- This article refers to the medieval Turkic state. For the Irish rock band, see The Golden Horde (band). The Golden Horde ( 1982 - 1994) were a psychedelic pop rock punk band based in Dublin Ireland.
The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Алтан Орд Altan Ord; Tatar: Altın Urda; Russian: Золотая Орда, Zolotaya Orda; Turkish: Altın Ordu) is a Russian designation for the Mongol[1][2][3] — later Turkicized[4] — khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus. The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various Nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Rouran, the Xianbei, the Gökturks Origins of the Mongols Archaeological evidence places early Stone Age human habitation in the southern Gobi between 100000 and 200000 years ago The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Chagatai Khanate was a Mongol and later more Turko-Islamic in language and culture Khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Timurids, self-designated Gurkānī ( were a Persianate Central Asian Sunni Muslim dynasty The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Siberia Khanate is an anachronistic rendering of its actual name Khanate of Sibir, a Tatar Khanate in the later Russian Siberia Dzungar (also Jungar or Zungar; Mongolian: Зүүнгар Züüngar) is the collective identity of several Oirat tribes that Not to be confused with Qin Dynasty, the first dynasty of Imperial China Outer Mongolia (Ar Mongol Manchu: Tulergi Monggo) was the main part of the Bogdo Khanate of Mongolia which proclaimed its independence on 29 December 1911 The Mongolian People's Republic ( Mongolian: Бүгд Найрамдах Монгол Ард Улс (БНМАУ Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol Ard Uls (BNMAU) was a Following the collapse of the Communist regime, Mongolia's first free multi-party elections for a bicameral parliament were held on July 29, 1990. Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol Buryat Republic (Респу́блика Буря́тия Буряад Республика is a federal subject of Russia (a Republic) The Republic of Kalmykia (Респу́блика Калмы́кия Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһч is a federal subject of the Russian Federation (a The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Aimak (or Aimaq) is a term designating Persian -speaking Nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes of mixed Iranian and Mongolian stock inhabiting Manchu Era 1620s and -30s Ligden Khan, the last Mongol Great Khan aims to create a new empire by centralizing control over the various Mongol tribes but The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of The Tatar language (,, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic Language spoken by the Tatars. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic origined word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East At its peak the Golden Horde's territory included most of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the right banks of the Dnieper River, extending east deep into Siberia. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving On the south the Horde's lands bordered on the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Il-Khans. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range A dynasty is a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Ил Хан улс Il Khan uls;) was a Mongol Khanate established in [4]
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Mongol origins
At his death, Genghis Khan divided the Mongol Empire amongst his four sons. Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Jochi was the eldest, but he died six months before Genghis' death, and his paternity was also in doubt, so the westernmost lands trodden by the Mongol hoof, then southern Russia and Kazakhstan, were given to his eldest sons, Batu who eventually became the ruler of the Blue Horde; and Orda, who became the leader of the White Horde. Jochi (Зүчи Züchi; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c 1180 &ndash 1227 was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Batu Khan (Бат Хаан Баты́й (c 1205–1255 was a Mongol ruler and the founder of the Blue Horde. The Blue Horde (Көк Орда/Kök Orda Күк Урда/Kük Urda, Turkish: Gök Ordu/Orda) was one of the uluses within the Mongol Empire ORDA is also the acronym of the Olympic Regional Development Authority in New York State USA The White Horde (Ақ Орда/Aq Orda Ак Урда/Aq Urda) was one of the uluses within the Mongol Empire formed around 1226, after the death of [5][6]
In 1235, Batu (being the eldest son) with the great general Subedei began an invasion westwards, first conquering the Bashkirs and then moving on Volga Bulgaria in 1236. Subutai ( Subetei, Subetai, Сүбээдэй Sübeedei; Classic Mongolian Sübügätäi or Sübü'ätäi; 1176–1248 was the primary The Bashkirs, a Turkic people, live in Russia, mostly in the republic of Bashkortostan. The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236 Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is an historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of From here, in 1237 he conquered the southern steppes of the Ukraine, forcing the Cumans to flee westwards. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Cumans (Кумани Byzantine: Kuman or Cuman, Kunok Turkic: Kumanlar) were a nomadic Turkic people who inhabited a Moving north, Batu began the Mongol invasion of Rus and for three years subjugated the Russian principalities, whilst his cousins Kadan and Guyuk moved southwards into Alania. The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force Kadan (also Qadan) was the son of the second Great Khan of the Mongols Ögedei and a concubine Alania was a medieval kingdom of the Alans (proto- Ossetians) that flourished in the Northern Caucasus, roughly in the location of latter-day Circassia
Blaming the migration of the Cumans as his Casus belli, Batu's Horde with an assortment of brothers and cousins including Shiban, Orda, Kadan and Mongke Khan continued west, raiding Poland and Hungary and culminating in the Battles of Legnica and Muhi. Casus belli is a Latin language expression meaning the justification for acts of war Shiban or Shayban was a sub-commander in the White Horde. He was Jöchi's fifth son and a grandson of Genghis Khan. ORDA is also the acronym of the Olympic Regional Development Authority in New York State USA Kadan (also Qadan) was the son of the second Great Khan of the Mongols Ögedei and a concubine Möngke Khan (Мөнх хаан also transliterated as Mongke Mongka Möngka Mangu or Mangku ( c Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Battle of Legnica (Bitwa pod Legnicą also known as the Battle of Liegnitz (Schlacht von Liegnitz or Battle of Wahlstatt (Schlacht bei Wahlstatt was The Battle of Mohi, or Battle of the Sajó River, (on April 11, 1241) was the main Battle between the Mongols and the Kingdom In 1241, however, the Great Khan Ogedei died in Mongolia, and Batu turned back from his siege of Vienna to take part in disputing the succession. Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. The Mongol armies would never again travel so far west.
In 1242, after retreating through Hungary (And destroying Pest in the process), and subjugating Bulgaria. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian [7], Batu established his capital at Sarai, commanding the lower stretch of the Volga River, on the site of the Khazarian capital of Atil. Sarai Batu ( Old Sarai, Sarai-al-Maqrus, also transcribed as Saraj or Saray) was a capital city of the Golden Horde and one of "Kazar" redirects here for the Marvel Comics character see Ka-Zar; for the village in Azerbaijan see Xəzər. For the small town and municipality in the Mexican state of Sonora see Atil Sonora Atil, also spelled Itil Shortly before that, Batu and Orda's younger brother Shiban left Batu's army and was given his own enormous ulus east of the Ural Mountains along the Ob and Irtysh Rivers. Shiban or Shayban was a sub-commander in the White Horde. He was Jöchi's fifth son and a grandson of Genghis Khan. Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Ob River (Обь also Obi, is a major river in West Siberia, Russia, the country's fourth longest Irtysh (Иртыш; Kazakh: Ertis / Эртiс; Иртеш|İrteş; Chinese: Erqisi / 额尔齐斯河) a River in Siberia
Golden Age
The people of the Golden Horde were mostly a mixture of Turks and Mongols. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Horde was gradually Turkified and lost its Mongol identity, while the descendants of Batu's original Mongol warriors constituted the upper class of the society. [8] Most of the Horde's population were Kypchaks, Bulgar Tatars, Kyrgyz, Khwarezmians, and other Turkic peoples. Volga Tatars are a Turkic people of Russia most of whom occupy the west central portion of the Ural Mountains. The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the They were commonly named the Tatars by the Russians and Europeans. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Russians preserved this common name for this peoples down to the 20th century, whereas most of this peoples identified themselves with their ethnic or tribal names, some also considered themselves as simply Muslims. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Most of the Muslim population, both agricultural and nomadic, adopted the Kypchak language, developed to the regional languages of Kypchak group after the Horde disintegrated.
The descendents of Batu ruled the Golden Horde from Sarai Batu and later Sarai Berke, controlling an area ranging from the Volga river to the Carpathian mountains and the mouth of the Danube, whilst the descendents of Orda ruled the area from the Ural River to Lake Balkhash. The Ural (Урал Kazakh: Жайық, Jayıq or Zhayyq) known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through Lake Balqash ( Kazakh: kk Балқаш Көлі, also Balkhash from the Russian ru Озеро Балхаш) is a Lake in southeastern
Internal organization
The Horde's supreme ruler was the khan, chosen by the kurultai among Batu Khan's descendants. Kurultai (Құрылтай Qurıltay Qorıltay Qurultay Kurultay is a political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans. Batu Khan (Бат Хаан Баты́й (c 1205–1255 was a Mongol ruler and the founder of the Blue Horde. The prime minister, also ethnically Mongol, was known as "prince of princes", or beklare-bek. The ministers were called viziers. A Vizier ( - wazīr) (sometimes also spelled Vazir Vizir Vasir Wazir Vesir, or Vezir - grammatical vowel changes are common in many western Asian Local governors, or basqaqs, were responsible for levying tribute and extinguishing popular discontent. A Darughachi (also referred to as a Darugha) was originally an official in the Mongol Empire in charge of taxes and administration in a certain province Civil and military administration, as a rule, was not separated.
The Horde developed as a settled rather than nomadic culture, with Sarai evolving into a populous and prosperous metropolis. In the early 14th century, the capital was moved considerably upstream to Sarai Berqe, which became one of the largest cities of the medieval world, with 600,000 inhabitants. Sarai Batu ( Old Sarai, Sarai-al-Maqrus, also transcribed as Saraj or Saray) was a capital city of the Golden Horde and one of [9]
Despite Russian efforts at proselytizing in Sarai, the Mongols clung to their traditional animist or shamanist beliefs until Uzbeg Khan (1312-41) adopted Islam as a state religion. Krutitsy Metochion (Крути́цкое подворье full name Krutitsy Patriarchal Metochion (Крутицкое Патриаршее подворье Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals Sultan Mohammed Öz-Beg, better known as Uzbeg or Ozbeg (1282&ndash1341 reign 1313&ndash1341 was the longest-reigning khan of the Golden For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Several Russian rulers - Mikhail of Chernigov and Mikhail of Tver among them - were reportedly assassinated in Sarai, but the khans were generally tolerant and even freed the Russian Orthodox Church of taxes. Mikhail Vsevolodovich (Михаил Всеволодович (1179? &ndash September 20, 1246) was the last prominent ruler of Kiev from the bloodline Mikhail Yaroslavich (Михаил Ярославич (1271 &ndash November 22 1318) also known as Michael of Tver, was a Prince of Tver (from See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure
Vassals and allies
The Horde exacted tribute from its subject peoples - Russians, Armenians, Georgians, Circassians, Alans, Crimean Greeks, Crimean Goths, and others (Balkan bulgars and Serbs). The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess ( Çerkes) and is not the self-designation of any people The Alans or Alani (occasionally but more rarely termed Alauni or Halani) were an Iranian nomadic group among the Sarmatian people Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым The term Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (Πόντιοι Ποντιακός Ελληνισμός or gr Έλληνες Crimean Goths were those Gothic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in Crimea. The territories of Christian subjects were regarded as peripheral areas of little interest as long as they continued to pay tribute. These vassal states were never incorporated into the Horde, and Russian rulers early obtained the privilege of collecting the Tatar tribute themselves. To maintain control over Russia, Tatar warlords carried out regular punitive raids to Russian principalities (most dangerous in 1252, 1293, 1382).
There is a point of view, much propagated by Lev Gumilev, that the Horde and Russian polities concluded a defensive alliance against the fanatical Teutonic knights and pagan Lithuanians. Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov (Лев Никола́евич Гумилёв ( October 1, 1912, St The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. Lithuanians are the Baltic Ethnic group native to Lithuania, where they number a little over 3 million Enthusiasts point to the fact that the Mongol court was frequented by Russian princes, notably Yaroslavl's Feodor the Black, who boasted his own ulus near Sarai, and Novgorod's Alexander Nevsky, the sworn brother of Batu's successor Sartaq Khan. Yaroslavl (Яросла́вль is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Yaroslavl Oblast, located north-east of Moscow. Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod Saint Alexander Nevsky (Алекса́ндр Яросла́вич Не́вский in Russian; transliteration Aleksandr Yaroslavich Nevskij) ( May 30 Sartaq (or Sartak or Sartach) Khan (died 1256 was the son of Batu Khan and Regent Dowager Khatun Boraqcin Although Novgorod never acknowledged the Horde's ascendancy, a Mongol contingent supported Novgorodians in the Battle of the Ice. The Battle of the Ice (Ледовое побоище Ledovoe poboishche; Schlacht auf dem Eise Jäälahing Ledus kauja also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus
Sarai carried on a brisk trade with the Genoese trade emporiums on the Black Sea littoral - Soldaia, Caffa, and Azak. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Sudak or Sudaq (Sudaq Судак is a small historic town located in Crimea, Ukraine situated to the west of Feodosiya (the nearest railway Azov (Азо́в a'zof is a town in Rostov Oblast, Russia, situated on the Don River just sixteen kilometers from the Sea of Azov Mamluk Egypt was the khans' long-standing trade partner and ally in the Mediterranean. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Berke, the khan of Kipchak had drawn up an alliance with the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in 1261. Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari ( Arabic ar الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري [10]
Political evolution
After Batu's death in 1255, the prosperity of his empire lasted for a full century, until the assassination of Jani Beg in 1357, though the intrigues of Nogai did invoke a partial civil war in the late 1290's. AssassiNation is the sixth album by Krisiun, released in 2006 on Century Media. Jani Beg (? — 1357 was a khan of the Golden Horde from 1342-1357 succeeding his father Uzbeg Khan. The Horde's military clout peaked during the reign of Uzbeg (1312-41), whose army exceeded 300,000 warriors. Sultan Mohammed Öz-Beg, better known as Uzbeg or Ozbeg (1282&ndash1341 reign 1313&ndash1341 was the longest-reigning khan of the Golden
Their Russian policy was one of constantly switching alliances in an attempt to keep Russia weak and divided. In the 14th century the rise of Lithuania in North East Europe posed a challenge to Tatar control over Russia. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Thus Uzbeg Khan began backing Moscow as the leading Russian state. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Ivan I Kalita was granted the title of grand prince and given the right to collect taxes from other Russian potentates. Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (Ива́н I Дани́лович Калита́ in Russian) (1288 &ndash March 31, 1340, Moscow) Prince of The Title Grand Prince or Great Prince (Magnus Princeps Russian and Ukrainian: Великий князь Velikiy knyaz; Вялíкий
Disintegration and fall
The Black Death of the 1340s was a major factor contributing to the Golden Horde's eventual downfall. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia Following the disastrous rule of Jani Beg and his subsequent assassination, the empire fell into a long civil war, averaging one new Khan per annum for the next few decades (Though Orda's white horde carried on generally free from trouble until the late 1370's). A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state By the 1380s, Khwarezm, Astrakhan, and Muscovy attempted to break free of the Horde's power, while the lower reaches of the Dnieper were annexed by Lithuania after its decisive victory in the Battle of Blue Waters and Poland in 1368 (Whilst the eastern principalities were generally annexed with little resistance). Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the Astrakhan (А́страхань Ästerxan Persian: حاجیترخان Haji-Tarkhan) is a major city in southern European Russia and The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė old literary Lithuanian Didi Kunigiste Letuvos, Ruthenian: Wialikaje Kniastwa Litowskaje The Battle of Blue Waters (Mūšis prie Mėlynųjų Vandenų Битва на Синіх Водах was a medieval battle fought at some time between 24 September and 25 Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
Mamai, a Tatar general who did not formally hold the throne, attempted to reassert Tatar authority over Russia. Mamai was a powerful military commander of the Blue Horde in the 1370s, who resided in the western part of this nomadic state which is now the Southern Ukrainian His army was defeated by Dmitri Donskoi at the Battle of Kulikovo in his second consecutive victory over the Tatars. The Battle of Kulikovo (Куликовская битва битва на Куликовском поле was fought by the Tartaro - Mongols (the Golden Horde Mamai soon fell from power, and in 1378, Tokhtamysh, a descendant of Orda Khan and ruler of the White Horde, invaded and annexed the territory of the Blue Horde, briefly reestablishing the Golden Horde as a dominant regional power. Tokhtamysh (d ca 1406 was the last khan of the White Horde, who unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into
After Mamai's defeat, Tokhtamysh tried to restore the dominance of the Golden Horde over Russia by attacking Russian lands in 1382. He besieged Moscow on August 23, but Muscovites beat off his storm, using firearms for the first time in Russian history. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of A firearm is a Tool that projects either single or multiple Projectiles at high velocity through a controlled explosion [11] On August 26, two sons of Tokhtamysh's supporter Dmitry of Suzdal, dukes of Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod Vasily and Semyon, who were present in Tokhtamysh's forces, persuaded Muscovites to open the city gates, promising that forces would not harm the city in this case. Dmitri Konstantinovich of Suzdal (Дми́трий Константи́нович Су́здальский (1324 &ndash June 5, 1383) A city gate is a Gate which is or was set within a City wall. [12] This allowed Tokhtamysh's troops to burst in and destroy Moscow, killing 24,000 people. [13]
A fatal blow to the Horde was dealt by Tamerlane, who annihilated Tokhtamysh's army, destroyed his capital, looted the Crimean trade centers, and deported the most skillful craftsmen to his own capital in Samarkand. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of
In the first decades of the 15th century, power was wielded by Edigu, a vizier who routed Vytautas of Lithuania in the great Battle of the Vorskla River and established the Nogai Horde as his personal demesne. Edigu, or Edigey, also İdegäy or Edege Mangit (1352-1419 was an Emir of the White Horde who founded the new political entity which Vytautas the Great ( Lithuanian:; Vitaŭt; Latin: Alexander Vitoldus; Witold Ruthenian: Vitovt; c The Battle of the Vorskla River was a great battle in the medieval history of Eastern Europe. The Nogai Horde was a confederation of Turkic nomads that occupied the Pontic-Caspian steppe from about 1500 until pushed south by the Russians during the 17th century
In the 1440s, the Horde was again wracked by civil war. This time it broke up into separate Khanates: Qasim Khanate, Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of Astrakhan, Kazakh Khanate, Uzbek Khanate, and Khanate of Crimea all seceding from the last remnant of the Golden Horde - the Great or Big Horde. Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic origined word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. Qasim Khanate or Kingdom of Qasim ( Tatar: Qasím xanlığı/Касыйм ханлыгы, Qasím patşalığı/Касыйм патшалыгы The Kazan Khanate (Казан ханлыгы|Qazan xanlığı|قازان خانليغى Russian: Казанское ханство tr: Kazanskoe khanstvo The Khanate of Astrakhan ( Xacitarxan Khanate) was a Tatar Feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Kazakh Khanate ( Kazakh: Қазақ хандығы Russian: Казахское ханство was a Kazakh State that existed in 1456-1731 Uzbek khanate is the name given to any of three states that ruled Transoxiana, in what is now the country of Uzbekistan, from the 15th century to the 19th century The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; The Great horde was the steppe remnant of the Golden Horde from about 1466 until 1502
None of these new Khanates was stronger than Muscovite Russia, which finally broke free of Tatar control by 1480. The Grand Duchy of Moscow (Великое княжество Московское was a medieval Russian polity centered on Moscow between 1340 and The Great Standoff on the Ugra river ( Великое cтояние на реке Угре in Russian, also Угорщина (Ugorschina Each Khanate was eventually annexed by it, starting with Kazan and Astrakhan in the 1550s. By the end of the century the Siberia Khanate was also part of Russia, and descendants of its ruling khans entered Russian service. Sibirsky ( Russian: Сибирский, pl Сибирские) was the foremost of many Genghisid ( Shaybanid) families formerly living
The Crimean Khanate became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475 and subjugated what remained of the Great Horde by 1502. The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Great horde was the steppe remnant of the Golden Horde from about 1466 until 1502 Crimean Tatars wreaked havoc in southern Russia, Ukraine and even Poland in the course of the 16th and early 17th centuries but they were not able to defeat Russia or take Moscow. Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg Under Ottoman protection, the Khanate of Crimea continued its precarious existence until Catherine the Great annexed it on April 8, 1783. The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea (Qırım Hanlığı|قريم خانلغى Крымское ханство - Krymskoye khanstvo; Catherine II, called Catherine the Great (Екатерина II Великая Yekaterina II Velikaya;) reigned as Empress of Russia for 34 years Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or It was by far the longest-lived of the successor states to the Golden Horde. Succession of states is a theory in International relations regarding the recognition and acceptance of a newly created State by other states based on
Reference and notes
- ^ G. Vernadsky, M. George Vernadsky ( August 20 1887 – June 20 1973) Russian: Гео́ргий Влади́мирович Верна́дский was Karpovich: "The Mongols and Russia", Yale University Press, 1953
- ^ "Empire of the Golden Horde", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05. The Columbia Encyclopedia is a highly regarded one-volume Encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and sold by the Gale Group.
- ^ T. May, "Khanate of the Golden Horde", North Georgia College and State University.
- ^ a b "Golden Horde", in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Quotation: "also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for the Ulus Juchi, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were a mixture of Turks and Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. "
- ^ Edward L. Keenan, Encyclopedia Americana article
- ^ B. The Encyclopædia Americana is one of the largest general Encyclopedias in the English language. D. Grekov and A. Y. Yakubovski "The Golden Horde and its Downfall"
- ^ Denis Sinor, "The Mongols in the West", Journal of Asian History v. 33 n. 1 (1999).
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Mantran, Robert (Fossier, Robert, ed. ) "A Turkish or Mongolian Islam" in The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250-1520, p. 298
- ^ (Russian) Dmitri Donskoi Epoch
- ^ (Russian) History of Moscow settlements - Suchevo
- ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd edition, entry on "Московское восстание 1382", available online here
Further reading
- Boris Grekov and Alexander Yakubovski, "The Golden Horde and its Downfall". The Great Soviet Encyclopedia ( Большая Советская Энциклопедия, or БСЭ; transliterated Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya Boris Dmitrievich Grekov ( 21 April, 1882, Mirgorod near Poltava — 9 September 1953, Moscow) was a Soviet
- George Vernadsky, "The Mongols and Russia". George Vernadsky ( August 20 1887 – June 20 1973) Russian: Гео́ргий Влади́мирович Верна́дский was
See also
- Berke-Hulagu war
- Black Death
- Cossacks
- Cumans
- Daily Life in the Mongol Empire
- Eurasians
- Islam in Europe
- List of Khans of the Golden Horde
- List of wars in the Muslim world
- Mongol invasion of Rus
- Nomadic people
- Russo-Kazan Wars
- Tatar invasions
- Timeline of the Tataro-Mongol Yoke in Russia
- Tokhtamysh-Tamerlane war
External links
- The Golden Horde coinage
- Golden Horde — articles at the World Archaeology, in Russian
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