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Golda Meir
גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר
جولدا مائير
Golda Meir
In office
March 17, 1969 – June 3, 1974
Preceded by Levi Eshkol
Succeeded by Yitzhak Rabin
In office
June 18, 1956 – January 12, 1966
Preceded by Moshe Sharett
Succeeded by Abba Eban
Born May 3, 1898(1898-05-03)
Kiev, Russian Empire
Died December 8, 1978 (aged 80)
Jerusalem
Political party Mapai, Alignment

Golda Meir (Hebrew: גולדה מאיר‎, Arabic: جولدا مائير‎, born Golda Mabovitch, May 3, 1898 - December 8, 1978, known as Golda Myerson from 1917-1956) was the fourth prime minister, and a founder, of the State of Israel. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. (לֵוִי אֶשְׁכּוֹל born Levi Školnik (לֵוִי שׁקוֹלנִיק on 25 October 1895, died 26 February 1969) The Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (שר החוץ Sar HaHutz) is the political head of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Moshe Sharett (משה שרת born Moshe Shertok (Hebrew משה שרתוק on 15 October 1894, died 7 July 1965) was the second Abba Eban (אבא אבן born Aubrey Solomon Meir on 2 February 1915, died 17 November 2002) was an Israeli Diplomat Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the for the town in Mozambique see Mapai Mozambique Mapai (מפא"י an acronym for Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael (מפלגת The Alignment (המערך HaMa'arakh) was an alliance of the major left-wing parties in Israel between the 1960s and 1990s Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

After serving as the Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister, Golda Meir became Prime Minister of Israel on March 17, 1969. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. She was described as the "Iron Lady" of Israeli politics years before the epithet became associated with British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher. Iron Lady is a Nickname that has frequently been used to describe female Heads of government around the world Politics of Israel takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Israel is Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 [1] David Ben-Gurion used to call her "the only man in the government. " Meir was Israel's first woman prime minister and the third woman in the world to hold this office, but the first to do so without a family member having been head of state or government. [2]

Contents

Early life

Meir was born as Golda Mabovitch (Ukrainian: Голда Мабович) in Kiev in the Russian Empire (today Ukraine), to Blume Naidtich and Moshe Mabovitch, a carpenter. Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Golda wrote in her autobiography that her earliest memories were of her father boarding up the front door in response to rumors of an imminent pogrom. An autobiography, from the Greek αὐτός autos "self" βίος bios "life" and γράφειν graphein "to write" A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses She had two sisters, Sheyna and Tzipke. Five other siblings died in childhood. Golda was especially close to Sheyna. Moshe Mabovitch left for the United States in 1903 and the family followed in 1906. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [3]

Emigration to the United States

The family settled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where her father found a job as a carpenter and her mother ran a grocery store. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States At the age of eight, she was already put in charge of watching the store when her mother went to the market for supplies.

Golda attended the Fourth Street School (now Golda Meir School) from 1906 to 1912. The Golda Meir School (originally Fourth Street School) for gifted and talented students is a Milwaukee Public Schools district elementary school in Milwaukee A leader early on, Golda organized a fundraiser to pay for her classmates' textbooks. After forming the American Young Sisters Society, she rented a hall and scheduled a public meeting for the event. When she began school, she did not know English, but she graduated as valedictorian of her class. Valedictorian is an academic title typically conferred upon the highest ranked student among those being graduated from an educational institution

Golda in Milwaukee, 1914
Golda in Milwaukee, 1914

At 14, she went to North Division High School and worked part-time. Her mother wanted her to leave school and marry, but she rebelled. She bought a train ticket to Denver, Colorado, and went to live with her married sister, Sheyna Korngold. The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States The Korngolds held intellectual evenings at their home where Meir was exposed to debates on Zionism, literature, women's suffrage, trade unionism and more. In her autobiography, she wrote: "To the extent that my own future convictions were shaped and given form. . . those talk-filled nights in Denver played a considerable role. " In Denver, she also met Morris Meyerson, a sign painter, whom she later married at the age of 19. [4]

In 1913, Golda returned to her high school in Milwaukee, graduating in 1915. While there, she became an active member of Young Poalei Zion, which later became Habonim, the Labor Zionist youth movement. Poale Zion (also spelled Poalei Tziyon or Poaley Syjon, meaning "Workers of Zion" was a Movement of Marxist Zionist Jewish Habonim Dror (הבונים דרור Translation 'The Builders - Freedom' is a Secular Socialist-Zionist Youth movement formed by the merger Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the A youth movement is any attempt to organize individual young people into a unified identity She spoke at public meetings, embraced Socialist Zionism and hosted visitors from Palestine. Labor Zionism ( Labour Zionism, ציונות סוציאליסטית tsionut sotsialistit) can be described as the major stream of the Left wing of the Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River.

After graduating from the Milwaukee State Normal School (a predecessor of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee), she taught in public schools. Wisconsin State College of Milwaukee was one of the predecessor institutions of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (also known as UW-Milwaukee, UWM or Milwaukee) is a public Research university located in She formally joined the Labour Zionist Organization in 1915.

Golda and Morris married in 1917 and began planning to make aliyah (immigration to the Land of Israel, then a part of the Ottoman Empire). Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel) For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish They made the move to Palestine in 1921, together with Golda's sister Sheyna.

Aliyah to Palestine

Golda Meir in the fields at Kibbutz Merhavia
Golda Meir in the fields at Kibbutz Merhavia

In Palestine, the couple decided to join a kibbutz. A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in Their first application, to Kibbutz Merhavia in the Jezreel Valley, was rejected, but this decision was later overturned. The Jezreel Valley (עמק יזרעאל Emek Yizrael) is a large fertile plain and inland valley in the south of the Lower Galilee region of Israel Golda's duties included picking almonds, planting trees, working in the chicken coops and running the kitchen. The Almond ( Prunus dulcis, syn Prunus amygdalus Batsch Amygdalus communis L Recognizing her leadership abilities, the kibbutz chose her as its representative to the Histadrut, the General Federation of Labour. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The Histadrut ("Federation" labour or HaHistadrut HaKlalit shel In 1924, Golda and her husband left the kibbutz life and lived briefly in Tel Aviv before settling in Jerusalem. Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the There they had two children, a son Menachem (born 1924) and a daughter Sarah (born 1926). In 1928, Golda was elected secretary of Moetzet HaPoalot (Working Women's Council), which required her to spend two years (1932-34) as an emissary in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [5] The children went with her, but Morris stayed in Jerusalem. Morris and Golda grew apart but never divorced. Morris died in 1951.

Histadrut activities

In 1934, when Meir returned from the United States, she joined the Executive Committee of the Histadrut and moved up the ranks to become head of its Political Department. This appointment was important training for her future role in Israeli leadership. [6]

Évian conference

In July 1938, Meir was the Jewish observer from Palestine at the Évian Conference, called by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss the question of Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. The Évian Conference was convened at the initiative of US President Franklin D The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by In the course of history Jewish populations have been expelled or ostracised by various local authorities and have sought asylum from Antisemitism numerous times Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Delegates from the 32 invited countries repeatedly expressed their sorrow for the plight of the European Jews but made excuses as to why their countries could not help by admitting the refugees.

Meir was disappointed at the outcome and remarked to the press, "There is only one thing I hope to see before I die and that is that my people should not need expressions of sympathy anymore". [7]

Pre-state political role

In June 1946, the British cracked down on the Zionist movement in Palestine, arresting many leaders of the Yishuv. Yishuv (ישוב literally "settlement" or Ha-Yishuv (the Yishuv הישוב or the full term הישוב היהודי בארץ ישראל Hayishuv Hayehudi Meir took over as acting head of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency during the incarceration of Moshe Sharett. The Jewish Agency for Israel (Hebrew הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el) also known as the Sochnut or JAFI Moshe Sharett (משה שרת born Moshe Shertok (Hebrew משה שרתוק on 15 October 1894, died 7 July 1965) was the second Thus she became the principal negotiator between the Jews in Palestine and the British Mandatory authorities. After his release, Sharett went to the United States to attend talks on the UN Partition Plan, leaving Meir to head the Political Department until the establishment of the state in 1948. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 [8]

On May 10, 1948, four days before the official establishment of the state, Meir traveled to Amman disguised as an Arab woman for a secret meeting with King Abdullah of TransJordan at which she urged him not to join the other Arab countries in attacking the Jews. Amman (ɑˈmɑːn sometimes spelled Ammann ( Arabic عمان ʿAmmān) is the Capital city of the Hashemite Kingdom King Abdullah may refer to Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, regent of Saudi Arabia since 1995 and king since 2005 Abdullah II of Jordan, king The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine Abdullah asked her not to hurry to proclaim a state. Golda, known for her acerbic wit, replied: "We've been waiting for 2,000 years. Is that hurrying?"[9]

Ministerial positions

Meir was one of twenty-four signatories (two of them women) of the Israeli declaration of independence on May 14, 1948. The Israeli Declaration of Independence (הכרזת העצמאות Hakhrazat HaAtzma'ut or מגילת העצמאות Megilat HaAtzma'ut) made on 14 May Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. She later recalled, "After I signed, I cried. When I studied American history as a schoolgirl and I read about those who signed the Declaration of Independence, I couldn't imagine these were real people doing something real. The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then And there I was sitting down and signing a declaration of establishment. "

Israel was attacked the next day by the joint armies of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Iraq in the Israeli War of Independence. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Armed with the first Israeli-issued passport,[10][11] Golda was sent to the United States to raise money for the new state.

Ambassador to Moscow

Upon returning from the United States, Meir was appointed Israel's first ambassador to the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 During her brief stint there, which ended in 1949, she attended high holiday services at the synagogue in Moscow, where she was mobbed by thousands of Russian Jews chanting her name. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Despite Stalin's repression of Jewish identity in the Soviet Union, the turnout showed that the Jewish community was still strong and united. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The Israeli 10,000 shekel banknote issued in November 1984 bore a portrait of Golda on one side and the image of the crowd that turned out to cheer her in Moscow on the other[12]

Labor minister

In 1949, Meir was elected to the Knesset as a member of Mapai and served continuously until 1974. Shekel also rendered sheqel, refers to one of many ancient units of Weight and Currency. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit for the town in Mozambique see Mapai Mozambique Mapai (מפא"י an acronym for Mifleget Poalei Eretz Yisrael (מפלגת From 1949 to 1956, she served as a Minister of Labor, introducing major housing and road construction projects. [13]

Foreign minister

In 1956, she became Foreign Minister under Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. The Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (שר החוץ Sar HaHutz) is the political head of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Her predecessor, Moshe Sharett, had asked all members of the foreign service to Hebraicize their last names. Moshe Sharett (משה שרת born Moshe Shertok (Hebrew משה שרתוק on 15 October 1894, died 7 July 1965) was the second Upon her appointment as foreign minister, she shortened "Meyerson" to "Meir," which means "illuminate. "

As foreign minister, Meir promoted ties with the newly-established states in Africa in an effort to gain allies in the international community. [13] But she also believed that Israel had experience in nation-building that could be a model for the Africans. In her autobiography, she wrote: "Like them, we had shaken off foreign rule; like them, we had to learn for ourselves how to reclaim the land, how to increase the yields of our crops, how to irrigate, how to raise poultry, how to live together, and how to defend ourselves. " Israel could be a role model because it "had been forced to find solutions to the kinds of problems that large, wealthy, powerful states had never encountered. "[14]

In the early 1960s, Meir was diagnosed with lymphoma. Lymphoma a type of Neoplasm that originates in Lymphocytes (a type of White blood cell in the vertebrate Immune system) In January 1966, she retired from the Foreign Ministry, citing exhaustion and ill health, but soon returned to public life as secretary general of Mapai, supporting the prime minister, Levi Eshkol, in party conflicts. (לֵוִי אֶשְׁכּוֹל born Levi Školnik (לֵוִי שׁקוֹלנִיק on 25 October 1895, died 26 February 1969) [13]

Prime Ministership

After Levi Eshkol's sudden death on February 26, 1969, the party elected Meir as his successor. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [15] Meir came out of retirement to take office on March 17, 1969, serving as prime minister until 1974. Meir maintained the coalition government formed in 1967, after the Six Day War, in which Mapai merged with two other parties (Rafi and Ahdut HaAvoda) to form the Israel Labor party. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt [13]

In 1969 and the early 1970s, Meir met with many world leaders to promote her vision of peace in the Middle East, including Richard Nixon (1969), Nicolae Ceausescu (1972) and Pope Paul VI (1973). Nicolae Ceauşescu (nikoˈlaje tʃauˈʃesku (January 26 1918 – December 25 1989 was the communist dictator of Romania from 1965 until December 1989 when a revolution Pope In 1973, she hosted the chancellor of West Germany, Willy Brandt in Israel. Willy Brandt, born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm (18 December 1913 - 8 October 1992 was a German politician Chancellor of West Germany 1969&ndash1974 [13]

In August 1970, Meir accepted a U. S. peace initiative that called for an end to the War of Attrition and an Israeli pledge to withdraw to "secure and recognized boundaries" in the framework of a comprehensive peace settlement. The War of Attrition (מלחמת ההתשה حرب الاستنزاف was a Limited war fought between the Israeli military and forces of the Egyptian Republic The Gahal party quit the national unity government in protest, but Meir continued to lead the remaining coalition. Gahal (גח"ל an acronym for Gush Herut-Libralim (Hebrew גוש חרות-ליברלים lit [16]

Munich Olympics

Main article: Operation Wrath of God

In the wake of the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics, Meir appealed to the world to "save our citizens and condemn the unspeakable criminal acts committed. "Wrath of God" redirects here For the 1972 film by Werner Herzog, see Aguirre the Wrath of God. The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Munich, in what was "[17] Outraged at the lack of global action, she authorized the Mossad to hunt down and assassinate the Black September and PFLP operatives who took part in the massacre[18] The 1986 TV film Sword of Gideon, based on the book Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team by George Jonas, and Steven Spielberg's movie Munich (2005) were loosely based on these events. The Mossad ( HaMossad leModi'in v'leTafkidim Meyuhadim) (המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים - Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations The Black September Organization (منظمة أيلول الأسود munazzamat aylul al-aswad) was a Palestinian militant group founded in 1970 The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PFLP) ( Arabic: الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين al-Jabhah al-Sha`biyyah li-Tahrīr Sword of Gideon is a 1986 film about Mossad agents hunting down terrorists associated with the 1972 Munich Massacre in Operation Vengeance The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team is a book first published in 1984, by George Jonas describing part of Israel George Jonas (born June 15 1935) is a Hungarian -born Canadian writer Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. Munich is a 2005 semi-fictionalized film about the Israeli government's secret retaliation after the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli Olympic athletes

Yom Kippur War

A sculpture of Golda Meir at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, California
A sculpture of Golda Meir at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, California

In the days leading up to the Yom Kippur War, Israeli intelligence was not able to determine conclusively that an attack was imminent. The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the Presidential library of Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום However, on October 5, 1973, Meir received official news that Syrian forces were massing on the Golan heights. The prime minister was alarmed by the reports, and felt that the situation reminded her of what happened before the 1967 war. Her advisers, however, assured her not to worry, saying that they would have adequate notice before a war broke out. This made sense at the time, since after the 1967 war, most Israelis felt it unlikely that Arabs would attack again. Consequently, although a resolution was passed granting her power to demand a full-scale call-up of the military (instead of the typical cabinet decision), Meir did not mobilize Israel's forces early. Soon, though, war became very clear. Six hours before the outbreak of hostilities, Meir met with Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan and general David Elazar. Moshe Dayan, DSO (משה דיין born 20 May 1915 died 16 October 1981 was an Israeli military leader and politician David "Dado" Elazar (1925 – 1976 was the ninth Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, serving in that capacity from 1972 to 1974 While Dayan continued to argue that war was unlikely and thus was in favor of calling up the air force and only two divisions, Elazar advocated launching a full-scale pre-emptive strike on Syrian forces. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية [19]

Meir sided with Dayan, citing Israel's need for foreign aid. She believed that Israel could not depend on European countries to supply Israel with military equipment and the only country that might come to Israel's assistance was the United States. Israel–United States relations have evolved from an initial United States policy of sympathy and support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in 1947 Fearing that the U. S. would be wary of intervening if Israel were perceived as initiating the hostilities, Meir decided against a pre-emptive strike. She made it a priority to inform Washington of her decision. Then-U. S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger later confirmed Meir's assessment by stating that if Israel had launched a pre-emptive strike, Israel would not have received "so much as a nail. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 "

Resignation

Following the Yom Kippur War, Meir's government was plagued by in-fighting and questions over Israel's lack of preparedness for the war. The Agranat Commission appointed to investigate the war cleared her of direct responsibility, and her party won the elections in December 1973, but she resigned on April 11, 1974, bowing to what she felt was the "will of the people. The Agranat Commission was an official National Commission of Inquiry appointed by the Israeli government to investigate the circumstances leading to the outbreak of the Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. "[20] Yitzhak Rabin succeeded her on June 3, 1974. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar.

In 1975, Meir was awarded the Israel Prize for her special contribution to the State of Israel. The Israel Prize is an award handed out by the State of Israel. [21]

Death

On December 8, 1978, Golda Meir died of cancer in Jerusalem at the age of 80. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the She was buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem on December 12, 1978. Mount Herzl, (הר הרצל Har Hertzel; also Har HaZikaron, הר הזכרון lit Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian

Golda Meir's grave on Mt. Herzl
Golda Meir's grave on Mt. Herzl

Portrayals in film and theater

Golda Meir's story has been the subject of many fictionalized portrayals over the years. In 1977, Anne Bancroft played Meir in William Gibson's Broadway play Golda. Anne Bancroft ( September 17 1931 – June 6 2005) was an American method Actress. William Gibson (born November 13, 1914 in New York) is a Tony Award -winning American Playwright and Novelist Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Ingrid Bergman and the Australian actress Judy Davis played Meir in the television film A Woman Called Golda (1982), opposite Leonard Nimoy. (ˈbærjman in Swedish but usually ˈbɝgmən in English (August 29 1915 &ndash August 29 1982 was a Swedish three-time Academy Award -winning and two-time Emmy Judy Davis (born 23 April 1955 is an Academy Award -nominated Screen Actors Guild Award, three-time Emmy Award, two-time BAFTA Award A Woman Called Golda is a 1982 Made-for-television film Biopic of Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. Leonard Simon Nimoy (born March 26, 1931) is an American Actor, Film director, Poet, Musician and In 2003, the American Jewish actress Tovah Feldshuh portrayed her on Broadway in Golda's Balcony, Gibson's second play about Meir's life. American Jews, or Jewish Americans Terri Sue "Tovah" Feldshuh (born December 27 1952) is an award-winning American Actress, Singer, and Playwright Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Golda's Balcony is a play by William Gibson. It follows the trajectory of the life of Golda Meir from Russian Immigrant to The one-woman show was controversial in its implication that Meir considered using nuclear weapons during the Yom Kippur War. Israel is widely believed to be the sixth country in the world to develop Nuclear weapons and to be one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized Valerie Harper portrayed her in the touring company and in the film version of Golda's Balcony. Valerie Harper (born August 22, 1940) is an Emmy Award -winning American actress best known for her role as Rhoda Morgenstern In 2005, actress Lynn Cohen portrayed Meir in Steven Spielberg's film Munich. Lynn Cohen is an American actress She is known for playing Magda in the HBO series Sex and the City. Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. Munich is a 2005 semi-fictionalized film about the Israeli government's secret retaliation after the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli Olympic athletes

Quotes

Commemoration

Memorial plaque in Kiev
Memorial plaque in Kiev

Published Work

See also

References

  1. ^ Golda Meir, a BBC News profile. The Évian Conference was convened at the initiative of US President Franklin D
  2. ^ Female Prime Ministers before Golda Meir were Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and Indira Gandhi of India. Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike ( April 17, 1916 - October 10, 2000) was a politician from Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
  3. ^ Golda Meir's American Roots
  4. ^ Golda Meir: An Outline Of A Life
  5. ^ Golda Meir, Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, ed. Raphael Patai, New York, 1971, vol. II, pp. 776-777
  6. ^ "Golda Meir," Encyclopedia Judaica, Keter, 1972, Jerusalem, vol. 11, pp. 1242-1245
  7. ^ Golda Meir: An Outline Of A Life
  8. ^ "Golda Meir," Encyclopedia Judaica, Keter, 1972, Jerusalem, vol. 11, pp. 1242-1245
  9. ^ "Golda Meir: Peace and Arab Acceptance Were Goals of Her 5 Years as Premier", The New York Times, 1978-12-09. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city  
  10. ^ Golda (Emery/Weiner School)
  11. ^ Golda Meir’s life was devoted to building Zionism by Dan Pine (Jewish SF, July 15, 2005)
  12. ^ News Behind the News
  13. ^ a b c d e Golda Meir, Encyclopedia Britannica, Micropedia, 1974, 15th edition, pp. 762
  14. ^ Golda Meir, My Life, (NY: Dell Publishing Co. , 1975), pp. 308-309
  15. ^ BBC ON THIS DAY | 7 | 1969: Israel elects first female leader
  16. ^ Golda Meir Encyclopedia Judaica, Keter, Jerusalem, 1972, p. 1242-1244
  17. ^ Hostages killed in gun battle Daily Telegraph, 5 September 1972
  18. ^ Morris, B. (1999, 2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881–2000. New York: Vintage Books. Vintage Books was founded in 1954 by Alfred A Knopf as a trade Paperback home for its authors ISBN 0-679-74475-4.  
  19. ^ History News Network
  20. ^ Biography of Golda Meir - Zionism and Israel - Biographies
  21. ^ Israel Independence Day on Virtual Jerusalem
  22. ^ Golda Meir Center
  23. ^ http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.co0203 U. S. Library of Congress
  24. ^ Golda Meir Center
  25. ^ Fourth Street School - Wisconsin Historical Society

Biographies

External links

Profiles

Photographs

Documents

Quotes

Political offices
Preceded by
unknown		 Minister of Labor
1949-1956		 Succeeded by
unknown
Preceded by
Moshe Sharett		 Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel
1956-1966		 Succeeded by
Abba Eban
Preceded by
Yigal Allon
Acting prime minister		 Prime Minister of Israel
1969–1974		 Succeeded by
Yitzhak Rabin
Party political offices
Preceded by
Yigal Allon
Interim leader		 Leader of the Alignment
1969–1974		 Succeeded by
Yitzhak Rabin


Persondata
NAME Meir, Golda
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mabovitch, Golda; Myerson, Golda; גולדה מאיר
SHORT DESCRIPTION Prime Minister of Israel
DATE OF BIRTH May 3, 1898
PLACE OF BIRTH Kiev, Ukraine
DATE OF DEATH December 8, 1978
PLACE OF DEATH Jerusalem, Israel

The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (also known as UW-Milwaukee, UWM or Milwaukee) is a public Research university located in Moshe Sharett (משה שרת born Moshe Shertok (Hebrew משה שרתוק on 15 October 1894, died 7 July 1965) was the second The Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (שר החוץ Sar HaHutz) is the political head of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Abba Eban (אבא אבן born Aubrey Solomon Meir on 2 February 1915, died 17 November 2002) was an Israeli Diplomat Yigal Allon (יגאל אלון born 10 October 1918, died 29 February 1980) was an Israeli politician a commander of the The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead Yigal Allon (יגאל אלון born 10 October 1918, died 29 February 1980) was an Israeli politician a commander of the The Alignment (המערך HaMa'arakh) was an alliance of the major left-wing parties in Israel between the 1960s and 1990s The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
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