into direct conflict with the ALP leadership on several occasions and he was almost expelled from the party in 1966 because of his vocal support for government aid to private schools, which the ALP opposed.

In January 1966, Menzies finally retired after a record term in office. His successor as Liberal Party leader, Harold Holt, led the coalition to a landslide election victory in November on a pro-American, pro-Vietnam War policy. Harold Edward Holt, CH (5 August 1908 17 December 1967 was an Australian politician who became the 17th Prime Minister of Australia in 1966 The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia This crushing defeat prompted Calwell to step down in early 1967. Gough Whitlam then became Leader of the Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, Jim Cairns. James Ford Cairns ( 4 October, 1914 - 12 October, 2003) Australian politician was prominent in the Labor movement through the 1960s

Opposition leader

Whitlam delivers the Labor Party policy speech, Blacktown, 1972

Whitlam swiftly made his mark on the ALP, bringing his campaign for internal reform to fruition, and overhauling or discarding a series of Labor policies that had been enshrined for decades. Blacktown is a Suburb in the City of Blacktown, in Western Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Economic rationalism was pioneered,^[5] the White Australia policy was dropped, Labor no longer opposed state aid, and the air of grim working-class puritanism that attended the Labor Party of the 1950s gave way to one that was younger, more optimistic, more socially liberal, more intellectual, and decidedly middle-class. Economic rationalism is an Australian term in discussion of Microeconomic policy applicable to the economic policy of many governments around the world in particular during The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from

Meanwhile, after Holt's disappearance in December 1967, the Liberal Party began to succumb to internal dissent. They first elected Senator John Gorton as leader. The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. Sir John Grey Gorton, GCMG, AC, CH (9 September 191119 May 2002 Australian politician was the 19th Prime Minister of Australia. However, Whitlam quickly gained the upper hand on Gorton, in large part because he was one of the first Australian politicians to realise and fully exploit the power of television as a political tool. Whitlam won two by-elections, then an 18-seat swing in the 1969 election. Issues The 1969 election centred heavily on the two leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam He actually won a bare majority of the two-party preferred vote, but the Democratic Labor Party's longstanding practice of preferencing against Labor left him four seats short of bringing the Coalition down. The Democratic Labor Party (abbreviated as the DLP was an Australian Political party that existed from 1955 until 1978 In 1971, the Liberals dumped Gorton in favour of William McMahon. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Sir William "Billy" McMahon, GCMG, CH (23 February 1908 31 March 1988 was an Australian Liberal politician and the 20th Prime Minister of However, McMahon was considered well past his political prime, and was never able to get the better of the more charismatic Whitlam.

Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on party reform and new policy development. He advocated the abolition of conscription and Australian withdrawal from the Vietnam War, and in 1971 visited the People's Republic of China (PRC), promising to establish diplomatic relations—much to the chagrin of McMahon, who attacked Whitlam for this policy, only to discover that President Richard Nixon was also working toward recognising the PRC. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The 1972 federal election saw Whitlam lead the ALP to its first electoral victory since 1946. Issues The 1972 Election was largely focused on domestic policy issues and the role of the federal government in resolving these issues

Prime Minister 1972-75

Custom dictated that Whitlam should have waited until the process of vote counting was complete, and then call a Caucus meeting to elect his Ministers ready to be sworn in by the Governor-General. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the monarch of Australia (currently Elizabeth II Queen of Australia) Meanwhile, the outgoing Prime Minister would remain in office as a caretaker. In Politics, a caretaker government rules temporarily A caretaker government is often set up following a War until stable Democratic rule can be restored ^[6] However, unwilling to wait, Whitlam had himself and Deputy Leader Lance Barnard sworn in as a two-man government as soon as the overall result was beyond doubt, on 5 December 1972, the Tuesday after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios between them (see First Whitlam Ministry). Lance Herbert Barnard AO ( 1 May 1919 &ndash 6 August 1997) Australian politician was Deputy Prime Minister of Australia Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Issues The 1972 Election was largely focused on domestic policy issues and the role of the federal government in resolving these issues The First Whitlam Ministry often known as the "two-man Ministry" or the " Duumvirate " was the forty-eighth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and Whitlam later said: "The Caucus I joined in 1972 had as many Boer War veterans as men who had seen active service in World War II, three from each. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Ministry appointed on the fifth of December 1972 was composed entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me. " The full ministry was sworn in on 19 December. The Second Whitlam Ministry was the forty-ninth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 19 December 1972 to 12 June 1974. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.

Whitlam (left) with Premier of South Australia Don Dunstan (right) at The Lodge in 1973

Although Labor had a comfortable working majority in the House, Whitlam faced a hostile Senate voted in at the 1970 half-senate election, making it impossible for him to pass legislation without the support of at least one of the other parties – Liberal, Country, or DLP. See Premiers of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Premier Donald Allan Dunstan, AC, QC (21 September 1926 – 6 February 1999 was an Australian Politician. The Lodge is the official residence of the Prime Minister of Australia and also the residence of the prime minister's family in the national capital Canberra The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. See also Australian federal election 1969 Half-senate elections were held in Australia on 21 November 1970.

After 23 years of opposition, the Labor party lacked experience in the mechanics of government. Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on a massive legislative reform program. In the space of a little less than three years, the Whitlam Government established formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China;^[7] assumed responsibility for tertiary education from the states and abolished tertiary fees;^[8] cut tariffs across the board by 25% and abolished the Tariff Board;^[9] established the Schools Commission to distribute federal funds to assist non-government schools on a needs basis; introduced a supporting benefit for single-parent families; abolished the death penalty for federal crimes. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary It also reduced the voting age to 18 years; abolished the last vestiges of the White Australia Policy; introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians; mandated equal opportunities for women in Federal Government employment; appointed women to judicial and administrative positions; abolished conscription; set up the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee; amalgamated the five separate defence departments; instituted direct federal grants to local governments, and established the Order of Australia (Australia's own honours system), as well as improved access to justice for Indigenous Australians; introduced the policy of Self-determination for Indigenous Australians; advocated land rights for Indigenous Australians; increased funding for Indigenous Australian's welfare; introduced the Multiculturalism policy for all new migrants; established Legal Aid, and increased funding for the arts. The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia on 14 February 1975 "for the purpose of according recognition The concept of Self-determination has since 2003 become a topic of some debate in Australia in relation to Aboriginals ( Indigenous Australians Most liberal democracies consider that it is necessary to provide some level of legal aid to persons otherwise unable to afford legal representation

The Senate resolutely opposed six key bills and twice rejected them (however they were eventually passed at a joint sitting of parliament). The bills were designed to:

• Institute a universal health insurance system to be known as Medibank (later under the Hawke Labor government, Medibank was split in to Medibank Private and the publicly accessible Medicare). Medibank was the name given to Australia 's system of universal health insurance when it was first created by Gough Whitlam 's Australian Labor Party government Medibank Private is an Australian government-owned private health insurer established under the Fraser government in 1976 through the Health Insurance Commission (now known This article describes the Australian universal health scheme Medicare
• Provide citizens of the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory with Senate representation for the first time. } The Australian Capital Territory (ACT is the Capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and its smallest self-governing internal territory The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the center of the mainland continent as well as the central northern regions
• Regulate the size of House of Representatives electorates to ensure one vote one value (additional measures occurred later, as of the 1984 federal election which also introduced Group ticket voting in the Senate). In Australia, one vote one value is a legislative principle of democracy whereby each electorate has the same population within a specified percentage of variance Group voting tickets are a way to simplify Preferential voting, for example in a single transferable vote election
• Institute government overseeing of exploitation of minerals and oil.

The repeated rejection of these bills provided a constitutional trigger for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed by an election for all members of both houses), but Whitlam did not decide to call such an election until April 1974. The Constitution of Australia is the law under which the Australian Commonwealth Government operates This article deals with elections to the Australian Parliament. Instead, he expected to hold an election for half the Senate. To improve his chances of winning control of the Senate, Whitlam offered the former DLP Leader, Senator Vince Gair, the post of Ambassador to Ireland, thus creating an extra Senate vacancy in Queensland which Whitlam hoped Labor could win. Vincent Clair Gair ( 25 February, 1901 &ndash 11 November, 1980) was an Australian Politician. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. This manoeuvre backfired, however, when the Queensland Premier, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learnt of the scheme and advised the Governor of Queensland to issue the writs for the Queensland Senate election before Gair's resignation could be obtained. Sir Johannes "Joh" Bjelke-Petersen KCMG (13 January 1911 &ndash 23 April 2005] New Zealand -born Australian Politician, was the longest-serving The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia.

This "Gair affair" so outraged opponents of the Whitlam government that the Opposition Leader Billy Snedden threatened to block supply in the Senate, although he took no actual steps to do so. Vincent Clair Gair ( 25 February, 1901 &ndash 11 November, 1980) was an Australian Politician. Sir Billy Mackie Snedden KCMG QC (31 December 1926 27 June 1987 was an Australian politician representing the Liberal Party. Loss of supply occurs where a government in a Parliamentary democracy using the Westminster System or a system derived from it is denied a supply of treasury or exchequer Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was unpopular with the electorate, immediately went to the Governor-General, Sir Paul Hasluck, and obtained a double dissolution of both Houses on 11 April, with the election set down for 18 May. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the monarch of Australia (currently Elizabeth II Queen of Australia) Sir Paul Meernaa Caedwalla Hasluck KG GCMG GCVO (1 April 1905&ndash9 January 1993 was an Australian historian poet public servant and Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Federal elections were held in Australia on 18 May 1974. All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 60 seats in the Senate Whitlam went to the polls asking for a mandate to "finish the job", and the ALP campaigned on the slogan "Give Gough a Go". At the election the Whitlam government was re-elected, though with a reduced majority. The DLP lost all its seats, but Labor failed to win a majority in the Senate. The balance of power in the Senate was now held by two independent Senators. In the short term, this led to the historic joint sitting of both houses, at which the six bills were passed. In the longer term, it contained the seeds of Whitlam's downfall.

In its second term, the Whitlam Government continued with its legislative reform program, but became embroiled in a series of controversies, including attempts to borrow large amounts of money from Middle Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair"). The Loans Affair, also called the Khemlani Affair, is the name given to the political scandal involving the Whitlam Government of Australia in 1975 in Whitlam was forced to dismiss Treasurer Jim Cairns and another senior minister, Rex Connor, for misleading Parliament. James Ford Cairns ( 4 October, 1914 - 12 October, 2003) Australian politician was prominent in the Labor movement through the 1960s Reginald Francis Xavier "Rex" Connor ( 26 January 1907 - 22 August 1977) Australian politician was a minister in the

Emboldened by these events, a weak economy, and a massive swing to them in a mid-1975 by-election for the Tasmanian seat of Bass, the Liberal-Country Opposition, led by Malcolm Fraser, argued that the Government's behaviour in breaching constitutional conventions required that it in turn attempt to breach one of the most fundamental, that the Senate would block Supply (that is, cut off supply of Treasury funds). Tasmania is an Australian island and state of the same name It is located south of the eastern side of the Continent, being separated from it by Bass The Division of Bass is an Australian Electoral Division in Tasmania. John Malcolm Fraser, AC, CH (born 21 May 1930 is an Australian Liberal politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia. Loss of supply occurs where a government in a Parliamentary democracy using the Westminster System or a system derived from it is denied a supply of treasury or exchequer

The dismissal

Main article: 1975 Australian constitutional crisis

The crisis of 1975 was precipitated by the Senate's refusal to pass the Whitlam government's money (Supply) bill. In October 1975, the Opposition moved to delay consideration of the budget in the Senate. This delay would have resulted in essential public services ceasing to function due to lack of money; that is to say Whitlam attempted to govern without supply and no government had ever attempted such a course of action. ^[10] Fraser warned that the bill would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early election. Whitlam determined to face the Opposition down, and proposed to borrow money from the banks to keep the government running. He was confident that some of the more moderate Liberal Senators would back down when the situation worsened as appropriations ran out during November and December.

Gough Whitlam and his wife Margaret greet Queen Elizabeth II at Fairbairn airport, Canberra. Margaret Elaine Whitlam (nee Dovey) AO (born 19 November, 1919 in Sydney, New South Wales) is a prominent Australian For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Fairbairn was a base of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF) located in Australia 's national capital Canberra, Australian Capital Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were in Australia for the opening of the Sydney Opera House in October 1973. The Duke of Edinburgh is a Dukedom associated with Edinburgh, Scotland. The Sydney Opera House is located in Sydney New South Wales, Australia

The Governor-General Sir John Kerr was concerned about the legality of Whitlam's proposals for borrowing money, and to govern without Supply, although the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General had scrutinised them for legality. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the monarch of Australia (currently Elizabeth II Queen of Australia) John Kerr may refer to one of the following Government and politics John Kerr (Governor-General (1914&ndash1991 Australian Governor-General ^[11]

On 11 November 1975, Kerr in accordance with Section 64 exercised his power and revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister, with instructions to make no policy changes, no appointments, no dismissals and call an immediate federal election. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[10] At 2. 45 pm Fraser announced he was caretaker Prime Minister and was advising a double dissolution election. ^[10]

On hearing the proclamation dissolving Parliament, which ended with the traditional 'God Save the Queen', Whitlam delivered an impromptu address to the crowd that had gathered in front of the steps of Parliament House. Old Parliament House, formerly known as the Provisional Parliament House, was the seat of the Parliament of Australia from 1927 to 1988 During the speech he labelled Fraser as "Kerr's cur" and told the crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, well may we say 'God Save the Queen', because nothing will save the Governor-General. "^[12]

In the House of Representatives Whitlam moved a motion 'that this House expresses its want of confidence in the Prime Minister and requests Mr Speaker forthwith to advise His Excellency the Governor-General to call on me to form a government'. This vote of confidence in Whitlam was passed on party lines. News of this vote was delivered personally to Kerr by the Speaker of the House Gordon Scholes, but Kerr refused to see the Speaker until after his Official Secretary had read the notice of double dissolution at Parliament House at 4. Gordon Glen Denton Scholes AO (born 7 June 1931) is an Australian former politician 45 pm. ^[10]

In the leadup to the resulting election, Whitlam called upon his supporters to "maintain your rage". Federal elections were held in Australia on 13 December 1975 All 127 seats in the House of Representatives, and all 64 seats in the Senate were up for Despite this, the ALP suffered a 7. 4% swing against them and Whitlam was to remain as Opposition Leader until his defeat in the 1977 election. Background and Issues The election is remembered for the "fistful of dollars" advertisements run by the government offering tax cuts to voters

Legacy

The Truth of the Matter, written by Gough Whitlam and released in November 2005, containing recollections of his time in office and the dismissal.

During its three years in power, the Whitlam government was responsible for a long list of legislative reforms, some of which still stand today. It replaced Australia's adversarial divorce laws with a new, no-fault system; introduced the Trade Practices Act; slashed tariff barriers; ended conscription; introduced a universal national health insurance scheme Medibank, now known as Medicare; gave independence to Papua New Guinea; made all university education free to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding for private schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian radio by legislating for the establishment of community-based FM radio (commercial FM radio would be established under his successor Fraser); and established diplomatic and trade relations with the People's Republic of China. The Trade Practices Act 1974 is an act of the Parliament of Australia. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority This article describes the Australian universal health scheme Medicare Papua New Guinea (or ˈpæpjuːə in Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES

However, Whitlam's critics point to substantial failings in his administration. The economy declined, with adverse balance-of-payments problems, high unemployment and (by Australian standards) very high inflation and bank interest rates. Some external factors contributed to this, in particular the 1973 oil crisis and resulting higher world oil prices, and falling prices for Australian farm produce. The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of But the Whitlam government's and Australian Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as the controversial 1973 decision to reduce tariffs across the board by 25%, and Australian Council of Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases in paid annual leave from 3 to 4 weeks — were partly responsible for the Whitlam demise.

On social matters his reputation has been tarnished by his complicity in refusing to act against the pro-separatist movement on Bougainville on 1 September 1975, just two weeks before Papua New Guinea's independence on 16 September 1975; supporting Suharto government's invasion of East Timor by Indonesia (see Indonesian occupation of East Timor). Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The New Order ( Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966 East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Indonesia occupied East Timor from December 1975 to October 1999 Whitlam and many government members also refused to allow South Vietnamese refugees into the country following the fall of Saigon in 1975, concerned that they would have anti-communist sympathies hostile to the Australian Labor Party.

The autocratic Whitlam's "crash through or crash" style made many political enemies, and the various scandals afflicting the government cost it electoral support and momentum. His 'crash through or crash' style was also his Achilles heel surrounding the lead-up to the dismissal. ^[13]

Some Australians regarded his dismissal by the Governor-General as an outrage, but the Australian electorate voted to replace the Whitlam government by a record margin, and the Labor Party would not be a serious candidate for government again until Whitlam was replaced as leader.

The Whitlam government was also greatly damaged by several highly publicised scandals, most notably the disastrous "Loans Affair" masterminded by Rex Connor, the series of controversies over the questionable conduct of Treasurer and deputy party leader Jim Cairns, and the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. The Loans Affair, also called the Khemlani Affair, is the name given to the political scandal involving the Whitlam Government of Australia in 1975 in Reginald Francis Xavier "Rex" Connor ( 26 January 1907 - 22 August 1977) Australian politician was a minister in the James Ford Cairns ( 4 October, 1914 - 12 October, 2003) Australian politician was prominent in the Labor movement through the 1960s However, Whitlam's book The Truth Of The Matter recounts legal steps essayed in the attempt to obtain or bypass parliamentary supply.

In September 2000, the Department of Foreign Affairs released previously secret files that showed that the Whitlam Labor government encouraged East Timor's integration into Indonesia by Suharto's "New Order". September 2000: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. Suharto, also spelled Soeharto (June 8 1921 &ndash January 27 2008 was an Indonesian military leader and the second President of Indonesia, holding The New Order ( Indonesian: Orde Baru) is the term coined by former Indonesian President Suharto to characterize his regime as he came to power in 1966 ^[14] Two months after the Portuguese military began to withdraw from East Timor, Whitlam suggested to Indonesia that it launch undercover operations to ensure East Timor's incorporation into Indonesia. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. During September 1974 discussions with Suharto in Central Java, Whitlam described East Timor as "too small to be independent". Central Java ( Provinsi Jawa Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. An Indonesian general is quoted as saying that the September 1974 meeting, "crystallised Suharto's thinking on the matter". An estimated 102,000 East Timorese died during the subsequent 27-year Indonesian occupation of East Timor. Indonesia occupied East Timor from December 1975 to October 1999 ^[15] Five members of an Australian television crew were killed, whom Whitlam subsequently described as "foolhardy", and "the source of a long running media vendetta against Indonesia. The Balibo Five was a group of Journalists for Australian Television networks who were based in the town of Balibo in East Timor (then "^[16]

Out of office

Gough Whitlam (right) at 88, the leader of the Australian Labor Party, Mark Latham, at an election fundraising event in Melbourne, September 2004. Mark William Latham (born 28 February 1961) a former Australian politician was leader of the Federal Parliamentary Australian Labor Party

Whitlam stayed on as Opposition Leader. The Whitlams were visiting China at the time of the Tangshan earthquake in July 1976. The Tangshan earthquake ( also known as the Great Tangshan earthquake or GTE, was a natural disaster that occurred on July 28, 1976. Although they were staying in Tientsin, 90 miles away from the epicentre, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured. ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. ^[17]

Whitlam fought the 1977 election but Labor was defeated nearly as heavily as it had been in 1975. Background and Issues The election is remembered for the "fistful of dollars" advertisements run by the government offering tax cuts to voters On election night he announced his immediate retirement as Leader of the Opposition, and he resigned from Parliament in 1978. After a few years as a travelling lecturer, he was appointed Australian Ambassador to UNESCO by the next Labor Prime Minister, Bob Hawke. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Robert James Lee (Bob Hawke, AC (born 9 December 1929 was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister

The sole issue over which he has received sustained criticism from the left is his failure to oppose Indonesia's plans to annex East Timor, then Portuguese Timor. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. East Timor, also known as Timor-Leste (officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a country in Southeast Asia. Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control ^[18]

Whitlam turned 80 in 1996, but still made regular public appearances and continued to comment on some issues, notably republicanism: in the 1999 referendum, he campaigned together on this issue with his old enemy Fraser. Republicanism in Australia is a movement to change Australia 's status as a Constitutional monarchy to a Republican form of government A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita He felt the Hawke government had wasted its opportunities to continue the Whitlam reform program, but was more enthusiastic about Paul Keating's government. Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944 was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia, from 1991 to 1996 After 1996, he was scathingly critical of John Howard, but also of Kim Beazley, who was Labor leader from 1996 to 2001 – this feud apparently went back to Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's father (Kim Beazley, senior), who had been a minister in Whitlam's government. See also Howard Government John Winston Howard AC (born 26 July 1939 was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March For Kim Beazley's father Kim Beazley senior, see Kim Edward Beazley. Kim Edward Beazley, AO ( 30 September 1917 – 12 October 2007) known as simply Kim Beazley during his career Australian

Gough Whitlam with wife Margaret at the wedding of current Premier of South Australia Mike Rann and Sasha Carruozzo in July 2006. Margaret Elaine Whitlam (nee Dovey) AO (born 19 November, 1919 in Sydney, New South Wales) is a prominent Australian See Premiers of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Premier Michael David Rann (born 5 January 1953) Australian politician is the 44th Premier of South Australia, serving since 2002.

Whitlam was delighted when his former research assistant and then-MP representing his old seat of Werriwa, Mark Latham, was elected Labor leader on 2 December 2003, exactly 31 years after Whitlam's own election as Prime Minister. Mark William Latham (born 28 February 1961) a former Australian politician was leader of the Federal Parliamentary Australian Labor Party Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. By that time Whitlam, 87, was increasingly frail and usually appeared in public with a walking stick, but his ability and willingness to make outspoken comments had not diminished, and he spoke frequently in praise of Latham.

Gough Whitlam with wife Margaret at Parliament House for the national apology to the Stolen Generations in February 2008. Margaret Elaine Whitlam (nee Dovey) AO (born 19 November, 1919 in Sydney, New South Wales) is a prominent Australian

In April 2004, Whitlam spoke at a function marking the centenary of the Watson Labor government. John Christian Watson (9 April 1867 – 18 November 1941 commonly known as Chris Watson, Australian politician was the third Prime Minister of Australia Later in the year he appeared at Labor events during the unsuccessful 2004 federal election campaign, and appeared to be in good health. Federal elections were held in Australia on 9 October, 2004. All 150 seats in the House of Representatives and 40 seats in the 76-member

Latham's diaries, however, were published in September 2005, and included a claim that Whitlam had dismissively remarked to Labor MP Joel Fitzgibbon that he thought Latham—who had by then resigned as leader—should quit politics altogether. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Joel Andrew Fitzgibbon (born 16 January 1962) is the Minister for Defence in the First Rudd Ministry. When Latham learned of the remark, he cut off all contact with his former mentor and described Whitlam's comment as "the cruellest cut of all". Whitlam subsequently claimed that he simply told Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to stay on as an MP because of his ill-health.

In November 2005, he donated his letter of dismissal and his copy of the "It's time" campaign speech to the University of Western Sydney. A member of the Australian Fabian Society, Whitlam was its President in 2002. The Australian Fabian Society was established in 1947. Inspired by the Fabian Society in the United Kingdom, it is dedicated to Fabianism the focus on

Whitlam has been a supporter of fixed parliamentary terms since his membership of a constitutional review committee in the 1950s. A week before his ninetieth birthday he accused the ALP of failing to press for this reform. ^[19]

In February, 2008, Gough Whitlam joined three other former Prime Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, by returning to Parliament to witness the historic Federal Government apology to the Stolen Generations. John Malcolm Fraser, AC, CH (born 21 May 1930 is an Australian Liberal politician who was the 22nd Prime Minister of Australia. Robert James Lee (Bob Hawke, AC (born 9 December 1929 was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister Paul John Keating (born 18 January 1944 was the 24th Prime Minister of Australia, from 1991 to 1996 ^[20]

Honours

Bust of Gough Whitlam by sculptor Victor Greenhalgh located in the Prime Minister's Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens

Whitlam was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1962 and a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1978. The Prime Minister's Avenue is a collection of busts of the Prime Ministers of Australia, located at the Ballarat Botanical Gardens in Ballarat Victoria Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are Order of Australia is an order of chivalry established by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia on 14 February 1975 "for the purpose of according recognition ^[21] In 2005 He was created an honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Melanesia by the Governor General of Papua New Guinea. ^[22]

In 2006 both he and Malcolm Fraser were awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun by the Emperor of Japan, in recognition of their role in improving relations between Japan and Australia. The Order of the Rising Sun (旭日章 Kyokujitsu shō ? ^[23]

Whitlam is an honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities. ^[24]

He has been awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Sydney, the University of Wollongong, La Trobe University and the University of Technology, Sydney. An honorary degree or a degree honoris causa ( Latin: 'for the sake of the honour' is an Academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding The University of Sydney (informally Sydney Uni or USyd) is the oldest university in Australia The University of Wollongong (UOW is a public university with approximately 22000 students located in the coastal city of Wollongong, which is 80 kilometres south of La Trobe University is a multi-campus university in Victoria, Australia. The University of Technology Sydney ( UTS) is a University in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. ^[24]

In April 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life members of the Australian Labor Party. April 2007 is the fourth month of that year It began on a Sunday and 30 days later ended on a Monday. This was the first time anyone had become life members at the national level of the Party organisation. ^[25]

See also

• First Whitlam Ministry
• Second Whitlam Ministry
• Third Whitlam Ministry
• The Whitlams (Australian band)

Further reading

• Barry Cohen, Life With Gough, Allen and Unwin, 1996
• Hugh Emy and others, Whitlam Revisited, Pluto Press, 1993
• Gareth Evans and others, Labor and the Constitution 1972-1975, Heinemann, 1977
• Richard Hall & John Ironmonger, The Makers and the Breakers: The Governor-General and the Senate vs the Constitution, Wellington Lane Press, Sydney, 1976. The First Whitlam Ministry often known as the "two-man Ministry" or the " Duumvirate " was the forty-eighth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and The Second Whitlam Ministry was the forty-ninth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 19 December 1972 to 12 June 1974. The Third Whitlam Ministry was the fiftieth Australian Commonwealth ministry, and ran from 12 June 1974 to 11 November 1975. The Whitlams are a piano-based rock band based in Sydney. The original band consisted of Tim Freedman, Stevie Plunder and Andy Lewis
• Paul Kelly, Crash Through or Crash, Angus and Robertson, 1976
• Paul Kelly, November 1975, Allen and Unwin, 1995
• John Kerr, Matters for Judgment, Macmillan, 1978
• Graham Freudenberg, A Certain Grandeur, Macmillan, 1977
• Jenny Hocking & Colleen Lewis, It's time again: Whitlam and Modern Labor, Circa Publishing, 2003
• Alan Reid, The Whitlam Venture, Hill of Content, 1976
• James Walter, The Leader: A Political Biography of Gough Whitlam, University of St. Lucia QLD, 1980.
• Patrick Weller & R. F. I. Smith, 'The Rise and Fall of Whitlam Labor: The political context of the 1975 elections' in Australia at the Polls: The National Election of 1975, ed. H. R. Penniman, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, 1977, pp. 49-76.

• Gough Whitlam, On Australia's Constitution, Widescope, 1977
• Gough Whitlam, The Truth of the Matter, Penguin, 1979 (Reprint, Melbourne University Press, 2005)
• Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government, Penguin, 1985
• Gough Whitlam and others, The Whitlam Phenomenon, Penguin, 1986
• Gough Whitlam, Abiding Interests, University of Queensland Press, 1997

Notes and references

External links

• Gough Whitlam - Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
• The Whitlam Institute
• 1974 Cabinet Records / National Archives of Australia
• The Whitlam Dismissal - November 11, 1975
• Gough Whitlam - Exclusive to Saxton Speakers Bureau
• Dismissal letter - Copy of dismissal letter
• Gough Whitlam at the National Film and Sound Archive
• Video of Norman Gunston, Gough Whitlam, Bill Hayden and Bob Hawke at 'The Dismissal'
• Video of Gough Whitlam and Malcolm Fraser in their pro-republic commercial