A German Goth, a so called „Gruftie“, with rosary beads and alchemical symbol on forehead.

The goth subculture is a contemporary subculture found in many countries. For the term in biology see Subculture (biology. For the song by New Order see Sub-culture (song. It began in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s in the gothic rock scene, an offshoot of the post-punk genre. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. This article is about the musical style of gothic rock For the goth scene in general see Goth subculture. Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s The goth subculture has survived much longer than others of the same era, and has continued to diversify. Its imagery and cultural proclivities indicate influences from nineteenth century Gothic literature along with horror movies and to a lesser extent—according to César Fuentes Rodríguez and Carol Siegel—the BDSM culture. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. Horror films are Movies that strive to elicit Fear, Horror and terror responses from viewers ^[1][2]

The goth subculture has associated tastes in music, aesthetics, and fashion, whether or not all individuals who share those tastes are in fact members of the goth subculture. Gothic fashion is a clothing style worn by members of the Goth subculture. Gothic music encompasses a number of different styles. Common to all is a tendency towards a lugubrious, mystical sound and outlook. Styles of dress within the subculture range from deathrock, punk, androgynous, medieval, some Renaissance and Victorian style clothes, or combinations of the above, most often with black attire, makeup and hair. Deathrock (or Death Punk) is a term used to identify a fusion of Punk rock and Gothic rock which incorporates elements of horror and spooky atmospheres Punk fashion is the styles of Clothing, Hairstyles, Cosmetics, Jewelry, and Body modifications of the Punk subculture. Androgyny is a term derived from the Greek words ανήρ ( anér, meaning man and γυνή ( gyné, meaning woman that can refer to either of two The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The term " Victorian Fashion " refers to Fashion in Clothing in the Victorian era, or the reign of Queen Victoria (1837&ndash1901 Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of

Origins and development

Siouxsie and the Banshees were a major contributor to the style of "goth" early on. Siouxsie & the Banshees were a British rock band which formed in 1976

By the late 1970s, there were a few post-punk bands in the United Kingdom labeled "gothic. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located " However, it was not until the early 1980s that gothic rock became its own subgenre within post-punk, and that followers of these bands started to come together as a distinctly recognizable movement. This article is about the musical style of gothic rock For the goth scene in general see Goth subculture. A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s The scene appears to have taken its name from an article published in UK rock weekly Sounds: ‘The face of Punk Gothique’, written by Steve Keaton and published on February 21 1981. The opening of the Batcave in London's Soho in July 1982 provided a prominent meeting point for the emerging scene, which had briefly been labeled positive punk by the New Musical Express. The Batcave was a Nightclub in London England at Meard Street Soho. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. This article is about an area of Manhattan, New York City. For the area in London UK see Soho. This article is about the musical style of gothic rock For the goth scene in general see Goth subculture. The New Musical Express (better known as the NME) is a Popular music Magazine in the United Kingdom which has been ^[3] The term "Batcaver" was later used to describe old-school goths.

Independent of the British scene, the late 1970s and early 1980s saw death rock branch off from American punk. Deathrock (or Death Punk) is a term used to identify a fusion of Punk rock and Gothic rock which incorporates elements of horror and spooky atmospheres ^[4] In 1980s and early 1990s, members of an emerging subculture in Germany were called Grufti[e]s (English "vault creatures" or "tomb creatures"); they generally followed a fusion of the gothic and new wave with an influence of new romantic, and formed the early stages of the "dark culture" (formerly called "dark wave culture"). Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. New Wave is a Rock music genre that existed during the late 1970s and the 1980s New Romantic was a short- lived Fashion and music movement that occurred primarily in the United Kingdom and Ireland during the very early 1980s The term dark culture ( German Schwarze Szene, Portuguese cultura dark, Spanish cultura oscura) also called " Dark Wave, also written as Darkwave, is an Umbrella term which refers to a movement that began in the late 1970s coinciding with the popularity of New Wave

After post-punk

After the waning in popularity of post-punk, the subculture diversified both musically and visually. Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s This caused variations in style ("types" of goth). Usually, the appearance of each of the "types" of Goth reflects a certain mindset, although not necessarily. Local scenes also contributed to this variation. By the 1990s, Victorian fashion saw a renewed popularity in the goth scene, drawing on the mid-19th century gothic revival and the more morbid aspects of Victorian culture. The term " Victorian Fashion " refers to Fashion in Clothing in the Victorian era, or the reign of Queen Victoria (1837&ndash1901 The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities

Current subcultural boundaries

By the 1990s, the term "goth" and the boundaries of the associated subculture had become more contentious. New subcultures emerged, or became more popular, some of them being conflated with the goth subculture by the general public and the popular media. This conflation was primarily owing to similarities of appearance, social customs, and the fashions of the subcultures, rather than the musical genres of the bands associated with them. As time went on, the term was extended further in popular usage, sometimes to define groups that had neither musical nor fashion similarities to the original gothic subculture.

This has led to the introduction of goth slang terms that some goths and others use to sort and label members of loosely related or at times unrelated subcultures. Goth slang is the Slang of the Goth subculture. There are a range of slang terms for those within the community and their particular interests or the particular These include but are not limited to mallgoths in the US, dark in Latin America and Italy, hackians in New Zealand and spooky kids, moshers or mini moshers in the UK. Goth slang is the Slang of the Goth subculture. There are a range of slang terms for those within the community and their particular interests or the particular The Hack Circle or 'Hack' was a nickname given to an Amphitheatre in central Christchurch New Zealand. Moshing or slamming refers to the activity in which audience members at live music performances aggressively push or slam into each other More positive terms, such as mini-goths or baby bats, are also used by some older goths to refer to youths whom they see as exhibiting potential for growth into mature goths later on. The prevalence of internet-based information regarding goth has resulted in a distorted and overstated perception of varying slang terms as used in reality and offline, particularly with regard to those terms allegedly used outside of the UK and US.

The response of these newer groups to the older subculture varies. Some, being secure in a separate subcultural identity, express offence at being called "goth" in the first place, while others choose to join the existing subculture on its own terms. Still others have simply ignored its existence, and decided to appropriate the term "goth" themselves, and redefine the idea in their own image. Even within the original subculture, changing trends have added to the complexity of attempting to define precise boundaries.

The goth scene

The bands that began the gothic rock and death rock scene were limited in number, and included Bauhaus, Specimen, Siouxsie & the Banshees,The Damned, Southern Death Cult, Ausgang, Sex Gang Children, 45 Grave, UK Decay, The Virgin Prunes, Kommunity FK, Alien Sex Fiend and Christian Death. This article is about the musical style of gothic rock For the goth scene in general see Goth subculture. Deathrock (or Death Punk) is a term used to identify a fusion of Punk rock and Gothic rock which incorporates elements of horror and spooky atmospheres Bauhaus were an English rock band formed in Northampton in 1978 Specimen are a British band formed in the 1980s Their music has been described as being comprised of many different genres of music including Glam, Goth Siouxsie & the Banshees were a British rock band which formed in 1976 The Damned are an English band formed in London in 1976 notable for being the first Punk rock band from England to release a single (" New Rose " an Southern Death Cult was a Gothic rock band in the early 1980s Ausgang are a Gothic rock band formed in Birmingham in 1982 Discography I Am A Horse - as Kabuki 1982 Sex Gang Children were an early Gothic rock group that formed in the early 1980s in Britain. 45 Grave, (also known as.45 Grave formed in 1979, is an American Punk rock band from Los Angeles CA, noted for their influential roles in the Horror UK Decay was a Luton -based band formed out of the ashes of another local band called The Resistors, who were Steven Abbot (Abbo guitar Steve Harle on The Virgin Prunes was an Irish Gothic rock band The band formed in 1977 and disbanded in 1986 after the departure of member Gavin Friday. Kommunity FK is a Gothic rock rock band that helped establish what came to be known as the death rock scene in Los Angeles. Alien Sex Fiend are a Gothic rock band from the UK formed in the winter of 1982 Christian Death is an American Deathrock band formed in Los Angeles, California in 1979 Gloria Mundi, Joy Division, The Cure, Dead Can Dance, early Adam and the Ants and Killing Joke have also been associated. Gloria Mundi was an early Goth/Punk/rock band The name of the band is Latin and means the glory of the world Joy Division were an English rock band formed in 1976 in Salford, Greater Manchester. The Cure are an English rock band that formed in Crawley, West Sussex in 1976 Dead Can Dance is a band comprising Lisa Gerrard ( Contralto) and Brendan Perry ( Baritone) Killing Joke are an English Post-punk rock band formed in 1979

By the mid-eighties, the number of bands began proliferating and became increasingly popular, including The Sisters of Mercy, The Mission (known as The Mission UK in the US), Xmal Deutschland, The Bolshoi and Fields of the Nephilim. The Sisters of Mercy are an English Gothic rock band that formed in 1980 The Mission (known as The Mission UK in the United States) were a Gothic rock band formed in 1986 from the splinters of the freshly-dissolved rock band The Sisters Xmal Deutschland (pronounced ixmal doytschland) was a musical group from Hamburg Germany. The Bolshoi were a London -based music group prominent mostly in the mid-late 1980s Fields of the Nephilim is a Gothic rock band formed in Stevenage, Hertfordshire in 1984. The nineties saw the further growth of eighties bands and emergence of many new bands. Factory Records, 4AD Records, and Beggars Banquet Records released much of this music in Europe, while Cleopatra Records among others released much of this music in the United States, where the subculture grew especially in New York, Los Angeles, and Orange County, California, with many nightclubs featuring "gothic/industrial" nights. Factory Records was a Manchester based British Independent record label, started in 1978, which featured several prominent musical acts on its 4AD is a British Independent record label that was started in 1979 by Ivo Watts-Russell and Peter Kent funded by Beggars Banquet Records, and is still Beggars Banquet is an English Independent record label that began as a chain of record shops owned by Martin Mills and Nick Austin, and is part of Cleopatra Records is a Los Angeles -based Independent record label. The popularity of 4AD bands resulted in the creation of a similar US label called Projekt Records. This is the article for the record label You might be looking for Pro-jekt, ProjeKct, Project Pitchfork, or Projekt Revolution This produces what is colloquially termed ethereal wave, a subgenre of dark wave music. Ethereal Wave, also called Ethereal Darkwave or Etheric Wave in Europe and simply Ethereal in the US, is a term that describes Dark Wave, also written as Darkwave, is an Umbrella term which refers to a movement that began in the late 1970s coinciding with the popularity of New Wave

By the mid-1990s, styles of music that were heard in venues that goths attended ranged from gothic rock, death rock, industrial music, EBM, ambient, experimental, synthpop, shoegazing, punk rock, 1970s glam rock, indie rock, to 1980s dance music. This article is about the musical style of gothic rock For the goth scene in general see Goth subculture. Deathrock (or Death Punk) is a term used to identify a fusion of Punk rock and Gothic rock which incorporates elements of horror and spooky atmospheres Industrial music is a loose term for a number of different styles of Experimental music, especially but not necessarily Electronic music. Electronic body music ( EBM, also known as aggropop) is a Music genre that combines elements of Industrial music and Electronic Ambient music is a Musical genre in which sound is more important than notes Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955 Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave and Pop music in which the Synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument Shoegazing (also known as shoegaze or shoegazer) is a genre of Alternative rock that emerged from the United Kingdom in the late 1980s Glam rock (also known as glitter rock) is a sub-genre of Rock music that developed in the UK in the post- Hippie early 1970s which was "performed by Indie rock is genre of Alternative rock that primarily exists in the independent Underground music scene This variety was a result of the eclectic tastes of the members of the subculture.

Bauhaus - Live in concert, February 3, 2006

Recent years have seen a resurgence in the early positive punk and death rock sound, in reaction to aggrotech, futurepop, and synthpop, which had taken over many goth clubs. Bauhaus were an English rock band formed in Northampton in 1978 Deathrock (or Death Punk) is a term used to identify a fusion of Punk rock and Gothic rock which incorporates elements of horror and spooky atmospheres The term Industrial music was first used in the mid-1970s to describe the then-unique sound of the Industrial Records label artists a wide variety of labels and artists have Futurepop is an Electronic dance music genre incorporating influences from Synthpop (such as song structure and Vocal style Uplifting Bands with an earlier goth sound like Cinema Strange, Bloody Dead And Sexy, Black Ice, and Antiworld are becoming very popular. Nights like Ghoul School and Release The Bats promote death rock heavily, and the Drop Dead Festival brings in death rock fans from all over the world. The Drop Dead Festival is the largest Gothic Punk themed festival it books as many as sixty five bands per event and have been known to attract attendees from over 30 countries Goth and death rock magazines like Drop Dead Magazine (a companion to Drop Dead Festival) also help spread its popularity.

Today, the goth music scene thrives in Western Europe - e. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' g. in Poland, with Castle Party festival, but especially in Germany, with large festivals such as Wave-Gotik-Treffen, M'era Luna and others drawing tens of thousands of fans from all over the world. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Wave-Gotik-Treffen ( ger. das Treffen means "the Meeting " is an annual festival for music and arts in Leipzig, Germany The M'era Luna Festival is an alternative / Dark music festival However, North America still sees large scale events, most recently, Chamber's Dark Art & Music Festival [1].

Historical and cultural influences

Origins of the term

The original Goths were an Eastern Germanic tribe who played an important role in the fall of the western Roman Empire. The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Germanic tribes referred to as East Germanic constitute a wave of Migrants who may have moved from Scandinavia into the area between the Oder The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial In some circles, the name "goth" later became pejorative: synonymous with "barbarian" and the uncultured due to the then-contemporary view of the fall of Rome and depictions of the pagan Gothic tribes during and after the process of Christianization of Europe. "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived Germanic paganism refers to the religious beliefs of the Germanic peoples preceding Christianization. The historical phenomenon of Christianization (or Christianisation &mdash see spelling differences) the conversion of individuals to Christianity During the Renaissance period in Europe, medieval architecture was retroactively labeled gothic architecture, and was considered unfashionable in contrast to the then-modern lines of classical architecture. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. The term Classical architecture has a specific Archaeological meaning relating to the architecture of Classical Greece

In the United Kingdom, by the late 1700s, however, nostalgia for the medieval period led people to become fascinated with medieval gothic ruins. This fascination was often combined with an interest in medieval romances, Roman Catholic religion and the supernatural. As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative Enthusiasts for gothic revival architecture in the United Kingdom were led by Horace Walpole, and were sometimes nicknamed "goths", the first positive use of the term in the modern period. The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began Horace Walpole 4th Earl of Orford ( 24 September, 1717 &ndash 2 March, 1797) more commonly known as Horace Walpole, was a politician

The gothic novel of the late eighteenth century, a genre founded by Horace Walpole with the 1764 publication of The Castle of Otranto, was accountable for the more modern connotations of the term gothic. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. The Castle of Otranto is a 1764 Novel by Horace Walpole. It is generally regarded as the first Gothic novel, and it was indeed the He originally claimed that the book was a real medieval romance he had discovered and republished. Thus was born the gothic novel's association with fake documentation to increase its effect. A false document is a form of Verisimilitude that attempts to create a sense of authenticity beyond the normal and expected Suspension of disbelief for a Work Henceforth, the term was associated with a mood of horror, morbidity, darkness and the supernatural as well as camp and self-parody. The distinction between horror and terror is a standard literary and psychological concept applied especially to Gothic literature and film (Radcliffe 1826 Varma 1966 Crawford The gothic novel established much of the iconography of later horror literature and cinema, such as graveyards, ruined castles or churches, ghosts, vampires, nightmares, cursed families, being buried alive and melodramatic plots. A graveyard is any place set aside for long-term burial of the dead with or without monuments such as Headstones It is usually located near and administered by a A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. A ghost is said to be the apparition of a Deceased person frequently similar in appearance to that person and usually encountered in places she or he frequented Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living A nightmare is a Dream which causes a strong unpleasant emotional response from the sleeper typically fear or horror being in situations of extreme danger or the sensations A curse (also called execration) is any manner of Adversity thought to be inflicted by any supernatural power (such as a spell, a Prayer, an Burial, also called interment and inhumation, is the act of placing a person or object into the ground Melodrama refers to theatre in which music is used to increase the spectator's emotional response or to suggest character types An additional notable element was the brooding figure of the gothic villain, which developed into the Byronic hero. The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb The most famous gothic villain is the vampire, Dracula, originally depicted in a novel by Bram Stoker, then made more famous through the medium of horror movies. Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912 was an Irish writer of novels and short stories who is best known today for his 1897 horror

The powerful imagery of horror movies began in German expressionist cinema in the twenties then passed onto the Universal Studios films of the thirties, then to camp horror B films such as Plan 9 From Outer Space and then to Hammer Horror films. German Expressionism is the term used to refer to a number of related creative movements which emerged in Germany before the first world war which reached a peak in Berlin Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Plan 9 from Outer Space is a 1959 Science fiction / Horror film written produced and directed by Edward D Hammer Film Productions is a film production company based in the United Kingdom. By the 1960s, TV series, such as The Addams Family and The Munsters, used these stereotypes for camp comedy. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic The Addams Family is an American Television series based on the characters in Charles Addams ' ''New Yorker'' cartoons. The Munsters is a 1960s American television Sitcom depicting the home life of a family of Monsters.

Certain elements in the dark, atmospheric music and dress of the post punk scene were clearly gothic in this sense. Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s The use of gothic as an adjective in describing this music and its followers led to the term goth.

20th century influences

The influence of the gothic novel on the goth subculture can be seen in numerous examples of the subculture's poetry and music, though this influence sometimes came second hand, through the popular imagery of horror films and television. Horror films are Movies that strive to elicit Fear, Horror and terror responses from viewers The Byronic hero, in particular, was a key precursor to the male goth image, while Dracula's iconic portrayal by Bela Lugosi appealed powerfully to early goths. The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb Béla Lugosi (October 20 1882 &ndash August 16 1956 was an iconic Hungarian stage and film actor best known for his portrayal of Count Dracula in the American They were attracted by Lugosi's aura of camp menace, elegance and mystique. Some people even credit the band Bauhaus' first single "Bela Lugosi's Dead", released August 1979, with the start of the goth subculture, though many prior art house movements also influenced gothic fashion and style. Bauhaus were an English rock band formed in Northampton in 1978 " Bela Lugosi's Dead " is a Gothic rock song written by the band Bauhaus. Notable early examples include Siouxsie Sioux of the musical group Siouxsie and the Banshees, and Dave Vanian of the band The Damned. Susan Janet Ballion Siouxsie & the Banshees were a British rock band which formed in 1976 David Vanian (born David Letts on 12 October 1956 in Hemel Hempstead, England) is a Punk rock Musician The Damned are an English band formed in London in 1976 notable for being the first Punk rock band from England to release a single (" New Rose " an Some members of Bauhaus were, themselves, fine art students and/or active artists.

Film poster for The Hunger, a key influence in the early days of the goth subculture. The Hunger is a 1983 English language Horror film. It is the story of a bizarre Love triangle between a doctor ( Susan Sarandon

Some of the early gothic rock and death rock artists adopted traditional horror movie images, and also drew on horror movie soundtracks for inspiration. This article is about the musical style of gothic rock For the goth scene in general see Goth subculture. Deathrock (or Death Punk) is a term used to identify a fusion of Punk rock and Gothic rock which incorporates elements of horror and spooky atmospheres Their audiences responded in kind by further adopting appropriate dress and props. Use of standard horror film props like swirling smoke, rubber bats, and cobwebs were used as gothic club décor from the beginning in The Batcave. Such references in their music and image were originally tongue-in-cheek, but as time went on, bands and members of the subculture took the connection more seriously. Tongue-in-cheek is a term used to refer to humor in which a statement or an entire fictional work is not meant to be taken seriously but its lack of seriousness is subtle As a result, morbid, supernatural, and occult themes became a more noticeably serious element in the subculture. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events The word occult comes from the Latin word occultus (clandestine hidden secret referring to "knowledge of the hidden" The interconnection between horror and goth was highlighted in its early days by The Hunger, a 1983 vampire film, which starred David Bowie, Catherine Deneuve, and Susan Sarandon. The Hunger is a 1983 English language Horror film. It is the story of a bizarre Love triangle between a doctor ( Susan Sarandon David Bowie (ˈboʊiː born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 is an English Musician, actor producer, and arranger. Catherine Deneuve (French katʁin dəˈnœv born October 22 1943 is a two-time Cesar Award -winning BAFTA Award -nominated and Academy Award -nominated Susan Sarandon (born Susan Abigail Tomalin; October 4 1946 is an American Actress. The movie featured gothic rock group Bauhaus performing "Bela Lugosi's Dead" in a nightclub. " Bela Lugosi's Dead " is a Gothic rock song written by the band Bauhaus. In 1993, Whitby became the location for what became the UK's biggest goth festival as a direct result of being featured in Bram Stoker's Dracula. Whitby is a historic town and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England.

The Revolutionary War-era "American Gothic" story of the Headless Horseman, immortalized in Washington Irving's story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (published in book form in 1820 along with Irving's equally fantastic "Rip Van Winkle") marked the arrival in the New World of dark, romantic story-telling. The Headless Horseman is a fictional character from the short story “ The Legend of Sleepy Hollow " by American author Washington Irving. Washington Irving (April 3 1783 – November 28 1859 was an American Author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow " is a Short story by Washington Irving contained in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon Gent " Rip Van Winkle " is a short story by the American author Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story's fictional protagonist The tale was composed by Irving while he was living in England, and was based (as was its companion piece) on popular tales told by colonial Dutch settlers of New York's Hudson River valley. Although the first film adaptation was made in 1922, with Will Rogers as a silent and monochromatic Ichabod Crane, the tale solidly entered 20th century pop culture when Disney included it in the 1949 animated omnibus movie The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad. This page is about the humorist for others with similar names see William Rogers. Ichabod Crane is a Fictional character in Washington Irving 's short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, first published in 1820 The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr Toad is an Animated feature produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on October 5, 1949 Nine years later it was separated from its Wind in the Willows partner, and as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow became a favorite on Disney's Sunday-night show on NBC, usually as a Halloween-week special. The Wind in the Willows is a classic of Children's literature by Kenneth Grahame, first published in 1908. The first incarnation of the Walt Disney anthology television series, commonly called The Wonderful World of Disney, premiered on ABC on October 27

Although another live-action film was shot in 1980 (starring Jeff Goldblum), the story found its richest treatment yet in Tim Burton's 1999 film Sleepy Hollow. Jeffrey Lynn Goldblum (born October 22, 1952) is an Academy Award -nominated American actor Timothy "Tim" William Burton (born August 25 1958 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and Set designer, notable for the quirky Sleepy Hollow is a 1999 period Horror film directed by Tim Burton, interpreting the legend of The Headless Horseman Burton, already famous through his films Edward Scissorhands, Beetlejuice and Batman as producing a unique blend of myth, magic and the macabre, brought his full powers to bear on the story, creating a storybook atmosphere that nevertheless was filled with darkness and shadow. Edward Scissorhands is a 1990 American Fantasy film, written by Tim Burton and Caroline Thompson, and directed by Beetlejuice is a 1988 comedy horror film directed by Tim Burton. Batman (originally referred to as the Bat-Man and still referred to at times as the Batman) is a fictional Comic book Superhero co-created Burton's biggest departure from the admittedly dumbed-down Disney version was in giving equal weight to the stories of both Crane and the Horseman. As in Irving's original tale, the headless rider (Christopher Walken) is an undead Hessian mercenary, but Burton uses a whole raft of traditionally gothic, horrific, medieval and Inquisitional imagery in bringing his version alive. Christopher Walken (born March 31 1943 is an American Film and Theatre Actor. In Fantasy fiction, the term revenant usually means a sentient creature whose desire to complete a goal (usually to avenge its death allows it to return from the grave The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and

Throughout the evolution of goth subculture, classic romantic, gothic and horror literature has played a significant role. Keats, Poe, Baudelaire and other tragic and romantic writers have become as emblematic of the subculture as has using dark eyeliner or dressing in black. Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Baudelaire, in fact, in his preface to Les Fleurs du Mal (Flowers of Evil) penned lines that as much as anything can serve as a sort of goth malediction:

C'est l'Ennui! —l'œil chargé d'un pleur involontaire,

Il rêve d'échafauds en fumant son houka. Les Fleurs du mal (literal trans "The Flowers of Evil" is a volume of French Poetry by Charles Baudelaire.

Tu le connais, lecteur, ce monstre délicat,

—Hypocrite lecteur,—mon semblable,—mon frère!

It is The Boredom! — an eye brimming with an involuntary tear,

he dreams of the gallows in the fumes of his water-pipe.

You apprehend, reader, this fragile monster,

—hypocrite reader,—my mirror,—my brother!^[5]

A newer literary influence on the gothic scene was Anne Rice's re-imagining of the idea of the vampire. Anne Rice (born Howard Allen O'Brien on October 4, 1941) is a best-selling American Author of gothic and religious-themed Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living Rice's characters were depicted as struggling with eternity and loneliness, this with their ambivalent or tragic sexuality had deep attractions for many goth readers, making her works very popular in the eighties through the nineties. Movies based on her books have been filmed in recent years — notably Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles and Queen of the Damned (film), in which goths appear directly and indirectly; the latter tapping into some of the more recent changes as the goth scene has continued to be reinterpreted going into the twenty first century. Interview with the Vampire The Vampire Chronicles is a 1994 film based on the 1976 novel Interview with the Vampire by Anne Rice Queen of the Damned is a 2002 film adaptation of the third novel of Anne Rice 's The Vampire Chronicles series The Queen

Later media influences

As the subculture became well-established, the connection between goth and horror fiction became almost a cliché, with Goths quite likely to appear as characters in horror novels and film. For example, The Crow drew directly on goth music and style. The Crow is a Comic book series created by James O'Barr. The series was originally written by O'Barr as a means of dealing with the death Neil Gaiman's acclaimed graphic novel series The Sandman influenced Goths with characters like the dark, brooding Dream and his sister Death. Neil Richard Gaiman (ˈgeɪmən (born November 10, 1960) is an English author of Science fiction and Fantasy short stories and The Sandman is a Comic book series written by Neil Gaiman and published in the United States by the DC Comics imprint Vertigo Dream is the fictional Protagonist of DC Comics ' Vertigo Comic book series The Sandman, written by Neil Death is a Fictional character from the DC Comic book series The Sandman (1988 - 1996 Anne Rice's book series The Vampire Chronicles and the popular World of Darkness roleplaying games, especially Vampire: The Masquerade, also referred directly to gothic music and culture and encouraged an interest in the scene. Anne Rice (born Howard Allen O'Brien on October 4, 1941) is a best-selling American Author of gothic and religious-themed The World of Darkness (or WoD) is the name given to three related but distinct Fictional universes The first was conceived by Mark Rein-Hagen, while the Created by Mark Rein·Hagen, Vampire The Masquerade was the first of White Wolf Game Studio's World of Darkness live-action Influences from anime, cyberpunk fiction such as The Matrix and Shadowrun have increased interest in the goth scene although unrelated, adding to Cyber subculture, or Industrial/goth fusion; and the popularity of Industrial music. (anime in Japanese, Cyberpunk is a Science fiction genre noted for its focus on " High tech and low life. Shadowrun is a pen-and-paper Role-playing game set in an imaginary future where huge corporations control the lives of their employees and the return of magic has Cyber, is the name given to a contemporary Subculture having roots in multiple music and fashion scenes including the European and American Rave / clubbing Industrial music is a loose term for a number of different styles of Experimental music, especially but not necessarily Electronic music.

A regular goth character is portrayed positively on the American television series NCIS. NCIS, promoted as Navy NCIS in its first season aka Navy NCIS Naval Criminal Investigative Service or NCIS Naval Criminal Abby Sciuto, played by Pauley Perrette, is uniquely goth, but works firmly on the side of the protagonists as a highly skilled forensic scientist. Abigail "Abby" Sciuto (pronounced "shoo-toe" is a fictional forensic scientist in the NCIS television series by CBS Television Pauley Perrette (born March 27 1969 In an interview with Craig Ferguson who is the host of The Late Late Show, she said she has a lifelong crime obsession

Visual art influences

The Belgian photographer Viona Ielegems at Wave-Gotik-Treffen in 2005

The Goth subculture has influenced different artists - not only musicians - but also painters and photographers. Wave-Gotik-Treffen ( ger. das Treffen means "the Meeting " is an annual festival for music and arts in Leipzig, Germany In particular their work is based on mystic, morbid and romantic motifs. In photography and painting the spectrum varies from erotic artwork to romantic images of vampires or ghosts. To be present is a marked preference for dark colours and sentiments, similar to Gothic fiction, Pre-Raphaelites or Art Nouveau. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters Poets, and critics founded in 1848 by Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international In the Fine Art field, Anne Sudworth is a well known goth artist with her dark, nocturnal works and strong Gothic imagery. Anne Sudworth is a British artist internationally

Some of the graphic artists close to Goth are Gerald Brom, Nene Thomas, Luis Royo, Dave McKean, Jhonen Vasquez, Trevor Brown as well as the American comic artist James O'Barr. Gerald Brom (born March 9 1965 in Albany Georgia) is an American gothic Fantasy artist and illustrator Nene Tina Thomas (born August 31, 1968) is an artist living in Oklahoma City Oklahoma Luis Royo (born in 1954 in Olalla, Spain) is a Spanish artist known for his darkly sensual paintings of women and mechanical life forms David Tench McKean (born 29 December 1963 in Maidenhead, Berkshire) is an English Illustrator, Photographer, Jhonen Vasquez (born September 1, 1974) also known by his Pseudonyms Mr Trevor Brown is an English artist from London presently living in Japan whose work explores Paraphilias such as Pedophilia, BDSM James O'Barr (born 1960 Detroit Michigan) is an American graphic artist best known as the creator of the Comic book series The Crow H R Giger of Switzerland is one of the first graphic artists to make serious contributions to the Gothic/Industrial look of much of modern cinema with his work on the film "Alien" by Ridley Scott. Hans Ruedi Giger (ˈɡi ɡɚ (born at Chur, Grisons Canton, February 5, 1940) is an Academy Award -winning Swiss

Ideology

Defining an explicit ideology for the gothic subculture is difficult for several reasons. First is the overwhelming importance of mood and aesthetic for those involved. This is, in part, inspired by romanticism and neoromanticism. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the The term neo-romanticism is used to cover a variety of movements in music and painting The allure for goths of dark, mysterious, and morbid imagery and mood lies in the same tradition of Romanticism's gothic novel. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. During the late 18th and 19th century, feelings of horror, and supernatural dread were widespread motifs in popular literature; The process continues in the modern horror film. Balancing this emphasis on mood and aesthetics, another central element of the gothic is a deliberate sense of camp theatricality and self-dramatization; present both in gothic literature as well as in the gothic subculture itself.

Goths, in terms of their membership in the subculture, are usually not supportive of violence, but rather tolerance. Many in the media have incorrectly associated the Goth subculture with violence, hatred of minorities, white supremacy, and other acts of hate. However, violence and hate do not form elements of goth ideology; rather, the ideology is formed in part by recognition, identification, and grief over societal and personal evils that the mainstream culture wishes to ignore or forget. These are the prevalent themes in goth music. ^[6]

The second impediment to explicitly defining a gothic ideology is goth's generally apolitical nature. While individual defiance of social norms was a very risky business in the nineteenth century, today it is far less socially radical. Thus, the significance of goth's subcultural rebellion is limited, and it draws on imagery at the heart of Western culture. Unlike the hippie or punk movements, the goth subculture has no pronounced political messages or cries for social activism. The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world The punk subculture is based around Punk rock. It emerged from the larger Rock music scene in the mid-to-late-1970s in the United Kingdom, the United The subculture is marked by its emphasis on individualism, tolerance for diversity, a strong emphasis on creativity, tendency toward intellectualism, a dislike of social conservatism, and a mild tendency towards cynicism, but even these ideas are not universal to all goths. Goth ideology is based far more on aesthetics than ethics or politics. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions

Goths may, indeed, have political leanings ranging from left-liberal to anarchist, but they do not express them specifically as part of a cultural identity. Social liberalism, also called new liberalism (as it was originally termed high liberalism radical liberalism, modern liberalism, or Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Instead, political affiliation, like religion, is seen as a matter of personal conscience. Unlike punk, there are few clashes between political affiliation and being "goth".

For the individual goth, involvement with the subculture can be extremely valuable and personally fulfilling, especially in creative terms. However, it also can be risky, especially for the young, partly because of the negative attention it can attract due to public misconceptions of goth subculture. The value that young people find in the movement is evidenced by its continuing existence after other subcultures of the eighties (such as the New Romantics) have long since died out. New Romantic was a short- lived Fashion and music movement that occurred primarily in the United Kingdom and Ireland during the very early 1980s

Individualism and consumerism

Paul Hodkinson's book, Goth: Identity, Style and Subculture, explores how the Western cult of individualism, usually expressed via consumerism, is drawn on by goths and other subcultural groups. Consumerism is the equation of personal Happiness with the purchase of material possessions and consumption. Many who are drawn to the culture have already failed to conform to the norms of existing society, and for its participants the gothic subculture provides an important way of experiencing a sense of community and validation not found in the outside world. For the term in biology see Subculture (biology. For the song by New Order see Sub-culture (song. Hodkinson shows how inside the gothic subculture status can be gained via enthusiastic participation and creativity, in creating a band, DJ-ing, making clothes, designing, creating art, or writing a fanzine. For the term in biology see Subculture (biology. For the song by New Order see Sub-culture (song. He suggests that the self-conscious artificiality of a subculture is a valid alternative choice in a post-modern world, compared to submitting to the invisible manipulations of popular consumerism and the mass media. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism

Religious Imagery

While there is no one common religious tie that binds together the goth movement, spiritual, supernatural, and religious imagery has frequently played an important part in gothic fashion, song lyrics, and visual art. In particular, aesthetic elements from Catholicism play a major role in goth culture. Reasons for donning such imagery vary between individuals, and range from expression of religious affiliation, satire, or simply decorative effect. ^[6]

Fashion

Main article: Gothic fashion

Goth fashion is stereotyped as a dark, sometimes morbid, eroticized fashion and style of dress. Gothic fashion is a clothing style worn by members of the Goth subculture. Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Typical gothic fashion includes dyed black hair, dark eyeliner, black fingernails, black period-styled clothing; goths may or may not have piercings. Styles are often borrowed from the Elizabethan, Victorian or medieval period and often express Catholic or other religious imagery such as crucifixes or ankhs. Romance and reality The Victorian era and the early twentieth century idealised the Elizabethan era Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities ^[7][6] The extent to which goths hold to this style varies amongst individuals as well as geographical locality, though virtually all Goths wear some of these elements.

Confusion with heavy metal fashion

Goth fashion is often confused with heavy metal fashion: outsiders often mistake fans of heavy metal for goth, particularly those who wear black trench coats or wear "corpse paint" (a term associated with the black metal music scene). Heavy metal fashion is the style of dress Body modification, make-up hairstyle and so on taken on by fans of heavy metal, or as they are often called Metalheads Corpse paint (sometimes spelled corpsepaint) is a style of black-and-white or just white Makeup used extensively by Black metal bands during live Black metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal. It often employs fast tempos shrieked vocals highly distorted guitars played with Tremolo picking,

Controversy

The gothic fascination with the macabre has raised public concerns regarding the well-being of goths. Macabre is a quality of certain artistic or literary works characterized by a grim or ghastly atmosphere The mass media has made reports that have influenced the public view that goths or people associated with the subculture, are malicious; however this is disputed and the Goth subculture is often described as non-violent. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press" ^[8] Some individuals who have either identified themselves or been identified by others as goth, whether correctly or incorrectly, have committed high profile violent crimes, including several school shootings. A violent crime or crime of violence is a Crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim School shooting is a term used to refer to Gun violence primarily in educational institutions especially the Mass murder or Spree killing of people connected These incidents and their attribution to the goth scene have helped to propagate a wary perception of Goth in the public eye. ^[9][7]

A compilation of three photos of Scott Dyleski, run on the cover of the San Francisco Chronicle. Scott Edgar Dyleski ( October 30, 1988) was convicted of murdering his neighbor Pamela Vitale, the wife of prominent Attorney Daniel The San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H The picture on the right, of Dyleski in the ninth grade, which shows him in makeup and long hair, was criticized by his defense attorney as unfair and misleading, because by fall 2006 Dyleski's appearance had become more conservative and mainstream. Ellen Valentik Leonida (born 1970 in Chişinău, Moldova, formerly Kishinev USSR is an American Criminal defense The Dyleski trial sparked controversy over the goth scene.

Public concern with the goth subculture reached a high point in the fallout of the Columbine High School massacre that was carried out by two students, incorrectly associated with the goth subculture. The Columbine High School massacre occurred on Tuesday April 20 1999 at Columbine High School in Columbine in unincorporated Jefferson County, This misreporting of the roots of the massacre caused a widespread public backlash against the North American goth scene. Investigators of the incident, 5 months later, stated that there was no involvement between the goth subculture and the killers, who held goth music in contempt. ^[10]

The Dawson College shooting, in Canada, also raised public concern with the goth scene. The Dawson College shooting occurred on September 13, 2006 at Dawson College, a CEGEP in Westmount near downtown Montreal Kimveer Gill, who killed one and injured nineteen, maintained an online journal at a web site, VampireFreaks, in which he "portrayed himself as a gun-loving Goth. Kimveer Gill (July 9 1981 &ndash September 13 2006 was the Canadian shooter involved in a school shooting referred to as the Dawson College shooting at "^[11] The day after the shooting it was reported that "it are rough times for industrial / goth music fans these days as a result of yet another trench coat killing", implying that Gill was involved in the goth subculture. ^[11] During a search of Gill's home, police found a letter praising the actions of Columbine shooters Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold and a CD titled "Shooting sprees ain't no fun without Ozzy and friends LOL". The Columbine High School massacre occurred on Tuesday April 20 1999 at Columbine High School in Columbine in unincorporated Jefferson County, Eric David Harris (April 9 1981 – April 20 1999 and Dylan Bennet Klebold (September 11 1981 – April 20 1999 were the High school seniors who committed John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne (born December 3 1948) is a British singer ^[12] Although the shooter claimed an obsession for "Goth", his favorite music list was described, by the media, as a "who's who of heavy metal. ^[13][14]

Mick Mercer, author, noted music journalist, and world's leading historian of Goth music^[15][16][17] stated, of Kimveer Gill, that he was "not a Goth. Mick Mercer is a journalist and author best known for his photos and reviews of the goth, punk, and Indie music scenes This article is about the musical style of gothic rock For the goth scene in general see Goth subculture. Kimveer Gill (July 9 1981 &ndash September 13 2006 was the Canadian shooter involved in a school shooting referred to as the Dawson College shooting at Never a Goth. The bands he listed as his chosen form of ear-bashing were relentlessly Metal and standard Grunge, Rock and Goth Metal, with some Industrial presence. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Industrial music is a loose term for a number of different styles of Experimental music, especially but not necessarily Electronic music. ", "Kimveer Gill listened to metal", "He had nothing whatsoever to do with Goth" and further commented "I realise that like many Neos this idiot may even have believed he somehow was a Goth, because they're only really noted for spectacularly missing the point. " Mercer emphasized that he was not blaming heavy metal music for Gill's actions and added "It doesn’t matter actually what music he liked. "^[18]

Another school shooting that was wrongly attributed to the goth subculture is the Red Lake High School massacre^[19]. The Red Lake High School massacre was a School shooting that occurred at Red Lake High School, in Red Lake, an unincorporated section of Beltrami County Jeff Weise killed 7 people, and was believed by a fellow student to be into the goth culture: wearing "a big old black trench coat," and listening to heavy metal music. Jeffrey James Weise ( August 8, 1988 &ndash March 21, 2005) was a High school student of Red Lake, Minnesota Weise was also found to participate in neo-nazi online forums. The term neo-Nazism refers to post- World War II Political movements Social movements and ideologies seeking to revive Nazism, ^[20]

Other murders which are attributed to people suspected of being part of the goth culture include the Scott Dyleski killing,^[21] and the Richardson family murders,^[22][23] although neither of these cases raised the same amount of media attention as the school shootings. Scott Edgar Dyleski ( October 30, 1988) was convicted of murdering his neighbor Pamela Vitale, the wife of prominent Attorney Daniel The Richardson family murders involved the murder of three members of the family in Medicine Hat, Alberta.

In part because of public misunderstanding and ignorance surrounding gothic aesthetics, goths sometimes suffer prejudice, discrimination, and intolerance. The word prejudice refers to prejudgment making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case or event Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is As is the case with members of various other controversial subcultures and alternative lifestyles, outsiders sometimes marginalize goths, either by intention or by accident. ^[24] Goths, like any other alternative sub-culture sometimes suffer intimidation, humiliation, and, in extreme cases, physical violence for their involvement with the subculture. Intimidation (also called cowing) is intentional behavior "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of Injury or Harm. Humiliation (also called stultification) is the abasement of pride mortification ^[9]

In 2006 four goths were attacked in San Diego California by a Navy man and his brother resulting in one goth, Jim Howard, having to be rushed to the hospital to undergo surgery in order to repair the damage that was done. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The perpetrators of this attack were found guilty in August of 2007 on four related accounts, two of which were felonies. It was made clear that the goths were assaulted due to their subculture affiliation. This can be otherwise known as a "hate crime" though the San Diego courts do not recognize this attack as such at this time. ^[25][26][27]

On August 11, 2007, two goths, walking through Stubbylee Park in Bacup, Lancashire, England were attacked by a group of teenagers because they were goths. Sophie Lancaster subsequently died from her injuries. The Murder of Sophie Lancaster was a high profile murder case in the United Kingdom in 2007 ^[28][29] On April 29, 2008, two teens Ryan Herbert and Brendan Harris were convicted for the murder of Lancaster and given life sentences, three others were given lesser sentences for the assault on her boyfriend Robert Maltby. In delivering the sentence Judge Anthony Russell stated “This was a hate crime against these completely harmless people targeted because their appearance was different to yours. ” He went on to defend the goth community, calling goths “perfectly peaceful, law-abiding people who pose no threat to anybody. ”^[30][31][32] Judge Russell add that he “recognised it as a hate crime without Parliament having to tell him to do so, and had included that view in his sentencing. ”^[33] Despite this ruling, a bill to add discrimination based on subculture affiliation to the definition of hate crime in British law did not pass. ^[34]

Criticism

In contrast to postcolonialist literary and cultural critics who see goth as eurocentric and laden with racist connotations, film historian David J. Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and Eurocentrism is the practice of viewing the world from a European perspective with an implied belief either consciously or subconsciously in the preeminence of European (and Skal argues that horror cinema has always served as a socially acceptable outlet for subversive social criticism,^[35] and thus neither horror imagery nor (by extension) the Gothic subculture adhere to the description suggested by these critics.

Cartoonist Jhonen Vasquez has satirized the goth subculture in his comics Johnny the Homicidal Maniac, I Feel Sick, and Fillerbunny. Jhonen Vasquez (born September 1, 1974) also known by his Pseudonyms Mr This page is about the comic book series For its central character see Johnny C. I Feel Sick is a "doubleshot" full-color comic book written and drawn by the comic artist Jhonen Vasquez and colored by Rosearik Rikki Simons Fillerbunny is a character created by Comic book artist and writer Jhonen Vasquez. Vasquez depicts it as showing tendencies towards backbiting, unoriginality, and conceit. At the same time, his work is also self-mocking, particularly when it touches on issues such as murder and depression (common in Johnny the Homicidal Maniac), which are topics of interest in Goth subculture. This page is about the comic book series For its central character see Johnny C.

References

Books

• Baddeley, Gavin: Goth Chic: A Connoisseur's Guide to Dark Culture (Plexus, US, August 2002, ISBN 0-85965-308-0)
• Davenport-Hines, Richard: Gothic: Four Hundred Years of Excess, Horror, Evil and Ruin (1999: North Port Press. ISBN 0-86547-590-3 (trade paperback) - A voluminous, if somewhat patchy, chronological/aesthetic history of Gothic covering the spectrum from Gothic architecture to The Cure.
• Fuentes Rodríguez, César: Mundo Gótico. (Quarentena Ediciones, 2007, ISBN 8493389161)-In Spanish. Covering Literature, Music, Cinema, BDSM, Fashion and Subculture topics-
• Hodkinson, Paul: Goth: Identity, Style and Subculture (Dress, Body, Culture Series) 2002: Berg. ISBN 1-85973-600-9 (hardcover); ISBN 1-85973-605-X (softcover)
• Kilpatrick, Nancy: The Goth Bible : A Compendium for the Darkly Inclined. 2004: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-30696-2
• Voltaire: What is Goth? (WeiserBooks, US, 2004; ISBN 1-57863-322-2) — a view of the goth subculture
• Andrew C. Voltaire (real name Aurelio Voltaire Hernández) Zinn: The Truth Behind The Eyes (IUniverse, US, 2005; ISBN 0-595-37103-5) — Dark Poetry

Notes

See also

• Gothic fashion
• Gothic aesthetics
• Gothic fiction
• Gothic rock
• History of subcultures in the 20th century
• List of Gothic rock bands
• Goth slang
• Toronto Goth Scene

External links

• Article from the New Scientist on benefits of the Goth subculture. Gothic fashion is a clothing style worn by members of the Goth subculture. Gothic fiction (sometimes referred to as Gothic horror) is a genre of literature that combines elements of both horror and romance. This article is about the musical style of gothic rock For the goth scene in general see Goth subculture. 1900-World War I In the early part of the 20th century subcultures were mostly informal groupings of like-minded individuals The following is a list of notable Gothic rock bands in alphabetical order Goth slang is the Slang of the Goth subculture. There are a range of slang terms for those within the community and their particular interests or the particular The Toronto goth scene, the cultural Locus of the Goth subculture in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the associated music and fashion New Scientist is a weekly International science magazine and website covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English -speaking
• Article from the SixDegrees about Goth subculture. SixDegrees is a monthly published free English language magazine in Finland.
• Encyclopedia Gothica Encyclopedia of the Goth subculture.
• Darkness3 Social news website with focus on the Goth subculture.