Citizendia
Your Ad Here

This article is about the metal. For the color, see Gold (color). Gold, also called golden, is a Yellowish orange Color which is a representation of the color of the element For other uses, see Gold (disambiguation).
79 platinum ← gold → mercury
Ag
↑
Au
↓
Rg
General
Name, Symbol, Number gold, Au, 79
Chemical series transition metals
Group, Period, Block 11, 6, d
Appearance metallic yellow
Standard atomic weight 196. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Roentgenium (rɛntˈgɛniəm /rʌntˈdʒɛniəm/ is a Chemical element in the Periodic table that has the symbol Rg and Atomic number This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic See also A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass 966569(4)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 19. In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 3  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p. 17. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 31  g·cm−3
Melting point 1337. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 33 K
(1064. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic 18 °C, 1947. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 52 °F)
Boiling point 3129 K
(2856 °C, 5173 °F)
Heat of fusion 12. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 55  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 324  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 25. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 418  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T(K) 1646 1814 2021 2281 2620 3078
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic face centered
Oxidation states −1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 54 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies 1st: 890. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron 1 kJ/mol
2nd: 1980 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 135  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) 174  pm
Covalent radius 144  pm
Van der Waals radius 166 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 22. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied Magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 14 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 318  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 14. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 2  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod) (r.t.) (hard-drawn)
2030  m·s−1
Young's modulus 78  GPa
Tensile Strain 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 00157  
Shear modulus 27  GPa
Bulk modulus 220  GPa
Poisson ratio 0. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 44
Mohs hardness 2. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5
Vickers hardness 216  MPa
Brinell hardness  ? 2450  MPa
CAS registry number 7440-57-5
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of gold
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
195Au syn 186. The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1924 by Smith and Sandland as an alternative method to measure the Hardness of materials The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation Hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter loaded on a material test-piece CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Gold ( Au) has one stable Isotope, 197Au, and 18 Radioisotopes with 195Au being the most stable with Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 10 d ε 0. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the 227 195Pt
196Au syn 6. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 183 d ε 1. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the 506 196Pt
β- 0. Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 686 196Hg
197Au 100% 197Au is stable with 118 neutrons
198Au syn 2. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 69517 d β- 1. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 372 198Hg
199Au syn 3. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum A synthetic radioisotope is a Radionuclide that is not found in nature no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it or it is so unstable that it decays away in 169 d β- 0. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted 453 199Hg
References

Gold (pronounced /ˈɡoʊld/) is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and atomic number 79. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton It is a highly sought-after precious metal which, for many centuries, has been used as money, a store of value and in jewelry. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts. To act as a store of value, a Commodity, a form of Money, or Financial capital must be able to be reliably saved stored and retrieved - and be predictably Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks, underground "veins" and in alluvial deposits. A gold nugget is a naturally occurring piece of native Gold. Watercourses often concentrate the nuggets and they are recovered by Placer mining, but they may also Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running It is one of the coinage metals. See also Gold is dense, soft, shiny and the most malleable and ductile of the known metals. For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without Pure gold has a bright yellow color traditionally considered attractive.

Gold formed the basis for the gold standard used before the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states The ISO currency code of gold bullion is XAU. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Modern industrial uses include dentistry and electronics, where gold has traditionally found use because of its good resistance to oxidative corrosion. Dentistry' is the "evaluation diagnosis prevention and/or treatment (nonsurgical surgical or related procedures of diseases disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity Electronics refers to the flow of charge (moving Electrons through Nonmetal conductors (mainly Semiconductors, whereas electrical

Chemically, gold is a transition metal and can form trivalent and univalent cations upon solvation. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Gold does not react with most chemicals, but is attacked by chlorine, fluorine, aqua regia and cyanide. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Fluorine, fluorum meaning "to flow" is the Chemical element with the symbol F and Atomic number 9 Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but does not react with it. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which will dissolve silver and base metals, and this is the basis of the gold refining technique known as "inquartation and parting". Nitric acid ( H[[nitrate NO3]] also known as Aqua fortis and spirit of nitre, is a highly corrosive and Nitric acid has long been used to confirm the presence of gold in items, and this is the origin of the colloquial term "acid test," referring to a gold standard test for genuine value.

Contents

Characteristics

Gold is the most malleable and ductile metal; a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of one square meter, or an ounce into 300 square feet. For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. M^2 redirects here For other uses see M². CM2 redirects here This article is about the unit of mass For the unit of force see Pound-force. The square foot is an Imperial unit / US customary unit (non- SI non- metric) of Area, used mainly in the United States Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become translucent. The transmitted light appears greenish blue, because gold strongly reflects yellow and red.

Gold readily forms alloys with many other metals. These alloys can be produced to increase the hardness or to create exotic colors (see below). Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is not affected by air and most reagents. In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a Chemical reaction. Heat, moisture, oxygen, and most corrosive agents have very little chemical effect on gold, making it well-suited for use in coins and jewelry; conversely, halogens will chemically alter gold, and aqua regia dissolves it via formation of the chloraurate ion. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Abundance Owing to their high Reactivity, the halogens are found in the environment only in compounds or as Ions Halide ions and oxoanions Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution

Common oxidation states of gold include +1 (gold(I) or aurous compounds) and +3 (gold(III) or auric compounds). In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Gold ions in solution are readily reduced and precipitated out as gold metal by adding any other metal as the reducing agent. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Precipitation is the formation of a Solid in a Solution during a Chemical reaction. The added metal is oxidized and dissolves allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state

Recent research undertaken by Sir Frank Reith of the Australian National University shows that microbes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits. [1]

High quality pure metallic gold is tasteless, in keeping with its resistance to corrosion (it is metal ions which confer taste to metals).

In addition, gold is very dense, a cubic meter weighing 19300 kg. By comparison, the density of lead is 11340 kg/m³, and the densest element, iridium, is 22650 kg/m³. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Iridium (ɪˈrɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ir and Atomic number 77

Color of gold

The usual gray color of metals depends on their "electron sea" that is capable of absorbing and re-emitting photons over a wide range of frequencies. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J In Physics, the photon is the Elementary particle responsible for electromagnetic phenomena Gold behaves differently, depending on subtle relativistic effects that affect the orbitals around gold atoms. Relativistic quantum chemistry is a branch of Quantum chemistry that applies relativistic mechanics, and in particular the Dirac equation or an approximation [2]

Applications

As the metal

Medium of monetary exchange

In various countries, gold is used as a standard for monetary exchange, in coinage and in jewelry. Money is anything that is generally accepted as Payment for Goods and services and repayment of Debts. main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones Pure gold is too soft for ordinary use and is typically hardened by alloying with copper or other base metals. The gold content of gold alloys is measured in carats (k), pure gold being designated as 24k. The KARAT (abbreviation "K" or 'Kt' or "KP" for Karat Plumb is a measure of the Purity of Gold Alloys.

Gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown gold, for hardness. Crown gold is a 22 kt ( carat) Gold Alloy, introduced in England for Gold coin manufacture in 1526 (by Henry VIII) on the basis of Modern collector/investment bullion coins (which do not require good mechanical wear properties) are typically 24k, although the American Gold Eagle and British gold sovereign continue to be made at 22k, on historical tradition. A Bullion Coin is a coin struck from Precious metal and kept as a store of value or an investment rather than used in day-to-day commerce For the $10 pre-1932 US gold circulation coin see Eagle Specifications Each of the four sizes contains 91 A Gold Sovereign is a Gold coin first issued in 1489 for Henry VII of England and still in production as of 2008 The Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity gold of any popular bullion coin, at 99. The Canadian Gold Maple Leaf is the official Bullion Gold coin of Canada and is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint. 999% (. 99999 fine). Several other 99. 99% pure gold coins are currently available, including Australia's Gold Kangaroos (first appearing in 1986 as the Australian Gold Nugget, with the kangaroo theme appearing in 1989), the several coins of the Australian Lunar Calendar series, and the Austrian Philharmonic. Specifications In 2006, the U. S. Mint began production of the American Buffalo gold bullion coin also at 99. The American Buffalo, also known as a Gold Buffalo is a 24- karat Gold bullion Coin first offered for sale by the United States Mint 99% purity.

Today, gold has fallen out of favor for use in coins made for general circulation.

Jewelry

Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is usually alloyed with base metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties. Alloys with lower caratage, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper, silver or other base metals in the alloy. Copper is the most commonly used base metal, yielding a redder metal. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Eighteen carat gold containing 25% copper is found in antique and Russian jewellery and has a distinct, though not dominant, copper cast, creating rose gold. Rose gold is a Gold and Copper Alloy widely used for specialized Jewelry due to its reddish color Fourteen carat gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys, and both may be used to produce police and other badges. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Blue gold can be made by alloying with iron and purple gold can be made by alloying with aluminum, although rarely done except in specialized jewelry. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 WikipediaNaming Blue gold is more brittle and therefore more difficult to work with when making jewelry. Fourteen and eighteen carat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as green gold. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen White gold alloys can be made with palladium or nickel. Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 White 18 carat gold containing 17. 3% nickel, 5. 5% zinc and 2. 2% copper is silver in appearance. Nickel is toxic, however, and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe. Alternative white gold alloys are available based on palladium, silver and other white metals (World Gold Council), but the palladium alloys are more expensive than those using nickel. High-carat white gold alloys are far more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Sterling silver is an Alloy of Silver containing 925% pure silver and 7 The Japanese craft of Mokume-gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects. Mokumebilletpng|thumb|200px|Mokume-gane brass/copper billet]] Mokume-gane ( 木目金) is a mixed-metal laminate with distinctive layered patterns

The 220 kg Gold brick displayed in Chinkuashi Gold Museum, Taiwan.
The 220 kg Gold brick displayed in Chinkuashi Gold Museum, Taiwan.

Other

As gold chemical compounds

Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium cyanide, and gold cyanide is the electrolyte used in commercial electroplating of gold onto base metals and electroforming. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium Electroplating is the process of using electrical current to reduce Cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a conductive object Electroforming is a highly specialized process of Metal part fabrication using Electrodeposition in a plating bath over a base form or Mandrel which Gold chloride (chloroauric acid) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with citrate or ascorbate ions. Chloroauric acid is a Inorganic compound with the formula HAuCl4 A citrate can refer either to the Conjugate base of Citric acid, (C3H5O(COO33&minus or to the Esters of citric Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make highly-valued cranberry or red-colored glass, which, like colloidal gold sols, contains evenly-sized spherical gold nanoparticles. A colloid is a type of mechanical Mixture where one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another In Nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties

History

The Turin mining papyrus
The Turin mining papyrus

Gold has been known and highly-valued since prehistoric times. The Turin Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian Map, generally considered the oldest surviving map of topographical interest from the ancient world Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" It may have been the first metal used by humans and was valued for ornamentation and rituals. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which king Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was "more plentiful than dirt" in Egypt. Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek Tushratta was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten -- approximately the late 14th century Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) [7] Egypt and especially Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas for much of history. This article is about the region in Africa for other uses see Nubia (disambiguation. The earliest known map is known as the Turin papyrus and shows the plan of a gold mine in Nubia together with indications of the local geology. The Turin Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian Map, generally considered the oldest surviving map of topographical interest from the ancient world "Gold mine" redirects here See Goldmine for other uses of the term Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit The primitive working methods are described by Strabo and included fire-setting. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. A method of mining fires were set against a rock face to break the rock by Thermal shock after dousing with water Large mines also occurred across the Red Sea in what is now Saudi Arabia. The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi

Funerary mask of Tutankhamun
Funerary mask of Tutankhamun

The legend of the golden fleece may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from placer deposits in the ancient world. In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας is the fleece of the winged ram Chrysomallos (Χρυσόμαλλος In Geology, a placer deposit or placer is an accumulation of valuable minerals formed by deposition of dense mineral phases in a trap site

Jason returns with the golden Fleece on an Apulian red-figure calyx krater, ca. 340–330 BC
Jason returns with the golden Fleece on an Apulian red-figure calyx krater, ca. Apulia ( Italian: Puglia) is a region in southeastern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea in the east the Ionian Sea Red-figure vase painting is one of the most important styles of figural Greek vase painting. For the Landform crater see Crater. A krater (in Greek: κρατήρ kratēr, from the Verb κεράννυμι 340–330 BC

Gold is mentioned frequently in the Old Testament, starting with Genesis 2:11 (at Havilah) and is included with the gifts of the magi in the first chapters of Matthew New Testament. In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christian Biblical canon. Havilah is a land mentioned in the Bible first described in Genesis 211 in relation to the Garden of Eden: "The name of the first is the Pishon The Magi (singular Magus, from Latin via Greek μάγος; Old English: Mage; from Persian maguš and Kurdish The Book of Revelation 21:21 describes the city of New Jerusalem as having streets "made of pure gold, clear as crystal". The Book of Revelation, also called Revelation to John, Apocalypse of John ( pronounced, from the Ἀποκάλυψις Ἰωάννου In The Bible, the New Jerusalem (also called the tabernacle of God, holy city, city of God, celestial city, and heavenly Jerusalem The south-east corner of the Black Sea was famed for its gold. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Exploitation is said to date from the time of Midas, and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in Lydia between 643 and 630 BC. In Greek mythology, Midas or King Midas (in Greek Μίδας is popularly remembered for his ability to turn everything he touched into Gold Defining Lydia Aside from a legend related by Herodotus, who states that the name Lydia came from king Lydus at the time of the fall of Troy Events and trends 636 BC — Duke Wen of Jin ascends to power in the State of Jin during the Zhou Dynasty of China.

Panoramic view of Las Médulas
Panoramic view of Las Médulas

The Romans developed new methods for extracting gold on a large scale using hydraulic mining methods, especially in Spain from 25 BC onwards and in Romania from 150 AD onwards. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Hydraulic mining, or hydraulicking, is a form of Mining that employs Water to dislodge rock material or move sediment Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania One of their largest mines was at Las Medulas in Galicia, where seven long aqueducts enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit. Las Médulas, located near the town of Ponferrada in León province, Spain, used to be the most important Gold mine in the Roman An aqueduct is an artificial channel that is constructed to convey water from one location to another The mines at Roşia Montană in Transylvania were also very large, and until very recently, still mined by opencast methods. Roşia Montană ("Red Creek" Hungarian: Verespatak; German: Goldbach) is a commune of Alba County in the Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian They also exploited smaller deposits in Wales, such as placer and hard-rock deposits at Dolaucothi. The Dolaucothi Gold Mines ( also known as the Ogofau Gold Mine, are Roman surface and deep mines located in the valley of the River Cothi, The various methods they used are well described by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia written towards the end of the first century AD. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author An encyclopedia (or '''encyclopædia''') is a comprehensive written Compendium that contains Information on either all branches of Knowledge Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder.

The Mali Empire in Africa was famed throughout the old world for its large amounts of gold. The Mali Empire or Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa was a Medieval West African civilization of the Mandinka from c Mansa Musa, ruler of the empire (1312–1337) became famous throughout the old world for his great hajj to Mecca in 1324. The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored When he passed through Cairo in July of 1324, he was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. A camel train is a series of Camels carrying goods or passengers in a group as part of a regular or semi-regular service between two points He gave away so much gold that it took over a decade for the economy across North Africa to recover, due to the rapid inflation that it initiated. [8] A contemporary Arab historian remarked;

“ Gold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year. The mithqal did not go below 25 dirhams and was generally above, but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now. The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less. This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there [. . . ] ”

—Chihab Al-Umari[9]

The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by Native American peoples, especially in Central America, Peru, and Colombia. Chihab Addine Abul-Abbas Ahmad ben Fadhl al-Umari (or simply al-Umari, 1300 &ndash 1384 was an Arab Historian, born in Damsacus. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America.

Although the price of some platinum group metals can be much higher, gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals, and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies (known as the gold standard) in history. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties. Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was made fun of by Thomas More in his treatise Utopia. Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535 from 1935 Saint Thomas More, was an English Lawyer, author and statesman who in his lifetime gained De Optimo Republicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia (translated On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia) or more simply On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware and lavatory-seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly-dressed of their party.

There is an age-old tradition of biting gold in order to test its authenticity. Although this is certainly not a professional way of examining gold, the bite test should score the gold because gold is considered a soft metal according to the Mohs' scale of mineral hardness. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material The purer the gold the easier it should be to mark it. Painted lead can cheat this test because lead is softer than gold (and may invite a small risk of lead poisoning if sufficient lead is absorbed by the biting). Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal Lead in

This 156 ounce (4,42 kg) nugget was found by an individual prospector in the Southern California Desert using a metal detector.
This 156 ounce (4,42 kg) nugget was found by an individual prospector in the Southern California Desert using a metal detector.

Gold in antiquity was relatively easy to obtain geologically; however, 75% of all gold ever produced has been extracted since 1910. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit [10] It has been estimated that all the gold in the world that has ever been refined would form a single cube 20 m (66 ft) on a side (equivalent to 8000 m³). [10]

One main goal of the alchemists was to produce gold from other substances, such as lead — presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the philosopher's stone. Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly The philosopher's stone (lapis philosophorum Greek: Chrysopoeia) is a Legendary substance supposedly capable of turning inexpensive Metals Although they never succeeded in this attempt, the alchemists promoted an interest in what can be done with substances, and this laid a foundation for today's chemistry. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center (☉), which was also the astrological symbol, the Egyptian hieroglyph and the ancient Chinese character for the Sun. The circled dot, circumpunct, or circle with a point at its centre is an ancient symbol Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Egyptian hieroglyphs (ˈhaɪərəʊɡlɪf from Greek grc-Grek ἱερογλύφος " sacred carving " also hieroglyphic = grc-Grek A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. For modern attempts to produce artificial gold, see gold synthesis. Synthesis of noble metals refers to the realization of the age-old dream of alchemists —to artificially produce Noble metals The goal of this could be to achieve

During the 19th century, gold rushes occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered. A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of Gold. The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega. [11] Further gold rushes occurred in California, Colorado, Otago, Australia, Witwatersrand, Black Hills, and Klondike. The California Gold Rush (1848&ndash1855 began on January 24 1848 when Gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California The Pike's Peak Gold Rush (later known as the Colorado Gold Rush) was the boom in Gold prospecting and mining in the Pike's Peak Country of western The Central Otago Gold Rush (often simply called the Otago gold rush) was a Gold rush that occurred during the 1860s in Central Otago, New Zealand The Australian gold rushes started in 1851 when prospector Edward Hammond Hargraves claimed the discovery of payable Gold near Bathurst, New South The Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a Gold rush in 1886 that led to the establishment of Johannesburg, South Africa. The Black Hills Gold Rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States, and is general considered to have started 1860 -70 The Klondike Gold Rush, infrequently referred to as the Yukon Gold Rush or Alaska Gold Rush, was a frenzy of Gold rush Immigration to and for

Because of its historically high value, much of the gold mined throughout history is still in circulation in one form or another.

Occurrence

In nature, gold most often occurs in its native state (that is, as a metal), though usually alloyed with silver. Native gold contains usually eight to ten percent silver, but often much more — alloys with a silver content over 20% are called electrum. Electrum is a naturally occurring Alloy of Gold and Silver, with trace amounts of Copper and other metals As the amount of silver increases, the color becomes whiter and the specific gravity becomes lower.

Ores bearing native gold consist of grains or microscopic particles of metallic gold embedded in rock, often in association with veins of quartz or sulfide minerals like pyrite. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in A sulfide mineral is a Mineral containing Sulfide (S2- as the major Anion. These are called "lode" deposits. Native gold is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger nuggets that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits (called placer deposits). Alluvium (from the Latin, alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against" is Soil or Sediments deposited by a river or other running In Geology, a placer deposit or placer is an accumulation of valuable minerals formed by deposition of dense mineral phases in a trap site Such free gold is always richer at the surface of gold-bearing veins owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering, and washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets.

Gold sometimes occurs in minerals in chemical composition with other elements, especially in association with tellurium. Tellurium (tɪˈlʊəriəm/ /tɛl- is a Chemical element that has the symbol Te and Atomic number 52 Examples are calaverite, sylvanite, nagyagite, petzite and krennerite. Calaverite, or gold telluride, is an uncommon telluride of Gold; it is a Metallic Mineral. Sylvanite or silver gold telluride, ( Ag, Au) Te 2 is the most common Telluride of Gold. Nagyagite ( Pb 5 Au ( Te, Sb)4 S 5-8 is a Dark Grey to Black Sulfide The mineral petzite, Ag 3 Au[[tellurium Te]]2 is a soft steel-gray Mineral generally deposited by Hydrothermal activity Krennerite is an Orthorhombic Gold telluride Mineral which can contain a relatively small amount of Silver in the structure Gold also occurs rarely as a mercury-gold amalgam, and in very low concentrations in seawater. In Chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance Seawater is Water from a Sea or Ocean. On average seawater in the world's oceans has a Salinity of about 3

Production

Gold Nuggets found in Arizona
Gold Nuggets found in Arizona
Main articles: Gold prospecting, Gold mining, and Gold extraction
The entrance to an underground gold mine in Victoria, Australia
The entrance to an underground gold mine in Victoria, Australia
Gold ore
Gold ore
World gold production trend
World gold production trend
Gold output in 2005
Gold output in 2005

Economic gold extraction can be achieved from ore grades as little as 0. Gold prospecting is the act of going equipped to find Gold in rocks or in stream beds with a view to exploiting that discovery "Gold mine" redirects here See Goldmine for other uses of the term Gold extraction or recovery from its Ores may require a combination of Comminution, Mineral processing, hydrometallurgical, and Gold extraction or recovery from its Ores may require a combination of Comminution, Mineral processing, hydrometallurgical, and 5 g/1000 kg (0. 5 parts per million, ppm) on average in large easily mined deposits. Typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 g/1000 kg (1–5 ppm), ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 g/1000 kg (3 ppm) on average. Open-pit mining, also known as opencast mining and open-cut mining and strip mining, refers to a method of extracting rock or Minerals Underground hard rock Mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals such as those containing metals like Gold, Since ore grades of 30 g/1000 kg (30 ppm) are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, in most gold mines the gold is invisible.

Since the 1880s, South Africa has been the source for a large proportion of the world’s gold supply, with about 50% of all gold ever produced having come from South Africa. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, producing about 1,000 tonnes. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. However by 2007 production was just 272 tonnes. This sharp decline was due to the increasing difficulty of extraction, changing economic factors affecting the industry, and tightened safety auditing. In 2007 China (with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa has not been the largest. [12]

The city of Johannesburg located in South Africa was founded as a result of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest gold deposits the world has ever seen. Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. The Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a Gold rush in 1886 that led to the establishment of Johannesburg, South Africa. Gold fields located within the basin in the Free State and Gauteng provinces are extensive in strike and dip requiring some of the world's deepest mines, with the Savuka and TauTona mines being currently the world's deepest gold mine at 3,777 m. History See also Orange Free State Geography The Free State is situated on flat boundless plains in the heart of South Africa Gauteng (xaʊˈtɛŋ Sotho xɑ́útʼèŋ̀ is a province of South Africa. TauTona is a Gold mine in South Africa. At some 36 kilometers deep it is currently home to the world's deepest mining operations The Second Boer War of 1899–1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The term Afrikaner people refers to white Afrikaans -speaking people who have been established in Southern Africa since the 17th century and are mainly of northwestern Boer (ˈbuːr in Dutch ˈbʊɚ/ /boʊɚ or /ˈbɔr/ in English is the Dutch word for Farmer which came to denote the descendants of the proto Afrikaans

Other major producers are United States, Australia, China, Russia and Peru. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Mines in South Dakota and Nevada supply two-thirds of gold used in the United States. South Dakota ( is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Nevada ( is a state located in the western region of the United States of America. In South America, the controversial project Pascua Lama aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of Atacama Desert, at the border between Chile and Argentina. Pascua-Lama is an Open pit mine of Gold, Silver, Copper and other Minerals located in the Andes mountains, south Atacama redirects here for the political-administrative region of Chile, see Atacama Region. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Today about one-quarter of the world gold output is estimated to originate from artisanal or small scale mining. [13]

After initial production, gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process or the Miller process. The Miller process is an industrial-scale chemical procedure used to refine Gold to a high degree of purity (99 Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as cuppelation, or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia. Cupellation is a process used to separate Noble metals such as Gold or Silver from Base metals such as Lead. Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution

The world's oceans hold a vast amount of gold, but in very low concentrations (perhaps 1–2 parts per 10 billion). A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from sea water, but so far they have all been either mistaken or crooks. Reverend Prescott Jernegan ran a gold-from-seawater swindle in America in the 1890s. A British fraud ran the same scam in England in the early 1900s. [14]

Fritz Haber (the German inventor of the Haber process) attempted commercial extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany's reparations following the First World War. Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 &ndash 29 January 1934 was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Unfortunately, his assessment of the concentration of gold in sea water was unduly high, probably due to sample contamination. The effort produced little gold and cost the German government far more than the commercial value of the gold recovered. No commercially viable mechanism for performing gold extraction from sea water has yet been identified. Gold synthesis is not economically viable and is unlikely to become so in the foreseeable future. Synthesis of noble metals refers to the realization of the age-old dream of alchemists —to artificially produce Noble metals The goal of this could be to achieve

The average gold mining and extraction costs are $238 per troy ounce but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality. Troy weight is a system of units of Mass customarily used for Precious metals Black powder, and Gemstones Named after Troyes In 2001, global mine production amounted to 2,604 tonnes, or 67% of total gold demand in that year. At the end of 2001, it was estimated that all the gold ever mined totaled 145,000 tonnes. [15]

At current consumption rates, the supply of gold is believed to last 45 years. [16]

Price

Main articles: Gold as an investment and Gold standard
LBMA USD morning price fixings ($US per troy ounce) since 2001
LBMA USD morning price fixings ($US per troy ounce) since 2001
Gold price per ounce in USD since 1968, in actual US$ and 2006 US$
Gold price per ounce in USD since 1968, in actual US$ and 2006 US$

Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy weight and by grams. This article discusses buying gold as an investment. Gold price The usual benchmark for the price of gold is known as the London Gold Fixing, a twice-daily The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold The Gold Fixing (also known as the London Gold Fixing or Gold Fix) is the procedure by which the price of Gold is set on the London market by Troy weight is a system of units of Mass customarily used for Precious metals Black powder, and Gemstones Named after Troyes For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. When it is alloyed with other metals the term carat or karat is used to indicate the amount of gold present, with 24 karats being pure gold and lower ratings proportionally less. The KARAT (abbreviation "K" or 'Kt' or "KP" for Karat Plumb is a measure of the Purity of Gold Alloys. The purity of a gold bar can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1, known as the millesimal fineness, such as 0. "Gold brick" redirects here For other uses see Gold brick (disambiguation. Millesimal fineness is a system of denoting the purity of Platinum, Gold and Silver Alloys by parts per thousand of pure metal by mass in 995 being very pure.

The price of gold is determined on the open market, but a procedure known as the Gold Fixing in London, originating in September 1919, provides a daily benchmark figure to the industry. The Gold Fixing (also known as the London Gold Fixing or Gold Fix) is the procedure by which the price of Gold is set on the London market by London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The afternoon fixing appeared in 1968 to fix a price when US markets are open.

The high price of gold is due to its rare amount. Only three parts out of every billion (0. 000000003) in the Earth's crust is gold.

Historically gold was used to back currency; in an economic system known as the gold standard, a certain weight of gold was given the name of a unit of currency. The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold In the Physical sciences weight is a Measurement of the gravitational Force acting on an object For a long period, the United States government set the value of the US dollar so that one troy ounce was equal to $20. Troy weight is a system of units of Mass customarily used for Precious metals Black powder, and Gemstones Named after Troyes 67 ($664. 56/kg), but in 1934 the dollar was revalued to $35. 00 per troy ounce ($1125. 27/kg). By 1961 it was becoming hard to maintain this price, and a pool of US and European banks agreed to manipulate the market to prevent further currency devaluation against increased gold demand.

On 17 March 1968, economic circumstances caused the collapse of the gold pool, and a two-tiered pricing scheme was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 00 per troy ounce ($1. 13/g) but the price of gold on the private market was allowed to fluctuate; this two-tiered pricing system was abandoned in 1975 when the price of gold was left to find its free-market level. Central banks still hold historical gold reserves as a store of value although the level has generally been declining. Gold reserves (or gold holdings) are held by Central banks as a Store of value. To act as a store of value, a Commodity, a form of Money, or Financial capital must be able to be reliably saved stored and retrieved - and be predictably The largest gold depository in the world is that of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank in New York, which holds about 3% of the gold ever mined, as does the similarly-laden U.S. Bullion Depository at Fort Knox. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States Bullion Depository, commonly called Fort Knox is a fortified vault building located near Fort Knox Kentucky which is used to store a large Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown.

In 2005 the World Gold Council estimated total global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes, giving a surplus of 105 tonnes. The World Gold Council, formed in 1987 is an industry association of the world's leading Gold mining companies [17]

Long term price trends

Since April 2001 the gold price has more than tripled in value against the US dollar (as seen here), prompting speculation that this long secular bear market (or the Great Commodities Depression) has ended and a bull market has returned [18] [19]. In Investing, Financial markets are commonly believed to have market trends that can be classified as primary trends secondary trends (short-term and secular trends The Great Commodities Depression is a term used in economic history to describe the protracted declines in the prices of raw materials roughly from 1982 – 1998. In Investing, Financial markets are commonly believed to have market trends that can be classified as primary trends secondary trends (short-term and secular trends In March 2008, the gold price increased above $1000 [20], which in real terms is still well below the $850 peak in 1980. The distinction between real versus nominal value occurs in many fields In the last century, major economic crises (such as the Great Depression, World War II, the first and second oil crisis) lowered the Dow/Gold ratio (which is inherently inflation adjusted) substantially, in most cases to a value well below 4 (as seen here). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The 1973 oil crisis began on October 17 1973 when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC consisting of the Arab members of The 1979 (or second) oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. During these difficult times, investors tried to preserve their assets by investing in precious metals, most notably gold and silver. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen The long-term trend in the Dow/Gold ratio since 2001 shows that such a scenario is currently repeating. Major reasons are, among others, the rapid increase in money supply M3 in Europe [21] and the USA [22] [23] (monetary inflation) and the high double deficit of the USA. In Economics, money supply, or money stock, is the total amount of money available in an Economy at a particular point in time Monetary inflation is the term used by some economists of the Monetarist tradition and Austrian economists, to differentiate direct inflation in the Money supply An economy is deemed to have a double deficit (also known as a twin deficit) if it has a Current account deficit and a fiscal deficit [24] [25] These severe economic problems have been leading to the financial crisis, high price inflation and the strong depreciation of major currencies against commodities, most notably of the US-Dollar. The subprime mortgage crisis is an ongoing financial crisis characterized by contracted Liquidity in global credit markets and Banking In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been

Compounds

Although gold is a noble metal, it forms many and diverse compounds. Noble metals are Metals that are resistant to Corrosion or Oxidation, unlike most Base metals They tend to be Precious metals often The oxidation state of gold in its compound ranges from −1 to +5 but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Gold(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with “soft” ligands such as thioethers, thiolates, and tertiary phosphines. In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally A thioether (similar to Sulfide) is a functional group in Organic chemistry that has the structure R1-S-R2 as shown on right In Organic chemistry, a thiol is a compound that contains the functional group composed of a Sulfur atom and a Hydrogen atom (-SH Phosphine is the common name for phosphorus hydride (PH3 also known by the IUPAC name phosphane and occasionally phosphamine. Au(I) compounds are typically linear. A good example is Au(CN)2−, which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining. Gold cyanidation (also known as the cyanide process or the MacArthur-Forrest process) is a metallurgical technique for extracting Gold from low-grade Curiously, aurous complexes of water are rare. The binary gold halides, such as AuCl, form zig-zag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au. Gold halides are compounds of Gold with the Halogens Monohalides AuCl, AuBr, and AuI are all crystalline solids with Gold monochloride, or gold(I chloride, is a compound of Gold and Chlorine with the Chemical formula AuCl Most drugs based on gold are Au(I) derivatives. [26]

Gold(III) (“auric”) is a common oxidation state and is illustrated by gold(III) chloride, AuCl3. Gold(III chloride, traditionally called auric chloride, is the chemical compound with the formula Au[[Chloride Cl]]3 Its derivative is chloroauric acid, HAuCl4, which forms when Au dissolves in aqua regia. Aqua regia ( Latin for royal water) is a highly corrosive fuming yellow or red solution Au(III) complexes, like other d8 compounds, are typically square planar. The square planar molecular geometry in Chemistry describes the stereochemistry (spatial arrangement of atoms that is adopted by certain Chemical compounds As

Less common oxidation states: Au(-I), Au(II), and Au(V)

Compounds containing the Au− anion are called aurides. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Caesium auride, CsAu which crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif. Caesium or cesium (ˈsiːziəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Cs and Atomic number 55 Cesium chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula Cs[[Chlorine Cl]] [27] Other aurides include those of Rb+, K+, and tetramethylammonium (CH3)4N+. Rubidium (ruːˈbɪdiəm /rəˈbɪdiəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Rb and Atomic number 37 Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 [28] Gold(II) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au-Au bonds such as [Au(CH2)2P(C6H5)2]2Cl2. Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied Magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect A noteworthy, legitimate Au(II) complex contains xenon as a ligand, [AuXe4](Sb2F11)2. Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. [29] Gold pentafluoride is the sole example of Au(V), the highest verified oxidation state. Gold(V fluoride is a Fluoride of Gold where gold is in its highest known Oxidation state. [30]

Some gold compounds exhibit aurophilic bonding, which describes the tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au-Au bond but shorter that van der Waals bonding. In Chemistry, aurophilicity refers to the apparent tendency of Gold complexes to aggregate via formation of weak gold-gold bonds The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a hydrogen bond. A hydrogen bond results from a Dipole-dipole force between an Electronegative atom and a Hydrogen atom bonded to Nitrogen, Oxygen

Mixed valence compounds

Well-defined cluster compounds are numerous. [28] In such cases, gold has a fractional oxidation state. A representative example is the octahedral species {Au(P(C6H5)3)}62+. Triphenylphosphine (in Europe triphenylphosphane is a common Organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C6H53 - often abbreviated to Gold chalcogenides, e. Gold chalcogenides are compounds formed between Gold and one of the Chalcogens elements from Group 16 of the Periodic table: Oxygen g. "AuS" feature equal amounts of Au(I) and Au(III).

Isotopes

Main article: isotopes of gold

There is one stable isotope of gold, and 18 radioisotopes with 195Au being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. Gold ( Au) has one stable Isotope, 197Au, and 18 Radioisotopes with 195Au being the most stable with Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page

Gold has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material, as per the proposed cobalt bomb). A cobalt bomb, a type of salted bomb is a Nuclear weapon originally proposed by physicist Leó Szilárd, who suggested that it would be capable of destroying A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. A cobalt bomb, a type of salted bomb is a Nuclear weapon originally proposed by physicist Leó Szilárd, who suggested that it would be capable of destroying A jacket of natural gold, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope Au-198 with a half-life of 2. 697 days and produce approximately . 411 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several days. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a Nuclear explosion, so named because it "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.

Symbolism

Three Gold Sovereigns with a Krugerrand
Three Gold Sovereigns with a Krugerrand
Swiss-cast 1 kg gold bar.
Swiss-cast 1 kg gold bar. A Gold Sovereign is a Gold coin first issued in 1489 for Henry VII of England and still in production as of 2008 A Krugerrand is a South African Gold coin, first minted in 1967 in order to help market South African gold "Gold brick" redirects here For other uses see Gold brick (disambiguation.
A Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, the purest gold coin of regular issue in the world, with a gold content of .9999 millesimal fineness (24 carats), containing virtually no base elements.
A Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, the purest gold coin of regular issue in the world, with a gold content of . The Canadian Gold Maple Leaf is the official Bullion Gold coin of Canada and is produced by the Royal Canadian Mint. 9999 millesimal fineness (24 carats), containing virtually no base elements.

Gold has been associated with the extremities of utmost evil and great sanctity throughout history. In the Book of Exodus, the Golden Calf is a symbol of idolatry and rebellion against God. Exodus ( Greek: έξοδος eksodos = "departure" is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament. The golden calf (עגל הזהב was an idol (a Cult image) made for the Israelites during Moses ' absence as he went up to Mount Sinai Idolatry is usually defined as Worship of any Cult image, Idea, or object, as opposed to the worship of a monotheistic God. In Communist propaganda, the golden pocket watch and its fastening golden chain were the characteristic accessories of the class enemy, the bourgeois and the industrial tycoons. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people A pocket watch (or pocketwatch) is a Watch that is made to be carried in a pocket as opposed to a wristwatch, which is strapped to the wrist A business magnate, sometimes referred to as a mogul, tycoon, baron, or industrialist, is a person who has reached a prominent place in Credit card companies associate their product with wealth by naming and coloring their top-of-the-range cards “gold;” although, in an attempt to out-do each other, platinum (and the even-more-elite black card) has now overtaken gold. A credit card is part of a system of Payments named after the small Plastic card issued to users of the system Platinum (ˈplætɪnəm is a Chemical element with the Atomic symbol Pt and an Atomic number of 78 The Centurion Card, popularly known as the Black Card, is a Charge card issued by American Express.

On the other hand in the Book of Genesis, Abraham was said to be rich in gold and silver, and Moses was instructed to cover the Mercy Seat of the Ark of the Covenant with pure gold. Abraham ( Ashkenazi   Avrohom or Avruhom; ابراهيم, {{Unicode|Ibrāhīm}}; Ge'ez: Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Eminent orators such as John Chrysostom were said to have a “mouth of gold with a silver tongue. This article refers to the Christian saint For other uses of the name see Chrysostomos. ” Gold is associated with notable anniversaries, particularly in a 50-year cycle, such as a golden wedding anniversary, golden jubilee, etc. A wedding anniversary is the Anniversary of the date on which a Wedding took place A Golden Jubilee is a celebration held to mark a 50th anniversary of a monarch's reign

Great human achievements are frequently rewarded with gold, in the form of medals and decorations. Winners of races and prizes are usually awarded the gold medal (such as the Olympic Games and the Nobel Prize), while many award statues are depicted in gold (such as the Academy Awards, the Golden Globe Awards the Emmy Awards, the Palme d'Or, and the British Academy Film Awards). The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and Television programs given out each year during a formal dinner The Palme d'Or ( English: Golden Palm) is the highest prize awarded to competing films at the Cannes Film Festival. The British Academy Film Awards is an annual award show hosted by BAFTA.

Medieval kings were inaugurated under the signs of sacred oil and a golden crown, the latter symbolizing the eternal shining light of heaven and thus a Christian king's divinely inspired authority. To anoint is to pour or smear with perfumed oil milk water melted butter or other substances a process employed ritually by many religions and races A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Wedding rings are traditionally made of gold; since it is long-lasting and unaffected by the passage of time, it is considered a suitable material for everyday wear as well as a metaphor for the relationship. A wedding ring or wedding band consists of a Metal ring, often set with diamonds or other precious stones In Orthodox Christianity, the wedded couple is adorned with a golden crown during the ceremony, an amalgamation of symbolic rites. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world

The symbolic value of gold varies greatly around the world, even within geographic regions. For example, gold is quite common in Turkey but considered a most valuable gift in Sicily. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy.

Toxicity

Pure gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested[31] and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of gold leaf. Metal leaf is a thin foil used for decoration It is also called composition leaf or schlagmetal. It is also a component of the alcoholic drinks Goldschläger, Gold Strike, and Goldwasser. Goldschläger is a Swiss Cinnamon Schnapps (435% alcohol by volume or 87 proof; originally it was 53 Gold Strike (or Goldstrike can refer to a cinnamon schnapps made by Bols. This article is about the alcoholic beverage For the Computer scientist, see Shafi Goldwasser. Gold is approved as a food additive in the EU (E175 in the Codex Alimentarius). The Codex Alimentarius (Latin for "food code" or "food book" is a collection of internationally recognized standards codes of practice guidelines and other recommendations

Soluble compounds (gold salts) such as potassium gold cyanide, used in gold electroplating, are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Gold salts describe ionic Chemical compounds of gold The term which is a misnomer has evolved into a euphemism for the gold compounds used in Medicine. There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from potassium gold cyanide. [32][33] Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with chelating agents such as British anti-Lewisite. Chelation is the binding or complexation of a bi- or multidentate Ligand. Dimercaprol ( INN) or British anti-Lewisite (abbreviated BAL) is a compound developed by British biochemists at Oxford University during

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Environment & Nature News - Bugs grow gold that looks like coral - 28/01/2004. The KARAT (abbreviation "K" or 'Kt' or "KP" for Karat Plumb is a measure of the Purity of Gold Alloys. ChipGold is a Gold ingot vacuum-sealed in a package in the shape of a Credit card. Colloidal gold, also known as "nanogold" is a suspension (or Colloid) of sub- Micrometre -sized particles of Gold in a fluid — usually White gold is an Alloy of Gold and at least one White metal, usually Nickel or Palladium. Rose gold is a Gold and Copper Alloy widely used for specialized Jewelry due to its reddish color Note that "black gold" is also a slang term for Crude oil. This article discusses buying gold as an investment. Gold price The usual benchmark for the price of gold is known as the London Gold Fixing, a twice-daily A gold coin is a flat disc-shaped piece of Gold that has been minted and issued by a government or private organization Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada. Digital gold currency (or DGC) is a form of Electronic money based on ounces of Gold. A hallmark is a mark or series of marks struck on items made of precious metals &mdash Platinum, Gold, Silver and in some nations Palladium The Altai Mountains (Алтай Altay; Алтай 阿尔泰山脉 are a Mountain range in central Asia, where Russia, In Marxist theory Commodity Fetishism is a state of social relations said to arise in capitalist market based societies in which social relationships Mining was one of the most prosperous activities in Roman Britain. Origins The Romans are generally famous for their advanced Engineering accomplishments although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas concepts Retrieved on 2006-07-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
  2. ^ Relativity in Chemistry
  3. ^ The Food Dictionary: Varak. Barron's Educational Services, Inc (1995). Retrieved on 2007-05-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
  4. ^ General Electric Contact Materials. Electrical Contact Catalog (Material Catalog). Tanaka Precious Metals (2005). Retrieved on 2007-02-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
  5. ^ Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Nanomedicine: Hybrid Nanoparticles In Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer - Radiopharmaceutical Sciences Institute, University of Missouri-Columbia
  6. ^ Supercars. net. 1994 McLaren F1
  7. ^ Nicholas Reeves, Egypt's False Prophet: Akhenaten, Thames & Hudson, p. 69
  8. ^ Mansa Musa - Black History Pages
  9. ^ Kingdom of Mali - Boston University: African Studies Center
  10. ^ Garvey, Jane A. (2006). Road to adventure. Georgia Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-01-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor
  11. ^ China now world's largest gold producer; foreign miners at door - MarketWatch
  12. ^ Beinhoff, Christian. "Removal of Barriers to the Abatement of Global Mercury Pollution from Artisanal Gold Mining".  
  13. ^ Dan Plazak, A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top (Salt Lake: Univ. of Utah Press, 2006) (contains a chapter on gold-from seawater swindles)
  14. ^ World Gold Council > discover > gold knowledge > frequently asked questions. Retrieved on 2006-07-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
  15. ^ "How Long Will it Last?" (May 26, 2007). Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Scientist 194 (2605): 38-39. ISSN 4079 0262 4079. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.  
  16. ^ World Gold Council > value > research & statistics > statistics > supply and demand statistics. Retrieved on 2006-07-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
  17. ^ A Bull Market in Gold – Technically Speaking by Mark Thornton
  18. ^ Gold starts 2006 well, but this is not a 25-year high! | Financial Planning
  19. ^ 2008 London Gold Fixings
  20. ^ Monetary developments in the euro area
  21. ^ Federal Reserve: Money stock measures
  22. ^ Money supply in the USA, alternate data series
  23. ^ CIA: Rank order - current account balance
  24. ^ Double deficit in the USA
  25. ^ Shaw III, C. F. (1999). "Gold-Based Medicinal Agents". Chemical Reviews 99 (9): 2589–2600. doi:10.1021/cr980431o. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  26. ^ ScienceDirect: Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum
  27. ^ a b Holleman, A. F. ; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
  28. ^ Seidel, S. ; Seppelt, K. (2000). "Xenon as a Complex Ligand: The Tetra Xenono Gold(II) Cation in AuXe42+(Sb2F11−)2". Science 290 (5489): 117–118. doi:10.1126/science.290.5489.117. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  29. ^ Riedel, S. ; Kaupp, M. (2006). "Revising the Highest Oxidation States of the 5d Elements: The Case of Iridium(+VII)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45 (22): 3708–3711. doi:10.1002/anie.200600274. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  30. ^ S Dierks (May 2005). Gold MSDS. Electronic Space Products International.
  31. ^ I. H. Wright, C. J. Vesey (1986) Acute poisoning with gold cyanide Anaesthesia 41 (9), 936–939. doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-2044. 1986. tb12920. x [1]
  32. ^ Wu, Ming-Ling; Tsai, Wei-Jen; Ger, Jiin; Deng, Jou-Fang; Tsay, Shyh-Haw; Yang, Mo-Hsiung. J. toxicol. , Clin. toxicol. Metals. 2001, vol. 39, no 7, pp. 739-743 ISSN 0731-3810 [2]

Bibliography

External links

Dictionary

gold

-noun

  1. (chemistry, uncountable) A heavy yellow elemental metal of great value, with atomic number 79 and symbol Au.
  2. (countable) A coin made of this material, or supposedly so.
  3. (countable) A bright yellow colour, resembling the metal gold.
  4. (countable) The bullseye of an archery target.
  5. (countable) A gold medal.
  6. (figuratively) Anything or anyone considered to be very valuable.

-adjective

  1. Made of gold.
  2. Relating to gold.
  3. Having the colour of gold.
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic