Golan הגולן الجولان
—  Disputed territory  —
Sites on the Golan in blue are Jewish communities. Sites on the Golan in black are Druze and Circassian communities. Areas of the Golan controlled by Israel are light-coloured while those under Syrian control are grey. The Golan Heights are surrounded by four countries: Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Israel. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Country	disputed between Israel & Syria
Area
- Total	1,800 km² (695 sq mi)
- Disputed area	1,200 km² (463. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 3 sq mi)
Highest elevation	518 m (1,700 ft)
Lowest elevation	122 m (400 ft)
Population (2005)
- Total	38,900

The Golan Heights (Hebrew: הגולן‎ HaGolan, Arabic: الجولان‎ al-Gūlān) is a strategic plateau and mountainous region at the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting The Anti-Lebanon mountains, is the Western name for the Eastern Lebanon Mountain Range ( Arabic: جبال لبنان الشرقية)which are a northeast-trending The geographic area lies within, or borders, the countries of Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The Golan plateau encompasses about 1,800 square kilometres (690 sq mi); it is situated south of the mountains and extends to the east. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Since 1967, the term generally refers to a somewhat different 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi) area that includes the western portion of the plateau, a small portion of the Jordan River Valley in the northwest, and higher, mountainous areas in the north, which descend to the southeast from Mount Hermon. Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon The Golan Heights are of great strategic importance in the region. ^[1][2] Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria, during the 1967 Six-Day War. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The territory was successfully defended in the 1973 Yom Kippur War and a sizable additional portion was later returned to Syria. The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום The Golan Heights remain disputed.

The name "Golan" refers to both Biblical and historical names for the southern portion of the area. (See Etymology, below). In contemporary usage, the “Golan Heights” refers to the territory captured by Israel from Syria.

Syria maintains that the Golan Heights are within the governorate of al Qunaytirah. Quneitra Governorate (مُحافظة القنيطرة is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces of Syria. Most of the Syrian population of around 53,000 fled. ^[3] Starting in the 1970s, new Jewish settlements were established in the captured area. ^[4] Israel asserts its right to retain the area under the text of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242, which calls for "safe and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force". United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242 was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 ^[5] In 1981, Israel formally applied its "laws, jurisdiction and administration" to the Golan Heights with the passage of the Golan Heights Law. The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law which applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights. It is governed since as part of Israel’s North District. The North District (מחוז הצפון mehoz hatzafon, also known as the Northern District) is one of Israel 's six administrative districts This annexation is not internationally recognized^[4] and United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 considers the area part of the Israeli occupied territories. United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242 was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 The are the territories captured by Israel from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria during the Six-Day War of 1967 consisting of the West (See Current status below).

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 List of Streams 3 Economy 4 Current status 4.1 The Druze 4.1.1 Allon Plan for a Druze state in the Golan/Quneitra 4.2 The Golan Heights Law 4.3 Shebaa Farms Issue 4.4 Maintenance of the Ceasefire 4.5 Negotiations 5 History 5.1 Ancient history 5.2 Between World War I and the Six-Day War 5.3 History since the Six-Day War 6 Towns and villages 7 Attractions 7.1 Katzrin 7.2 Gamla Nature Reserve 7.3 Gilgal Refaim 7.4 Um el Kanatir 7.5 Nimrod Fortress 7.6 Mount Hermon 7.7 Hamat Gader 7.8 Hippos 8 See also 9 External links 10 Notes 11 References

Etymology

"Golan" is of Semitic origin and refers to the name of a city mentioned in the Bible as one of the "Cities of Refuge,” east of the Jordan River. This article was originally based on an entry from a Public domain edition of the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Cities of Refuge were towns in the Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah at which the perpetrators of Manslaughter could claim the Right of asylum Other names used in this context are Gaulan and Jaulan. The term "Golan" has been adopted in Israeli culture to refer to the territory formerly belonging to Syria that has since been annexed (without international recognition) by the State of Israel. The occupied territory does not include all of the geographic plateau or all of historic Golan considered by some as part of Eretz Israel. For other uses see Israel (disambiguation The Land of Israel ( Hebrew: אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל Eretz Yisrael) is In Christian usage, the term has also come to denote a region stretching from that Biblical site westward towards the Sea of Galilee. The Sea of Galilee, also Sea of Genneseret, Lake Kinneret or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew ים כנרת) (Arabic بحيرة طبريا) The terms Gaulanitis or Gaulonitis have been used in this context.

Geography

Topographically, the Golan Heights ranges in elevation from 2,814 m (9,230 feet) on Mount Hermon in the north, to about sea level on the Yarmuk River in the south. Topography ( topo-, "place" and graphia, "writing" is the study of Earth 's Surface features or those of Planets The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface The Yarmouk River ( Arabic: نهر اليرموك, " Nahr Al-Yarmuk " Hebrew: נהר הירמוך " Nehar HaYarmukh " The steeper, more rugged topography is generally limited to the northern and western portions, and approximately bounded by the Sa’ar valley to the south. The extreme northwestern area includes the mountainous Shebaa Farms area, which is disputed between Lebanon and Syria, as well as flat land in the Jordan valley, which extends west to the Hasbani River and the town of Ghajar, on the former Syrian – Lebanese border. Golan Heights The Shebaa Farms (مزارع شبعا; חוות שבעא Havot Sheba‘a or הר דוב Har Dov) is a small area of land with disputed The Hasbani (الحاصباني al-Hasbani; נחל שניר Nahal Snir) also Snir Stream, is a Lebanese River that merges with For the village in Azerbaijan see Qacar. Ghajar (or al-Ghajar is an Alawite village on the Hasbani River and on the border This area includes the only overland route, between Syria and Lebanon, south of the Golan Heights.

The broader Golan plateau exhibits a more subdued topography, generally ranging between 400 and 1,700 feet (120–520 m) in elevation. To the east and at lower elevation, the plateau merges into the Hauran plain of Syria; the limits are not clearly defined, although Wadi Ruqqad and Nahr Allan are sometimes considered geographically. Hauran, also Hawran or Houran, ( حوران, is the southwestern region of modern-day Syria, it extends to the far northwestern region of modern-day In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat In Israel, the Golan plateau is usually divided into three regions: northern (between the Sa'ar and Jilabun valleys), central (between the Jilabun and Daliyot valleys), and southern (between the Dlayot and Yarmouk valleys). The Golan Heights is bordered on the west by a rock escarpment that drops 1,700 feet (500 m) to the Jordan River valley and the Sea of Galilee. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia The Sea of Galilee, also Sea of Genneseret, Lake Kinneret or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew ים כנרת) (Arabic بحيرة طبريا) In the south, the incised Yarmouk River valley marks the limits of the plateau and, east of the abandoned railroad bridge upstream of Hamat Gader and Al Hammah, it marks the recognized international border between Syria and Jordan. The Yarmouk River ( Arabic: نهر اليرموك, " Nahr Al-Yarmuk " Hebrew: נהר הירמוך " Nehar HaYarmukh " Hamat Gader (חמת גדר is a site in the Yarmouk River valley near the Sea of Galilee in Israel. ^[6].

Geologically, the Golan plateau and the Hauran plain to the east constitute a Holocene volcanic field that also extends northeast almost to Damascus. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Hauran, also Hawran or Houran, ( حوران, is the southwestern region of modern-day Syria, it extends to the far northwestern region of modern-day In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC A volcanic field is a spot of the Earth 's crust that is prone to localized Volcanic activity Damascus ( دمشق,, also commonly known as الشام ash-Shām) is the capital and largest city of Syria. Much of the area is scattered with dormant volcanos, as well as cinder cones, such as Majdal Shams. Volcanic cones are among the simplest Volcano formations in the world Majdal Shams (مجدل شمس מג'דל שמס is a Druze village in the northern part of the Golan Heights, the center of Druze life in the region The plateau also contains a crater lake, called Birkat Ram ("Ram Pool"), which is fed by both surface runoff and underground springs. Crater Lake is a Caldera Lake located in the US state of Oregon. Birkat Ram ( Hebrew: בריכת רם is a Crater lake in the northeastern Golan Heights, near Mount Hermon. Surface runoff is a term used to describe when soil is infiltrated to full capacity and excess Water, from Rain, Snowmelt, or other sources flows These volcanic areas are characterized by basalt bedrock and dark soils derived from its weathering. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Weathering is the decomposition of earth rocks, Soils and their Minerals through direct contact with the planet's Atmosphere. The basalt flows overlie older, distinctly lighter-colored limestones and marls, exposed along the Yarmouk River in the south. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Marl or Marlstone is a Calcium carbonate or lime -rich mud or Mudstone which contains variable amounts of Clays and Aragonite

The rock forming the mountainous area in the northern Golan Heights, descending from Mount Hermon, are geologically quite different from the volcanic rocks of the plateau, including a different physiography. Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the three major subfields of Geography. The mountains are characterized by distinctly lighter-colored, Jurassic age limestone of sedimentary origin. The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to  Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock) Locally, the limestone is broken by faults and solution channels to form a karst-like topography in which springs are common (e. In Geology a fault, or fault line, is a planar rock fracture which shows evidence of relative movement Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble Bedrock, usually Carbonate rock such as Limestone g. Baniyas. Baniyas (بانياس is a city of northwestern Syria, located at the foot of the hill of Qalcat el-Marquab 55 km to the south of Latakia (ancient Laodicea The Sa'ar valley generally divides the lighter-colored sedimentary rocks of the mountains from the dark-colored volcanic rocks of the Golan plateau. The western border of both the Golan plateau and the mountains is truncated structurally by the Jordan Rift Valley, along which the Jordan River and its northern tributaries flow. Structural geology is the study of the three dimensional distribution of rock bodies and their planar or folded surfaces and their internal fabrics Great Rift ValleyThe Jordan Rift Valley (الغور Al-Ghor or Al-Ghawr) is an elongated depression located in modern-day Israel, Jordan, the

In addition to its strategic importance militarily, noted above, the Golan Heights provides significantly to the water resources of the region. Water resources are sources of Water that are useful or potentially useful to Humans Uses of water include Agricultural, industrial, Household This is true particularly for higher elevations, which are snow-covered much of the year in the cold months and help to sustain baseflow for rivers and springs during the dry season. Baseflow is the portion of Streamflow that comes from Groundwater and not runoff. The heights receive significantly more precipitation than the surrounding, lower-elevation areas. The occupied sector of the Golan Heights provides or controls a substantial portion of the water in the Jordan River watershed, which in turn provides a portion of Israel's water supply. This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, The Golan Heights are the source of about 15% of Israel's water supply. ^[7]

List of Streams

• Yarmouk River
• Jilabun
• Daliyot
• Yehudia
• Zavitan
• Meitzar
• Samakh
• Orvim
• Hamdal
• El Al
• Nov

Economy

In addition to the importance of water resources, the Golan Heights also has Israel's only ski resort, near Mount Hermon. The Yarmouk River ( Arabic: نهر اليرموك, " Nahr Al-Yarmuk " Hebrew: נהר הירמוך " Nehar HaYarmukh " Snow skiing is a group of sports utilizing Skis as primary equipment Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon ^[8] Winemaking is a major and highly successful industry. The Israeli wine industry has Wineries numbering in the hundreds and ranging in size from small boutique enterprises making a few thousand bottles per year to the largest producing Cattle graze on the upland plateau. The area is also popular for bush walking.

In 2005 the Golan Heights had a population of approximately 38,900, including approximately 19,300 Druze, 16,500 Jews, and 2,100 Muslims. The Druze ( Arabic: درزي derzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz) are a religious community found primarily in Syria, Lebanon PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ^[9]

In early 2008, it was reported that there were around 30,000 Jews within the territory.

Current status

The Golan Heights were under military administration between 1967 and 1981. In that year, Israel passed the Golan Heights Law,^[10] placing the Golan Heights under civilian Israeli law, administration, and jurisdiction. The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law which applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights. Most non-Jewish residents of the Golan Heights, mainly Druze, refused to surrender Syrian citizenship, though Israeli citizenship was available to them. The Druze ( Arabic: درزي derzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz) are a religious community found primarily in Syria, Lebanon

In the 1999 elections, 773 residents of Ghajar and fewer than 700 residents of the 4 Druze villages were eligible voters. The Elections for the 15th Knesset were held on 17 May 1999 alongside simultaneous elections for Prime Minister. For the village in Azerbaijan see Qacar. Ghajar (or al-Ghajar is an Alawite village on the Hasbani River and on the border ^[11] Syria continues to offer them benefits such as free university tuition. ^[12]

In 2005 the Golan Heights had a population of approximately 38,900, including approximately 19,300 Druze, 16,500 Jews, and 2,100 Muslims. The Druze ( Arabic: درزي derzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz) are a religious community found primarily in Syria, Lebanon PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion ^[9] Jewish villages, including moshavim and kibbutzim, are consolidated municipally under the Golan Regional Council, and are inhabited by Israeli citizens. Moshav ( is a type of Cooperative Agricultural Community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists during the second A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in The Golan Regional Council (מועצה אזורית גולן is the regional council consolidating virtually all the Jewish Israeli settlements located The Golan Muslims reside in the Israel-Lebanon border-straddling village of Ghajar. For the village in Azerbaijan see Qacar. Ghajar (or al-Ghajar is an Alawite village on the Hasbani River and on the border They accepted Israeli citizenship in 1981. ^[13] The Druze reside in the villages of Ein Qinya, Buq'ata, Majdal Shams, and Mas'ada. Buq'ata (بقعاتة בֻּקְעָתָא is a Druze town in the northern Golan Heights, currently administered by Israel. Most are involved in farm work.

Both personal and business relations exist between the Druze and their Jewish neighbors; there is little tension between the two groups. [8] As a humanitarian gesture, since 2005, Israel allows Druze farmers to export some 11,000 tons of apples to Syria each year, the first kind of trade ever made between Syria and Israel. Since 1988, Israel has allowed Druze clerics to make annual religious pilgrimages to Syria. ^[14]

The Druze

Unlike Druze in Israel proper, fewer than 10% of the Druze of the Golan Heights are Israeli citizens; the remainder hold Syrian citizenship. The latter are permanent residents of Israel, and they hold a laissez-passer. A laissez-passer (from the French let pass) is a Travel document issued by a national government or an international treaty organization The pro-Israeli Druze are ostracized by the pro-Syrian Druze. ^[15] Reluctance to accept citizenship also reflects fear of ill treatment or displacement by Syrian authorities should the Golan Heights eventually be returned to Syria . ^[16] According to The Independent, most Druze in the Golan Heights live relatively comfortable lives in a freer society than they would have in Syria under the present regime. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. ^[17] According to Egypt's Daily Star, their standard of living vastly surpasses that of their counterparts on the Syrian side of the border. Daily News Egypt is an Egyptian daily Newspaper established in 2005 and owned by Egyptian Media Services. Hence their fear of a return to Syria, though most of them identify themselves as Syrian. ^[18] Ties to Syria are on the wane, and many have come to appreciate aspects of Israel's liberal-democratic society, although few risk saying so publicly for fear of Syrian retribution. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system ^[14]

Allon Plan for a Druze state in the Golan/Quneitra

In the 1970s, Israeli politician Yigal Allon proposed as part of the so-called Allon Plan that a Druze state (Jabal Druze) be established in Syria's Quneitra Governorate, including the Israeli-held Golan Heights. Yigal Allon (יגאל אלון born 10 October 1918, died 29 February 1980) was an Israeli politician a commander of the The Allon Plan (תוכנית אלון was a proposal to end the Israeli occupation of the West Bank with a negotiated partition of its territories between Israel Jabal ad-Duruz ( جبل الدروز) also known as Jabal al-Arab (Arabic جبل العرب) is an elevated volcanic region in southern Syria Quneitra Governorate (مُحافظة القنيطرة is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces of Syria. [9] Allon died in 1980, and the following year the Israeli government passed the Golan Heights Law, effectively annexing most of the Governorate. The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law which applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights.

The Golan Heights Law

Israel's Golan Heights Law of 1981 applied Israeli "laws, jurisdiction and administration" to the Golan Heights. The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law which applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights. It was administered as part of its North District. The North District (מחוז הצפון mehoz hatzafon, also known as the Northern District) is one of Israel 's six administrative districts (Syria asserts that the Heights are part of the governorate of al Qunaytirah). Quneitra (also Al Qunaytirah, Qunaitira, or Kuneitra; القنيطرة is the largely destroyed and abandoned Capital of the Quneitra Israel's action has not been recognized internationally. ^[4] United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 which declared the Golan Heights an Israeli occupied territory continues to apply. United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242 was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 The are the territories captured by Israel from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria during the Six-Day War of 1967 consisting of the West Israel maintains that it may retain the area as the text of Resolution 242 calls for "safe and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force". ^[19]

Israel's measures are frequently termed "annexation" but the word "annexation" or equivalent concepts, like "extending sovereignty," are not used in the law itself. Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous In any case, the extension of sovereignty/annexation has placed the Golan Heights, an area claimed by Syria, under Israeli civilian and military control. For this reason, the Golan Heights have been a crucial part of peace negotiations between Syria and Israel.

When Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin was asked in the Knesset why he was risking international criticism for this annexation, he replied "You use the word annexation, but I am not using it. (מְנַחֵם בְּגִין Mieczysław Biegun Менахем Вольфович Бегин 16 August 1913 – 9 March 1992 was the sixth prime minister of the State of Israel "^[20] The governmental Jewish Agency for Israel states that "Although reported as an annexation, it is not: the Golan Heights are not declared to be Israeli territory. The Jewish Agency for Israel (Hebrew הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל HaSochnut HaYehudit L'Eretz Yisra'el) also known as the Sochnut or JAFI "^[21] On the other hand, the Benjamin Netanyahu government's Basic Policy Guidelines stated "The government views the Golan Heights as essential to the security of the state and its water resources. (בִּנְיָמִין "ביבי" נְתַנְיָהוּ Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu, born October 21 1949, Tel Aviv) was Retaining Israel's sovereignty over the Golan will be the basis for an arrangement with Syria. "^[22] The UN did not recognise the "annexation" and they officially consider the Heights to be Israeli occupied. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security This view was expressed in the unanimous UN Security Council Resolution 497 stating that "the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan Heights is null and void and without international legal effect. United Nations Security Council Resolution 497 ( December 17, 1981) adopted unanimously calls on the State of Israel to rescind its de " It, like other relevant UN resolutions takes care to not explicitly call it an "annexation", referring at most to Israel's "annexationist policies. Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous "

Following the Knesset's approval of the law, Professor Julius Stone of Hastings College of the Law wrote: "There is no rule of international law which requires a lawful military occupant, in this situation, to wait forever before [making] control and government of the territory permanent… Many international lawyers have wondered, indeed, at the patience which led Israel to wait as long as she did. Julius Stone ( 7 July 1907 &ndash 1985 was Challis Professor of Jurisprudence and International Law at the University of Sydney from University of California Hastings College of the Law is a top tier Law school located in the Civic Center of San Francisco California. "^[23]

Shebaa Farms Issue

See also: Borders of Israel

Additionally, Lebanon claims a small portion of the area known as the Shebaa Farms on Mount Dov in the area of Mount Hermon. The borders of Israel are based on those which were established by the British Mandate of 1922 which were in turn previously agreed by the victorious powers with an interest Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Golan Heights The Shebaa Farms (مزارع شبعا; חוות שבעא Havot Sheba‘a or הר דוב Har Dov) is a small area of land with disputed Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon Syria's position on the subject is unclear. Syria's foreign minister has orally declared that the Shebaa farms are Lebanese, but Syria has refused to notify the UN of its position officially. Thus, from the UN perspective, Shebaa remains Syrian until the Syrian government confirms its position through official channels. UN Security Council Resolution 425 confirmed^[24] that as of June 16, 2000, Israel had completely withdrawn its forces from Lebanon, thereby indirectly designating the farms as part of the Golan, and therefore Syrian territory. On March 19, 1978, five days after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 called on Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.

The reason behind this diplomatic imbroglio may be that Syria fears that recognizing the Shebaa Farms territory as Lebanese will allow Lebanon to negotiate a separate deal with Israel. It has also been suggested that Syria regards all of Lebanon as fundamentally part of Syria, and avoids taking any step that would imply formal recognition of Lebanese independence. At the same time, Syria would prefer the Shebaa Farms area to be under Lebanese rather than Israeli control, so it informally supports the Lebanese claim.

Maintenance of the Ceasefire

UNDOF (the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force) was established in 1974 to supervise the implementation of the disengagement agreement and maintain the ceasefire with an area of separation known as the UNDOF Zone. The United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF Zone was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 350 on 31 May 1974, to The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF Zone was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 350 on 31 May 1974, to Currently there are more than 1,000 UN peacekeepers there trying to sustain a lasting peace. The United Nations has authorized 63 Peacekeeping missions as of 2005 Details of the UNDOF mission, mandate, map and military positions can be accessed via the following United Nations link [10]. Syria and Israel still contest the ownership of the Heights but have not used overt military force since 1974. The great strategic value of the Heights both militarily and as a source of water means that a deal is uncertain.

Members of the UN Disengagement force are usually the only individuals who cross the Israeli-Syrian border, but since 1988 both Israel and Syria have taken measures to relieve the problems being encountered by the Druze population of the Golan Heights. Since 1988 Israel has allowed Druze pilgrims to cross the border to visit the shrine of Abel in Syria. In 2005, Syria allowed a few trucks of Druze-grown Golan apples to be imported. The trucks themselves were driven by Kenyan nationals. Since 1967, Druze brides have been allowed to cross the Golan border into Syria, but they do so in the knowledge that the journey is a one-way trip. This phenomenon is shown in the Israeli film The Syrian Bride. The Syrian Bride is a 2004 Film directed by Eran Riklis. The story deals with a Druze wedding and the troubles the politically

Negotiations

Syria insists that Israel will withdraw from the Golan Heights as part of any peace deal. During US-brokered peace talks in 1999–2000, Prime Minister Ehud Barak allegedly offered to withdraw from most of the Golan in return for a comprehensive peace structure and security arrangements. Ehud Barak (אֵהוּד בָּרָק born Ehud Brog on 12 February 1942) is an Israeli politician former Prime Minister, and The disagreement in the final stages of the talks was on access to the Sea of Galilee.

According to media reports, the main sticking point was that Syria wanted Israel to withdraw to the pre-1967 line, while Israel wanted to use the 1923 international border. The dispute centers on the place where the old international border lies ten meters to the east of the shore of the Sea of Galilee, completely enclosing it within Israel. The Sea of Galilee, also Sea of Genneseret, Lake Kinneret or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew ים כנרת) (Arabic بحيرة طبريا) The 1967 line gives Damascus control of this northeastern shore. Neither line is identical to the 1949 armistice lines. The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan While Israel under Rabin and Peres had earlier taken steps toward accepting the 1967 line, Israel wishes to retain control of the Sea of Galilee, its main source of fresh water. ^[25]

In June 2007, it was reported that Prime Minister Ehud Olmert had sent a secret message to Syrian President, Bashar Assad saying that Israel would concede the land in exchange for a comprehensive peace agreement and the severing of Syria's ties with Iran and militant groups in the region. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader This page lists presidents and other Heads of State of Syria. Dr Bashar al-Assad (بشار الأسد) (born 11 September, 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary ^[26] Former Prime Minster, Benjamin Netanyahu announced that the former Syrian President, Hafez Assad had agreed that Mount Hermon will be in Israeli territory in any agreement. (בִּנְיָמִין "ביבי" נְתַנְיָהוּ Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu, born October 21 1949, Tel Aviv) was Hafez al-Assad (حافظ الأسد) ( October 6, 1930 &ndash June 10, 2000) was president of Syria, for three Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon ^[27]

In April 2008, Syrian media reported Turkey's prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has told President Bashar al-Assad that Israel would withdraw from the Golan Heights in return for peace. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches This is a chronological list of Prime Ministers of Turkey, since the establishment of that position in 1920, during the Turkish War of Independence. "Erdoğan" redirects here For the Turkish Helicopter Erdoğan see Kamov Ka-50. ^[28] Prime Minister Ehud Olmert responded "I can assure you that on matters concerning Israel and the Syrians, they are well aware of what I want from them, and I know very well what they want from us. Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader " ^[29] Israeli leaders of communities in the Golan Heights held a special meeting and stated: "all construction and development projects in the Golan are going ahead as planned, propelled by the certainty that any attempt to harm Israeli sovereignty in the Golan will cause severe damage to state security and thus is doomed to fail". ^[30]

History

Ancient history

The area has been occupied by many civilizations. For the city in northwestern Syria, see Baniyas. For the processor formerly codenamed Banias see Pentium M. During the 3rd millennium BC the Amorites dominated and inhabited the Golan until the 2nd millennium, when the Arameans took over. The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. It represents a period of time in which Imperialism, or the desire to conquer grew to prominence Amorite ( Sumerian MARTU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî The Aramaeans (also Arameans) ( Aramaic / Syriac: ܐܪܡܝܐ, Ārāmāye' were a Semitic (West Semitic language group Later known as Bashan, two Israelite tribes were associated with the region during the time of Joshua, the tribe of Dan — Dt 33:22: "And of Dan he said: Dan is a lion's whelp, that leapeth forth from Bashan" and Tribe of Manasseh. Bashan ( Hebrew הבשן ha-Bashan, meaning "the light Soil " is a biblical place first mentioned in, where it is said that Chedorlaomer See also History of ancient Israel and Judah According to the Bible, the Israelites were the dominant group living in the Land of Israel. Joshua, Jehoshuah, or Yehoshua ( 'יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, Tiberian: jə Tribe of Dan was also a band from the mid 1990s The Tribe of Dan ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. The Tribe of Menasheh ( was one of the Tribes of Israel. Together with the Tribe of Ephraim, Menasheh also formed the House of Joseph. The city of Golan was used as as a city of refuge. This article was originally based on an entry from a Public domain edition of the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. King Solomon appointed 3 ministers in the region — 1 Kg 4:13: "the son of Geber, in Ramoth-gilead; to him pertained the villages of Jair the son of Manasseh, which are in Gilead; even to him pertained the region of Argob, which is in Bashan, threescore great cities with walls and brazen bars". King Solomon ( Ge'ez: ስለሞን Arabic: ar سليمان, Sulayman, all from the Triliteral root S-L-M, "peace" After the split of the United Monarchy, the area was contested between the Kingdom of Israel (the northern of the two Jewish kingdoms existent at that time) and the Aramean kingdom from the 800s BC. The United Monarchy ( United Kingdom of Israel and Judah) refers to a period in the traditional account of the History of ancient Israel and Judah lasting The Kingdom of Israel ( ( KJV Israel in Samaria) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy (also often called the 'Kingdom of Israel' King Ahab of Israel (reigned 874–852 BC) defeated Ben-Hadad I in the southern Golan. Ahab (or Ach'av or) was king of Israel and the son and successor of Omri ( 1 Kings 1629-34 According to Jewish law the Golan is regarded as part of Canaan which is holier than the parts east of the Jordan river. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Canaanites redirects here For the 1940s social and political movement in Israel, see Canaanites (movement. This article is about the Jordan River and its valley in western Asia ^[31]

In the 700s BC the Assyrians gained control of the area, but were later replaced by the Babylonian and the Persian Empire. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia In the 5th century BC, the Persian Empire allowed the region to be resettled by returning Jewish exiles from Babylonian Captivity. The Babylonian captivity, Babylonian exile, is the name typically given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to

The Golan Heights, along with the rest of the region, came under the control of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, following the Battle of Issus. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' The Battle of Issus (or more commonly The Battle at Issus) occurred in southern Anatolia, in November 333 BC. Following Alexander's death, the Golan came under the domination of the Macedonian noble Seleucus and remained part of the Seleucid Empire for most of the next two centuries. Seleucus I (surnamed for later generations Nicator, Greek: Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ, i The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i It is during this period that the name Golan, previously that of a city mentioned in Deuteronomy, came to be applied to the entire region (Greek: Gaulanitis). Deuteronomy (Greek deuteronomion, Δευτερονόμιον "second law" is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and of the Old Testament The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c

The Maccabean Revolt saw much action in the regions around the Golan and it is possible that the Jewish communities of the Golan were among those rescued by Judas Maccabeus during his campaign in the Galilee and Gilead (Transjordan) mentioned in Chapter 5 of 1 Maccabees. The Maccabean Revolt was a Jewish revolt against Seleucidic and Syrian rulers taking place in the second century before Christ Judas Maccabeus (or Judah Maccabee, also spelled Machabeus or Maccabaeus Hebrew: יהודה המכבי, Yehudah HaMakabi, Judah the Hammer "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, From the Scriptures " Gilead " means hill of testimony or mound of witness, ( Genesis 3121 a mountainous region east of the Jordan The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom probably about 100 BC. The Golan, however, remained in Seleucid hands until the campaign of Alexander Jannaeus from 83–80 BC. Alexander Jannaeus (also known as Alexander Jannai/Yannai) king of Judea from (103 BCE to 76 BCE son of John Hyrcanus, inherited the throne from his Jannaeus established the city of Gamla in 81 BC as the Hasmonean capital for the region. Gamla ( Hebrew גמלא Gamla or Gamala) a site inhabited since the Early Bronze Age, became the capital of the Jewish Golan The Hasmoneans (/hæzməˡniən/ חשמונאים Hashmonaiym, Audio were the ruling dynasty of the Hasmonean Kingdom ( 140 &ndash 37 BCE

Following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BC, Augustus Caesar adjudicated that the Golan fell within the Tetrarchy of Herod's son, Herod Philip I. Herod (הוֹרְדוֹס Horodos, Greek: Herōdes) also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (73 BC – 4 BC in Jericho Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals Herod Philip I (ca 27 BC - 33 AD was the son of Herod the Great and Mariamne II, the daughter of Simon Boethus the High Priest (Mark 617 After Philip's death in 34 AD, the Romans absorbed the Golan into the province of Syria, but Caligula restored the territory to Herod's grandson Agrippa in 37. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa I also called the Great (10 BC - 44 AD) King of the Jews, Following Agrippa's death in 44, the Romans again annexed the Golan to Syria, promptly to return it again when Claudius traded the Golan to Agrippa II, the son of Agrippa I, in 51 as part of a land swap. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus or Claudius I ( August 1, 10 BC &ndash October 13, AD 54 ( Tiberius Claudius Drusus from birth to For other with this name see Agrippa (disambiguation. Agrippa II (b Although nominally under Agrippa's control and not part of the province of Judea, the Jewish communities of the Golan joined their coreligionists in the First Jewish-Roman War, only to fall to the Roman armies in its early stages. Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised Gamla was captured in 67; according to Josephus, its inhabitants committed mass suicide, preferring it to crucifixion and slavery. Gamla ( Hebrew גמלא Gamla or Gamala) a site inhabited since the Early Bronze Age, became the capital of the Jewish Golan Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from Slavery as an institution in Mediterranean cultures of the ancient world comprised a mixture of Debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime and Agrippa II contributed soldiers to the Roman war effort and attempted to negotiate an end to the revolt. In return for his loyalty, Rome allowed him to retain his kingdom, but finally absorbed the Golan for good after his death in 100.

In about 250, the Ghassanids, Arab Christian immigrants from Yemen, established a kingdom which encompassed southern Syria and the Transjordan, building their capital at Jabiyah on the Golan. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya Like the later Herodians, the Ghassanids ruled as clients of Byzantine Rome; unlike the Herodians, the Ghassanids were able to hold on to the Golan until the Sassanid invasion of 614. The Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty or Sassanian Dynasty (ساسانیان) is the name used for the third Iranian dynasty and the second Persian empire Following a brief restoration under the Emperor Heraclius, the Golan again fell, this time to the invading Arabs after the Battle of Yarmouk in 636. Heraclius, or Herakleios (Flavius Heraclius Augustus;) (c 575 - February 11, 641) was a Byzantine Emperor, who ruled the East The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The Battle of Yarmouk ( معركة اليرموك, also spelled Yarmuk, Yarmuq or Hieromyax) comprised a series of engagements between the

After Yarmouk, Muawiyah I, a member of Muhammad's tribe, the Quraish, was appointed governor of Syria, including the Golan. Mu'awiyah I (a=معاوية بن أبي سفيان|t=Mu‘āwīyah ibn Abī Sufyān 602-680 was a Sahaba (companion of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Quraish is also the name of a Surah in the Qur'an. Quraysh or Quraish (Arabic ar قريش Following the assassination of his cousin, the Caliph Uthman, Muawiya claimed the Caliphate for himself, initiating the Umayyad dynasty. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Over the next few centuries, while remaining in Muslim hands, the Golan passed through many dynastic changes, falling first to the Abbasids, then to the Shi'ite Fatimids, then to the Seljuk Turks, then to the Kurdish Ayyubids. The Seljuq (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Ṣaljūqīyān; in The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for During the Crusades, the Heights represented a formidable obstacle the Crusader armies were not able to conquer. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents The Mongols swept through in 1259, but were driven off by the Mamluk sultan Qutuz at the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Saif ad-Din Qutuz also spelled Kutuz, (سيف الدين قطز ( epithet: al-Malik al-Muzafar Saif ad-Din Qutuz (Arabic الملك المظفر سيف The Battle of Ain Jalut (or Ayn Jalut, in Arabic ar عين جالوت the "Eye of Goliath" or the "Spring of Goliath" took place on 3 September 1260 between Ain Jalut ensured Mamluk dominance of the region for the next 250 years.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, Druze began to settle the northern Golan and the slopes of Mount Hermon. The Druze ( Arabic: درزي derzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz) are a religious community found primarily in Syria, Lebanon Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon In the 16th century, the Ottoman Turks came in control of the area and remained so until the end of World War I. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

In 1886, the Jewish B'nei Yehuda society of Safed purchased a plot of land four kilometers north of the present-day religious moshav of Keshet, but the community, named Ramataniya, failed one year later. Safed (צְפַת pronounced Tsfat; صفد pronounced Safad) is a city in the Northern District of Israel. In 1887, the society purchased lands between the modern-day Bene Yehuda and Kibbutz Ein Gev. Ein Gev (עין גב lit Cistern Spring) is a Kibbutz located on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee in northern Israel. This community survived until 1920, when two of its last members were murdered in the anti-Jewish riots which erupted in the spring of that year. The 1920 Palestine riots, or Nabi Musa riots, were violent Arab disturbances against the Jews in Jerusalem. In 1891, Baron Rothschild purchased approximately 18,000 acres (73 km²) of land in the Hauran, about 15 km east of modern Ramat Hamagshimim. Baron Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild ( August 19, 1845 – November 2, 1934) was a French member of the Rothschild banking Hauran, also Hawran or Houran, ( حوران, is the southwestern region of modern-day Syria, it extends to the far northwestern region of modern-day Immigrants of the First Aliyah (1881–1903) established five small communities on this land, but were forced to leave by the Ottomans in 1898. The First Aliyah (also The Farmers' Aliyah) was the first modern widespread wave of Zionist Aliyah. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The lands were farmed until 1947 by the Palestine Colonization Association and the Jewish Colonization Association, when they were seized by the Syrian army. The Jewish Colonization Association (JCA in Yiddish ICA was created on September 11, 1891 by the Baron Maurice de Hirsch. ^[32]

Between World War I and the Six-Day War

Great Britain accepted a Mandate for Palestine at the meeting of the Allied Supreme Council at San Remo, but the borders of the territory were not defined at that stage. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement The San Remo Conference was an international meeting of the post- ^[33][34] The boundary between the forthcoming British and French mandates was defined in broad terms by the Franco-British Boundary Agreement of December 1920. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[35] This initial boundary placed a small portion of the Golan Heights within the British territory, while the eastern third of the Sea of Galilee was placed within the French territory. The Sea of Galilee, also Sea of Genneseret, Lake Kinneret or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew ים כנרת) (Arabic بحيرة طبريا) The treaty also established a joint commission to settle the precise details of the border and mark it on the ground. ^[35] The commission submitted its final report on February 3, 1922, and it was approved with some caveats by the British and French governments on March 7, 1923, several months before Britain and France assumed their Mandatory responsibilities on 29 September 1923. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[36][37] In accordance with the same process, a nearby parcel of land that included the ancient site of Tel Dan was transferred from Syria to Palestine early in 1924. Tel Dan ("Mound of Dan" תל דן in Hebrew) also known as Tel el-Qadi ( Mound of the Judge in Arabic, literal translation of the Hebrew The Golan Heights thus became part of the French Mandate of Syria, while the Sea of Galilee was placed entirely within the British Mandate of Palestine. The French Mandate of Syria was a League of Nations Mandate created after the First World War and the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. American President Woodrow Wilson protested British concessions in a cable to the British Cabinet. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. ^[38] When the French Mandate of Syria ended in 1944, The Golan Heights became part of the newly independent state of Syria.

After the 1948–49 Arab-Israeli War, the Golan Heights were partly demilitarized by the Israel-Syria Armistice Agreement. A military bunker is a hardened shelter often buried partly or fully underground designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan Over the following years the Mixed Armistice Commission (which oversaw the implementation of the Israel-Syria Armistice Agreement) reported many violations by each side. The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan The major causes of the conflict were a dispute over the disposition of the demilitarized zone between Israel and Syria, competition over water resources, and the Israel-Palestinian conflict. ^[39] Israel attempted to take water from the Jordan River in the demilitarized zone, to which Syria responded with a plan to divert water from the Jordan's tributaries. Israel ceased its project in the mid 1950s due to UN and US pressure but resuscitated it in the 1960s. Syria's plan, which it started implementing in 1965 with help from Lebanon and Jordan, sparked a series of military exchanges culminating in an Israeli attack in July 1966 which effectively destroyed it. ^[39] The Palestinian organization Fatah began raids into Israeli territory in early 1965, with active support from Syria. Fatah (فتح literally opening, is a reverse Acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (حركة التحرير At first the guerillas entered via Lebanon or Jordan, but those countries made concerted attempts to stop them and raids directly from Syria increased. ^[40] Israel's response was a series of retaliatory raids, of which the largest were an attack on the Jordanian village of Samu in November 1966,^[41] and in April 1967, after Syria heavily shelled Israeli villages from the Golan Heights, Israel shot down six of Syria’s MiG fighter planes, provided by the Soviet Union. JSC "RSK "MiG" or Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG in full (formerly Mikoyan or Mikoyan-i-Gurevich Design Bureau, Микоян The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Israel warned Syria against future attacks. ^[40][42]

Before the Six-Day War, the strategic heights of the Golan, which are approximately 3,000 feet (1,000 m) above the bordering Hulah Valley in Israel, were used to frequently bombard civilian Israeli farming communities far below them, although Moshe Dayan (Israeli Defense Minister during the 1967 war) would later state that it was often the result of Israeli provocations in the demilitarized zone. Quneitra (also Al Qunaytirah, Qunaitira, or Kuneitra; القنيطرة is the largely destroyed and abandoned Capital of the Quneitra The Hula Valley (עמק החולה Emek HaHula) is an agricultural region in northern Israel with abundant fresh water Moshe Dayan, DSO (משה דיין born 20 May 1915 died 16 October 1981 was an Israeli military leader and politician ^[43] According to the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, former Israeli General Mattityahu Peled claimed that more than half of the border clashes before the 1967 war "were a result of our security policy of maximum settlement in the demilitarized area". The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs is a magazine published 9 times per year in Washington D Mattityahu "Matti" Peled (מתתיהו "מתי" פלד born Mattityahu Ifland on 20 July 1923, died 10 March 1995 ^[44] Syrian attacks killed 140 Israelis and injured many more from 1949 to 1967.

In May 1967 before the Six-Day War of 1967, Hafez Assad, then Syria's Defense Minister declared: "Our forces are now entirely ready not only to repulse the aggression, but to initiate the act of liberation itself, and to explode the Zionist presence in the Arab homeland. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The Syrian Army, with its finger on the trigger, is united. . . I, as a military man, believe that the time has come to enter into a battle of annihilation. "^[45][46]

During the Six-Day War of 1967 Syria's shelling greatly intensified and the Israeli army captured the Golan Heights on 9-10 June. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The area which came under Israeli control as a result of the war is two geologically distinct areas: the Golan Heights proper (413 sq mi; 1,070 km²) and the slopes of the Mt. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Hermon range (39 sq mi; 100 km²). The new border between the two forces was called the Purple Line

History since the Six-Day War

Between 80,000 and 109,000 of the Golan's inhabitants, mainly Druze Arabs and Circassians, fled or were driven out during the Six-Day War. The Druze ( Arabic: درزي derzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz) are a religious community found primarily in Syria, Lebanon Circassians is a term derived from the Turkic Cherkess ( Çerkes) and is not the self-designation of any people Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt ^[47][48] For various political and security reasons, Israel has not allowed those who fled to return. ^[44]

Israel began settling the Golan almost immediately following the war. Kibbutz Merom Golan was founded in July 1967. A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in Merom Golan (מרום גולן is an Israeli Kibbutz in the northern Golan Heights which lies in the municipal territory of the Golan Regional By 1970 there were 12 Jewish settlements on the Golan and in 2004 there were 34 settlements populated by around 18,000 people^[49] Today the Golan is firmly under Israeli control.

During the Yom Kippur War in 1973, Syrian forces overran much of the southern Golan, before being pushed back by an Israeli counterattack. The Centurion was the primary British Main Battle Tank of the immediate post-war era and has proven itself be a successful tank design mainly due to its thick The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום Israel and Syria signed a ceasefire agreement in 1974 that left almost all the Heights in Israeli hands, while returning a narrow demilitarized zone to Syrian control.

The Syrian citizens who remained in the area after it was captured by Israel in 1967 were required to carry Israeli military identity papers. In the late 1970s, the Likud government of Israel began pressuring them to request Israeli citizenship by tying it to privileges such as the right to obtain a driver's license or to travel in Israel. Likud (ליכוד lit Consolidation) is the major centre-right political party in Israel. In March 1981, the community leaders imposed a socio-religious ban on Israeli citizenship. Protests came to a head after the November 1981 effective annexation of the Golan Heights by Israel. They included a general strike that lasted for five months and demonstrations that sometimes became violent. The Israeli authorities responded by suspending habeas corpus, imprisoning the protest leaders and imposing curfews and other restrictions. Habeas corpus (ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs ( Latin: command that you have the body is the name of a legal action or Writ, through which a person can seek relief On April 1, 1982, a 24-hour curfew was imposed and soldiers went from door to door confiscating the old ID cards and replacing them with cards signifying Israeli citizenship. This action caused an international outcry including two condemnatory UN resolutions. ^[50][51] Israel eventually relented and permitted retention of Syrian citizenship, as well as agreeing not to enforce the mandatory draft.

Syria has always demanded a full Israeli withdrawal to the June 4, 1967 borders, including a strip of land on the east shore of the Sea of Galilee that Syria captured during the 1948-49 Arab-Israeli War and occupied from 1949–67. The Sea of Galilee, also Sea of Genneseret, Lake Kinneret or Lake Tiberias (Hebrew ים כנרת) (Arabic بحيرة طبريا) Successive Israeli governments have considered an Israeli withdrawal from the Golan (of an unspecified extent) in return for normalization of relations with Syria, provided certain security concerns are met. Prior to 2000, Syrian president Hafez al-Assad rejected normalization with Israel. Hafez al-Assad (حافظ الأسد) ( October 6, 1930 &ndash June 10, 2000) was president of Syria, for three

During United States-brokered negotiations in 1999–2000, Israel and Syria discussed a peace deal that would include an Israeli withdrawal in return for peace, recognition and full normalization of relations. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Israel insisted on the pre-1948 border (the 1923 Paulet-Newcombe line), while Syria insisted on the 1967 frontier. The former line has never been recognized by Syria, claiming it was imposed by the colonial powers, while the latter has been rejected by Israel as a result of Syrian aggression during 1948–67. The difference between the lines is less than 100 m for the most part, but the 1967 line would give Syria access to the Sea of Galilee, Israel's only freshwater lake and a major water resource.

In late 2003, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad said he was ready to revive peace talks with Israel. Dr Bashar al-Assad (بشار الأسد) (born 11 September, 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary Israel demanded Syria first disarm Hezbollah, who launched many attacks on northern Israeli towns and army posts from Lebanese territory and cease to host militant Palestinian groups and their headquarters. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Peace talks were not initiated.

After the 2006 war between Israel and Syrian-Iranian-backed Hezbollah guerrillas, the issue of the Golan Heights arose again. Background See also Israel-Lebanon conflict The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO had engaged in cross-border attacks from Southern Lebanon For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Israel heightened its alert over a possible war with Syria after Israeli intelligence assessed that Syria was "seriously examining" military action. Syria reinforced its forces on the Golan while remaining in a defensive position. President Assad stated that Syria was prepared to hold peace talks with Israel but said that if hopes for peace dissolve then "war may really be the only solution". Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert dismissed calls within his coalition to consider peace talks and proclaimed that "the Golan Heights will remain in our hands forever". Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader ^[52][53][54] Others, including cabinet minister Shimon Peres and Ehud Olmert's spokesman Assaf Shariv doubted Assad's sincerity and suggested that Assad's statements were a bid at deflecting international criticism of his regime and specifically explaining that the alleged approach by Assad "is coming in the weeks before the decision on Rafik Hariri", referring to the international inquiry on the murder of the former Lebanese prime minister, a harsh critic of the Syrian presence in Lebanon. (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. ^[55][56]

In June 2007, approximately 40 years following the Six Day War in which Israel took over the Golan Heights, it was reported that Prime Minister Ehud Olmert had sent a secret message to Syrian President, Bashar Assad saying that Israel would return the land in exchange for a comprehensive peace agreement and the severing of Syria's ties with Iran and terror groups in the region. The Prime Minister of Israel is the head of the Israeli government and is the most powerful political officer in Israel (the President of Israel being a titular figurehead Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader This page lists presidents and other Heads of State of Syria. Dr Bashar al-Assad (بشار الأسد) (born 11 September, 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary ^[57] Meanwhile, on the same day, former Prime Minster, Benjamin Netanyahu announced that the former Syrian President, Hafez Assad had promised to give him Mount Hermon in any agreement. (בִּנְיָמִין "ביבי" נְתַנְיָהוּ Binyamin "Bibi" Netanyahu, born October 21 1949, Tel Aviv) was Hafez al-Assad (حافظ الأسد) ( October 6, 1930 &ndash June 10, 2000) was president of Syria, for three Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon ^[58]

Towns and villages

See also: Golan Regional Council

The Golan Heights' administrative center, which is also its largest Israeli community, is the town of Katzrin, built in the 1970s. The Golan Regional Council (מועצה אזורית גולן is the regional council consolidating virtually all the Jewish Israeli settlements located Katzrin (קצרין also spelt Qatzrin or Kazerin) is the Administrative center and largest town in the Golan Heights, which Israel There are another 19 moshavim and 10 kibbutzim. Moshav ( is a type of Cooperative Agricultural Community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists during the second A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in

There are also four Druze villages in the Northern part of the Golan Heights including Majdal Shams, and an Alawite village called Ghajar that stretches on both sides of the Lebanese-Israeli border. The Druze ( Arabic: درزي derzī or durzī, plural دروز durūz) are a religious community found primarily in Syria, Lebanon Majdal Shams (مجدل شمس מג'דל שמס is a Druze village in the northern part of the Golan Heights, the center of Druze life in the region For the Alaouite dynasty of Morocco see Alaouite Dynasty, for the former state now in Yemen see Alawi (sheikhdom The Alawites For the village in Azerbaijan see Qacar. Ghajar (or al-Ghajar is an Alawite village on the Hasbani River and on the border

Attractions

Katzrin

Main article: Katzrin

Katzrin is regarded as "the capital of the Golan Heights" and as such hosts a large number of attractions. Katzrin (קצרין also spelt Qatzrin or Kazerin) is the Administrative center and largest town in the Golan Heights, which Israel The ancient Talmudic village of Kisrin is fully excavated and one can tour the different houses in the village as well as the remains of a large synagogue. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of There is also an interactive movie experience about the Talmudic time within the compound. The Museum of Golan Antiquities hosts archaeological finds uncovered in the Golan Heights from prehistoric times. A special focus concerns Gamla and excavations of synagogues and Byzantine churches. Throughout the Golan Heights 29 ancient synagogues were found dating back to the Roman and Byzantine periods. Katzrin is home to the Golan Heights Winery, a major winery of Israel and the mineral water plant of Mey Eden which derives its water from the spring of Salukiya in the Golan. The Golan Heights Winery is an Israeli wine company located in the Golan Heights, that released its first vintage in 1984 The Israeli wine industry has Wineries numbering in the hundreds and ranging in size from small boutique enterprises making a few thousand bottles per year to the largest producing In many places mineral water is often colloquially used to mean Carbonated water (which is usually carbonated mineral water as opposed to tap water Mey Eden (מי עדן literally "Waters of Eden" is the brand name of the company Eden Springs Ltd A spring is a point where Groundwater flows out of the ground and is thus where the Aquifer surface meets the ground surface One can tour these factories as well as factories of oil products and fruit products. It also has two open air strip malls one which holds the Kesem Hagolan or the "Golan Magic" a three-dimensional movie and model of the geography and history of the Golan Heights [11] [12] [13]. A strip mall (also called a shopping plaza or mini-mall) is an open area Shopping center where the stores are arranged in a row with a Sidewalk

Gamla Nature Reserve

Main article: Gamla

The Gamla Nature Reserve is an open park which holds the archaeological remains of the ancient city of Gamla — including the tower, the wall and the synagogue. Gamla ( Hebrew גמלא Gamla or Gamala) a site inhabited since the Early Bronze Age, became the capital of the Jewish Golan It's also the site of a large waterfall, an ancient Byzantine church, and a panoramic spot to observe the nearly 100 vultures who dwell in the cliffs. Vultures are scavenging Birds feeding mostly on the carcasses of dead Animals Vultures are found on every continent except Antarctica and Israeli scientists study the vultures and tourists can watch them fly and nest. ^[59]

Gilgal Refaim

Main article: Gilgal Refaim

A large impressive circular stone monument, similar to the famous Stonehenge. Gilgal Refaim (from Hebrew - גלגל רפאים or Gilgal Refā'īm, Arabic - رجم الهيري or Rujm al-Hīrī) is a stone circle and ancient Stonehenge is a Prehistoric Monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury This monument can best be seen from the air due to its size. A 3D model of the site exists in the Museum of Golan Antiquities in Katzrin.

Um el Kanatir

Um el Kanatir is another impressive Byzantine archeological site. The site includes a very large synagogue and two arcs next to a water source. ^[60] The arcs have been dubbed Rehavam Arcs after Rehavam Zeevi. (רחבעם "גנדי" זאבי born 20 June 1926, died 17 October 2001) was an Israeli general Politician ^[15][61]

Nimrod Fortress

Main article: Nimrod Fortress

An ancient fortress used by the Ayyubids, Crusaders, the Mongols and Mamluks in many fierce battles. The Nimrod Fortress or Nimrod's Fortress, ( Qala'at al-Subeiba The Ayyubid or Ayyoubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origins which ruled Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents This is now a nature reserve open for exploring.

Mount Hermon

Main article: Mount Hermon

The slopes of Mount Hermon in the Golan Heights house an Israeli ski resort including a wide range of ski trails at novice, intermediate, and expert levels. Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon A ski area is a developed recreational facility usually on a Mountain or large Hill, containing ski trails and vital supporting services It also offers additional winter family activities such as sled-riding and Nordic skiing. A sled, sledge or sleigh is a Vehicle with runners for sliding instead of wheels for rolling Nordic skiing is a Winter sport that encompasses all types of Skiing where the heel of the boot cannot be fixed to the ski Those who operate the Hermon Ski area live in the nearby moshav of Neve Ativ and the town of Majdal Shams. Neve Ativ (נווה אטיב is a small Israeli Moshav in the Golan Heights, founded in 1972 and located on the slopes of Mount Hermon two The ski resort has a ski school, ski patrol, and several restaurants located on both the bottom and the peak of the area. Near the mountain resides the crater lake of Birkat Ram. Crater Lake is a Caldera Lake located in the US state of Oregon. Birkat Ram ( Hebrew: בריכת רם is a Crater lake in the northeastern Golan Heights, near Mount Hermon.

Hamat Gader

Main article: Hamat Gader

A site of hot mineral springs with temperatures up to 50°C used for recreation and healing purposes. Hamat Gader (חמת גדר is a site in the Yarmouk River valley near the Sea of Galilee in Israel. A spring is a point where Groundwater flows out of the ground and is thus where the Aquifer surface meets the ground surface The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Hamat Gader was already widely known as a recreation site in Roman times. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The site includes a Roman theatre, which was built in the 3rd century CE and contained 2,000 seats. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one A large synagogue was built in the 5th century CE. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of

Hippos

Main article: Hippos

An ancient Greco-Roman city, known in Jewish Aramaic as Susita סוסיתא, now an Israeli archaeological site, the excavations include the city's forum, the small imperial cult temple, a large Hellenistic temple compound, the Roman city gates, and two Byzantine churches. Hippos is an archaeological site located in Israel on a hill overlooking the Sea of Galilee. Judæo-Aramaic is a collective term used to describe several Hebrew -influenced Aramaic and Neo-Aramaic Languages History Both the Greek and Aramaic names are derived from the words for "horse".

Ancient village of Kisrin	Gamla synagogue and wall from above	Gilgal Refaim	Remains at Um el Kanatir
Rehavam Arcs	Nimrod Fortress	Mount Hermon viewed from Mount Bental in the Golan	Birkat Ram

See also

• Golan
• Golan Regional Council
• International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict
• UN Security Council Resolution 242
• UN Security Council Resolution 452
• UN Security Council Resolution 465
• UN Security Council Resolution 471
• UN Security Council Resolution 497
• Six-Day War
• Yom Kippur War
• Shebaa Farms

External links

• Gaulonitis in the Jewish Encyclopedia
• Golan, Gaulonitis in The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
• Syrian view of the Golan Heights
• Israeli view of the Golan Heights
• Qatzrin
• The Line of June 4, 1967 and how it came to be
• Golan Heights from palestinefacts. This article was originally based on an entry from a Public domain edition of the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. The Golan Regional Council (מועצה אזורית גולן is the regional council consolidating virtually all the Jewish Israeli settlements located United Nations Security Council Resolution 242 (S/RES/242 was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on November 22, 1967 United Nations Security Council Resolution 452 was on the issue of the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories of East Jerusalem United Nations Security Council Resolution 465 was on the issue of the Israeli settlements and administration in "the Arab territories occupied since United Nations Security Council Resolution 471 was on the issue of the Israeli occupation and settlement activity in the Palestinian territories United Nations Security Council Resolution 497 ( December 17, 1981) adopted unanimously calls on the State of Israel to rescind its de Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War or October War (מלחמת יום הכיפורים transliterated: Milkhemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום Golan Heights The Shebaa Farms (مزارع شبعا; חוות שבעא Havot Sheba‘a or הר דוב Har Dov) is a small area of land with disputed The Jewish Encyclopedia was an Encyclopedia originally published between 1901 and 1906 by Funk and Wagnalls. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915 is a Public domain Biblical encyclopedia org
• from the Moshe Dayan Memoirs
• Golan Heights Examination
• A View From Damascus: Internal Refugees From Golan’s 244 Destroyed Syrian Villages from Washington Report
• Golan Heights Town Tells Tale of Israeli-Arab War from Damascus online
• Planetware travel guide
• Golan Heights Winery
• After 40 years, could the ice be melting on the Golan Heights?
• "Golan Heights Will Supply All Energy Needs Within A Year"

Notes

References

• Biger, Gideon (2005). The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 0714656542
• Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28716-6
• Leon Sheleff (1994). "Application of Israeli law to the Golan Heights is not annexation". Brooklyn journal of international law 20, afl. 2: 333–53.  
• Louis, Wm. Roger (1969). The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919–1922. International Organization, 23(1), pp. 73–96.
• Asher Maoz (1994). "Application of Israeli law to the Golan Heights is annexation". Brooklyn journal of international law 20, afl. 2: 355–96.  
• Tayseer Maar'i & Usama Halabi (1992). "Life under occupation in the Golan Heights". Journal of Palestine Studies 22: 78–93. doi:10.1525/jps.1992.22.1.00p0166n. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
• Morris, Benny (2001) Righteous Victims New York, Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-74475-7.
• Eyal Zisser (2002). "June 1967: Israel's capture of the Golan Heights". Israel Studies 7,1: 168–194.  

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