Gothic alphabet

This article is about the 4th century alphabet of the Gothic bible. Blackletter typefaces for the Latin alphabet are sometimes referred to as "Gothic script". Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150

This Article contains gothic glyphs. You might like to install a particular Gothic Unicode font.

Gothic
Type	Alphabet
Spoken languages	Gothic language
Time period	Before 300, in decline by 500
Parent systems	Mostly Greek, with Latin and Runic influences Gothic
ISO 15924	`Goth`
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. An alphabet is a standardized set of letters basic written symbols each of which roughly represents a Phoneme, a Spoken language, either Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. Events By place Roman Empire The Franks penetrate into what is now northern Belgium (approximate date Events By Place Europe Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of Writing systems (scripts In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

The Gothic alphabet is an alphabetic writing system attributed by Philostorgius to Ulfilas (also known as Wulfila), used exclusively for writing the ancient Gothic language. Philostorgius (Greek Φιλοστοργιος 368 - ca 439 was a so-called Anomoean Church historian of the 4th and 5th centuries Wulfila is also a spider genus ( Anyphaenidae) Wulfila (meaning "little wolf" (ca Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. Before its creation in the fourth century, Gothic was possibly written in runes. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century Very few Elder Futhark inscriptions in the Gothic language have been found in the territory historically settled by the Goths ( Wielbark culture, Chernyakhov It was primarily used by Ulfilas to translate the Bible into Gothic. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin It appears to be derived from the Greek alphabet with some borrowings from the Latin one. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The names clearly derive from the names of the Runic alphabet.

1 The letters
2 Diacritics and punctuation
3 Character encoding
4 See also
5 External links

The letters

History of the alphabet
Middle Bronze Age 19 c. The history of the Alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the History of writing. The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar Undeciphered scripts dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE and believed to be ancestral BCE Ugaritic 15 c. The Ugaritic alphabet is a Cuneiform Abjad (alphabet without vowels used from around 1500 BCE for the Ugaritic language, an extinct BCE Phoenician 14–11 c. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC BCE Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, also know as Ktav Ivri, is an offshoot of the ancient Semitic alphabet (see the akin Phoenician alphabet) BCE Samaritan 6 c. The Samaritan alphabet is a direct descendant of the paleo-Hebrew variety of the Phoenician alphabet. BCE Aramaic 8 c. The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. BCE Brāhmī & Indic 6 c. Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, BCE Tibetan 7 c. The Tibetan script is an Abugida of Indic origin used to write the Tibetan language as well as the Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language CE Khmer/Javanese 9 c. The Khmer script (អក្ខរក្រមខេមរភាសា âkkhârâkrâm khémârâ phéasa informally aksar Khmer អក្សរខ្មែរ is used to write the The Javanese script, natively known as Carakan ( Tjarakan) is the script originally used to write Javanese. CE Hebrew 3 c. The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. BCE Syriac 2 c. The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. BCE Arabic 4 c. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. CE Pahlavi 3 c. BCE Avestan 4 c. The Avestan alphabet is a writing system developed during the Sassanid era (226-651 in Iran to render the Avestan language. CE Greek 9 c. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early BCE Etruscan 8 c. Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic BCE Latin 7 c. BCE Runic 2 c. CE Gothic 3 c. CE Armenian 405 CE Glagolitic 862 CE Cyrillic 10 c. The Armenian alphabet is an Alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the year 405 or 406. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by CE Paleohispanic 7 c. The Paleohispanic scripts are the writing systems created in the Iberian peninsula before the Latin alphabet became the dominant script BCE Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad المُسند branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in about the 9th century BC. BCE Ge'ez 5–6 c. Ge'ez (gez ግዕዝ) also called Ethiopic, is an Abugida script that was originally developed to write Ge'ez, a Semitic language BCE
Meroitic 3 c. The Meroitic script is an Alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Meroë / BCE
Ogham 4 c. Ogham (ogam ˈɔɣam Modern Irish or, English) is an Early Medieval Alphabet used primarily to represent the Old Irish language (and CE
Hangul 1443 CE
Canadian syllabics 1840 CE
Zhuyin 1913 CE
complete genealogy

Below is a table of the Gothic alphabet. Canadian Aboriginal syllabic writing', or simply syllabics, is a family of Abugidas {dubious}} used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian Nearly all the segmental scripts (loosely " Alphabets " but see below for more precise terminology used around the globe appear to have derived from the Two letters used in its transliteration are not used in current English: þ (þiuþ, thorn) and ƕ (hwair). Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice Î, î ( I - Circumflex) is a letter of Kurdish and Romanian language. Thorn, or þorn (Þ þ is a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic Alphabets It was also used in Medieval Scandinavia Hwair ( got {{latinx Ƕ}}air) is the name of, the Gothic letter expressing the /hw/-sound (reflected in English by the inverted wh -spelling These represent sounds like the th in thin and the voiceless wh respectively.

As with the Greek alphabet, letters were also used as numerals. When used as numerals, letters were generally written with an overdot or overbar. There are two numerals (representing 90 and 900) with no phonetic value.

The letter names are recorded in a 9th century manuscript of Alcuin (Codex Vindobonensis 795). The 9th century is the period from 801 to 900 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Alcuin of York (Alcuinus or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (c The Codex Vindobonensis 795 ( Vienna Austrian National Library Codex is a 9th century manuscript Most of them seem to be Gothic forms of names also appearing in the rune poems. The Rune Poems are three poems that list the letters of Runic alphabets while providing an explanatory poetic stanza for each letter The names are given in the reconstructed form of the Gothic words, followed by the spelling of their actual attestation.

Letter	Translit.	c. f.	Name	IPA	Numeric value	XML Entity
𐌰	a	Α	ahsa / aza	/a, aː/	1	𐌰
𐌱	b	Β	bairkan / bercna	/b, β/	2	𐌱
𐌲	g	Γ	giba / geuua	/ɡ, ŋ/	3	𐌲
𐌳	d	Δ	dags / daaz	/d, ð/	4	𐌳
𐌴	e	Ε	aiƕus / eyz	/e, eː/	5	𐌴
𐌵	q	Π	qairþra (qairthra) / qertra	/kʷ/	6	𐌵
𐌶	z	Ζ	ezec	/z/	7	𐌶
𐌷	h	H	hagl / haal	/h/	8	𐌷
𐌸	þ, th	Θ	þiuþ (thiuth) / thyth	/θ/	9	𐌸
𐌹	i	Ι	eis / iiz	/i, iː/	10	𐌹
𐌹̈	ï	Ι	eis / iiz	/i, iː/	10	𐌹̈
𐌺	k	Κ	kusma / chozma	/k/	20	𐌺
𐌻	l	Λ	lagus / laaz	/l/	30	𐌻
𐌼	m	Μ	manna	/m/	40	𐌼
𐌽	n	Ν	nauþs (nauths) / noicz	/n/	50	𐌽
𐌾	j	ᛃ	jer / gaar	/j/	60	𐌾
𐌿	u	ᚢ	urus / uraz	/u, uː/	70	𐌿
𐍀	p	Π	pairþra (pairthra) / pertra	/p/	80	𐍀
𐍁		Ϟ			90	𐍁
𐍂	r	R	raida / reda	/r/	100	𐍂
𐍃	s	S	sauil / sugil	/s/	200	𐍃
𐍄	t	Τ	teiws / tyz	/t/	300	𐍄
𐍅	w	Υ	winja / uuinne	/w, y/	400	𐍅
𐍆	f	F	faihu / fe	/f/	500	𐍆
𐍇	x	X	iggws / enguz	/kʰ/	600	𐍇
𐍈	ƕ, hw		ƕair / uuaer	/ʍ/	700	𐍈
𐍉	o	Ω	oþal (othal) / utal	/o, oː/	800	𐍉
𐍊		Ϡ			900	𐍊

Most of the letters are taken over from the Greek alphabet directly, but a few letters are innovated to accurately express Gothic phonology; these are j, u (expressed in Greek as a digraph ου), ƕ, and q (interestingly not derived from Greek Qoppa, which figures merely as the numeral 90 , but a variant of p). A numeric character reference (NCR is a common markup construct used in SGML and other SGML-based markup languages such as HTML and XML. Alpha (uppercase Α, lowercase α; Αλφα is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. Beta (uppercase Β, lowercase β, internal ϐ; Βήτα Vita is the second letter of the Greek alphabet. *Berkanan is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the b Rune, meaning " Birch " Gamma (uppercase &Gamma, lowercase γ Γάμμα is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. Gyfu is the name for the g - Rune in the Anglo-Saxon Rune poem, meaning "gift" or "generosity" Delta (uppercase Δ, lowercase δ; Δέλτα Thelta is the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. In Norse mythology, Dagr ( Old Norse "day" is Day personified Epsilon (uppercase Ε, lowercase ε; Έψιλον is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a Close-mid front unrounded *Ehwaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark e Rune, meaning " Horse " (cognate to Latin Pi (uppercase &Pi, lower case &pi) is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. is the rune denoting the sound p in the Elder Futhark Runic alphabet, in the Anglo-Saxon Rune poem named peorð. See also Principality of Zeta Zeta (uppercase Ζ, lowercase ζ; Ζήτα Zita is the sixth letter of the Greek alphabet. *Algiz, sometimes *Elhaz, is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name for the rune, representing the Proto-Germanic terminal -z *Haglaz or *Hagalaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the h - Rune, meaning " Hail " (the precipitation Theta (uppercase Θ, lowercase θ or ϑ; Θήτα is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth The Germanic Rune is called Thurs ( Þurs "giant" see Jötunn) in the Icelandic and Norwegian Rune poems Iota (uppercase &Iota, lowercase ι Ιώτα Yota is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. *Isaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the i - Rune, meaning " Ice " Iota (uppercase &Iota, lowercase ι Ιώτα Yota is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. *Isaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the i - Rune, meaning " Ice " Iota (uppercase &Iota, lowercase ι Ιώτα Yota is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. The k - Rune (Younger Futhark, Anglo-Saxon futhorc) is called Kaun in both the Norwegian and Icelandic Rune poems meaning " Lambda (uppercase Λ, lowercase λ; Λάμβδα or el Λάμδα Lamda is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet. *Laguz or *Laukaz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the l - Rune, *laguz meaning " Water " or " The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early *Mannaz or *Manwaz (ᛗ is the Proto-Germanic term for " Man " in the gender-neutral sense of "individual human being" Nu (uppercase Ν, lowercase ν; Νι Ni is the 13th letter of the Greek alphabet. *Naudiz is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the n - Rune, meaning "need distress" The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark u rune is *Ūruz meaning " wild ox " or *Ûram The reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the Elder Futhark u rune is *Ūruz meaning " wild ox " or *Ûram Pi (uppercase &Pi, lower case &pi) is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. is the rune denoting the sound p in the Elder Futhark Runic alphabet, in the Anglo-Saxon Rune poem named peorð. Qoppa or Koppa ( Ϙ) is a letter that was used in early forms of the Greek alphabet, derived from Phoenician Qoph. R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (ɑr pronounced or) *Raidô "ride journey" is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the r - Rune of the Elder Futhark. S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- *Sôwilô or *Saewelô is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of the s-rune meaning "sun" Tau (uppercase Τ, lowercase τ; Ταυ) is the 19th letter of the Greek alphabet. The t - Rune is named after Tyr, and was identified with this god Upsilon (uppercase &Upsilon, lowercase υ Ύψιλον is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. Wynn ( (also spelled wen, ƿynn, or ƿen) was a letter of the Old English alphabet. F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef or eff (ɛf The Fe Rune ( Old Norse fé; Old English feoh) represents the f -sound in the Younger X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes Hwair ( got {{latinx Ƕ}}air) is the name of, the Gothic letter expressing the /hw/-sound (reflected in English by the inverted wh -spelling OMEGA is the premier Counter-terrorism unit of Latvia. Founded in 1992 OMEGA cooperates with many other counter-terrorism units over the world The Elder Futhark Odal Rune ( represents the o sound Its reconstructed Proto-Germanic name is * ôþalan. Sampi (Ϡ is an obsolete letter of the Greek alphabet and has a numeric value of 900 when used as a mathematical character. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Qoppa or Koppa ( Ϙ) is a letter that was used in early forms of the Greek alphabet, derived from Phoenician Qoph. þ similarly to Cyrillic Ф seems derived from Greek Φ rather than Θ. Ef (Ф ф is the twenty-second letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. Phi (uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ) pronounced in modern Greek and as in English is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet Theta (uppercase Θ, lowercase θ or ϑ; Θήτα is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth r and s appear derived from the Latin rather than the Greek alphabet. Likewise, the shape of f is derived from Latin F rather than Greek digamma, since it takes the place of Φ, not digamma, in alphabetical order. Digamma (uppercase Ϝ, lowercase ϝ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet, used primarily as a Greek numeral. x is only used in proper names and loanwords containing Greek X (xristus "Christ", galiugaxristus "ψευδόχριστος", zaxarias "Zacharias", aivxaristia "eucharist"). X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " Pseudo-Christ ( ψευδόχριστος, "false Christ " in Christian eschatology, refers a deceiver pretending to be Jesus or to be the Zachary Zachariah St Zacharias and various other spellings of the name redirect here The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion or Lord's Supper and other names is a Christian Sacrament by which in a common interpretation those

Regarding the letters' numeric values, most correspond to that of the Greek numerals. ʹ the numeral sign redirects here For the accent ´ see Acute accent. q takes the place of digamma (6); j takes the place of ξ (60), u that of ο (70) ƕ that of ψ (700). Digamma (uppercase Ϝ, lowercase ϝ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet, used primarily as a Greek numeral. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Omicron or Omikron (uppercase Ο, lowercase ο, literally "small o": Όμικρον o mikron, micron meaning 'small' in contrast For other uses see Psi. Psi (uppercase Ψ, lowercase ψ) is the 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and has a

Diacritics and punctuation

Diacritics and punctuation used in the Codex Argenteus include a trema placed on i, transliterated as ï, in general applied to express diaeresis, the Interpunct (·) and colon (:) as well as overlines to indicate sigla (such as xaus for xristaus). The Codex Argenteus (or "Silver Bible" is a 6th century manuscript originally containing bishop Ulfilas 's 4th century translation of the Bible Diaeresis or trema See also Diaeresis History Historically the diaeresis mark or trema is far older than the umlaut mark In Linguistics, diaeresis, or dieresis, is the pronunciation of two adjacent Vowels in two separate Syllables rather than as a Diphthong An interpunct ( ·) is a small dot used for Interword separation in ancient Latin script, being perhaps the first consistent visual representation of word boundaries An overline or overbar (coined in analogy to Underline, attested for mathematical notation since 1899) refers to the Typographical feature of Scribal abbreviations ( sigla; singular sigil or more rarely siglum) were Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in

Character encoding

The Gothic alphabet is encoded in Unicode in the range U+10330–U+1034F. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's As older software often assumes that all Unicode codepoints can be expressed as 16 bit numbers (smaller than U+10000), problems may be encountered using the Gothic alphabet Unicode range. A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1 Binary digits are a basic unit of Information storage and communication

Gothic Unicode.org chart (PDF)
U+	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F
1033	𐌰	𐌱	𐌲	𐌳	𐌴	𐌵	𐌶	𐌷	𐌸	𐌹	𐌺	𐌻	𐌼	𐌽	𐌾	𐌿
1034	𐍀	𐍁	𐍂	𐍃	𐍄	𐍅	𐍆	𐍇	𐍈	𐍉	𐍊	𐍋	𐍌	𐍍	𐍎	𐍏

External links

Gothic is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. The Rune Poems are three poems that list the letters of Runic alphabets while providing an explanatory poetic stanza for each letter Blackletter, also known as Gothic script or Gothic minuscule, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150

Dictionary

-noun

The 27-letter alphabet of the Gothic language, consisting of the following letters:

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