Goitre Classification and external resources
a woman with a goiter
ICD-10	E01.0-E01.2
ICD-9	240.9
DiseasesDB	5332
MedlinePlus	001178
MeSH	Goiter

A goitre (BrE), or goiter (AmE) (Latin struma), also called a bronchocele, is a swelling in the neck (just below the Adam's apple or larynx) due to an enlarged thyroid gland. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases (E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone ( Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome ( E00-E35 - Endocrine diseases (E00-E07 Thyroid gland / Thyroid hormone ( Congenital iodine-deficiency syndrome ( The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. MedlinePlus, with the MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, is a website network containing Health information from the world's largest medical Library Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The larynx (plural larynges) colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the Neck of Mammals involved in protection of the The thyroid is one of the largest Endocrine glands in the body

Contents 1 Classification 2 Causes 3 Occurrence 4 Treatment 5 History and future 6 Famous goitre sufferers 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Classification

They are classified in different ways:

• A "diffuse goiter" is a goiter that has spread through all of the thyroid (and can be a "simple goitre", or a "multinodular goitre").
• "Toxic goitre" refers to goitre with hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is the term for overactive tissue within the Thyroid gland resulting in overproduction and thus an excess of circulating free thyroid hormones Thyroxine These most commonly due to Graves' disease, but can be caused by inflammation or a multinodular goitre. Graves' disease is a Thyroid disorder characterized by goiter, Exophthalmos, "orange-peel" skin and Hyperthyroidism. Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens
• "Nontoxic goitre" (associated with normal or low thyroid levels) refers to all other types (such as that caused by lithium or certain other autoimmune diseases). Lithium (ˈlɪθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Li and Atomic number 3 Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues

Other type of classification:

• I - palpation struma - in normal posture of head it cannot be seen. Only found when palpating.
• II - struma is palpative and can be easily seen.
• III - struma is very big and is retrosternal. Pressure and compression marks.

Causes

Other causes are:

• Hashimoto's thyroiditis (E06. Hashimoto's thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is an Autoimmune disease where the body's own T-cells attack the cells of the Thyroid 3)
• Graves-Basedow disease (E05. Graves' disease is a Thyroid disorder characterized by goiter, Exophthalmos, "orange-peel" skin and Hyperthyroidism. 0)
• Inborn errors of thyroid hormone synthesis, causing congenital hypothyroidism (E03. Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT is a condition of Thyroid Hormone deficiency present at birth 0)
• Thyroiditis (acute, chronic) (E06)
• Side-effects of pharmacological therapy (E03. Thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland The thyroid gland is located on the front of the neck below the Laryngeal prominence, and makes hormones that An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) or adverse drug event (abbreviated ADE) is an expression that describes the unwanted negative consequences 2)
• Thyroid cancer
• Iodine deficiency

Occurrence

Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T₄) and triiodothyronine (T₃). Thyroid cancer refers to any of four kinds of malignant Tumors of the Thyroid gland papillary, follicular, medullary or Iodine is an essential Trace element; the Thyroid hormones Thyroxine and Triiodotyronine contain iodine Hormones (from Greek ὁρμή - "impetus" are chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Thyroxine, or 353'5'-tetra­iodothyronine (often abbreviated as T4) a form of Thyroid hormones is the major Hormone secreted by the Triiodothyronine, C15[[hydrogen H12]] I3[[nitrogen N]] O4, also known as T3, is a Thyroid In endemic goitre, iodine deficiency leaves the thyroid gland unable to produce its hormones because the hormones are made out of iodine. When levels of thyroid hormones fall, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is produced by the hypothalamus. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone ( TRH) also called thyrotropin-releasing factor ( TRF) thyroliberin or protirelin, is a tropic TRH then prompts the pituitary gland to make thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland’s production of T₄ and T₃. It also causes the thyroid gland to grow in size by increasing cell division.

Goitre is more common among women, but this includes the many types of goitre caused by autoimmune problems, and not only those caused by simple lack of iodine.

Treatment

Treatment may not be necessary if the goitre is small. Goitre may be related to hyper- and hypothyroidism (especially Graves' disease) and may be reversed by treatment of hyper- and hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is the disease state in humans and animals caused by insufficient production of Thyroid hormone by the Thyroid gland. Grave's disease can be corrected with antithyroid drugs (such as propylthiouracil and methimazole), thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland), and iodine-131 (a radioactive isotope of iodine that is absorbed by the thyroid gland and destroys it). Propylthiouracil ( PTU) or 6-N-Propylthiouracil (PROP is a Thioamide drug used to treat Hyperthyroidism by decreasing the amount of Methimazole (also known as Tapazole) is an antithyroid drug similar in action to Propylthiouracil, and part of the Thioamide A thyroidectomy involves the surgical removal of all or part of the Thyroid gland. Iodine-131 (131I, also called radioiodine, is a Radioisotope of Iodine which has medical and pharmaceutical uses Hypothyroidism may raise the risk of goitre because it usually increases the production of TRH and TSH. Levothyroxine, used to treat hypothyroidism, can also be used in euthyroid patients for the treatment of goitre. Levothyroxine suppressive therapy decreases the production of TRH and TSH and may reduce goitre, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Blood tests are needed to ensure that TSH is still in range and the patient has not become subclinically hyperthyroid. If TSH levels are not carefully monitored, levothyroxine may increase the risk of osteoporosis.

Thyroidectomy or ¹³¹I may be necessary in euthyroid goitrous patients who do not respond to levothyroxine treatment, especially if the patients have difficulty breathing or swallowing. ¹³¹I, with or without the pre-injection of synthetic TSH, can relieve obstruction and reduce the size of the goitre by thirty to sixty-five percent. Depending on how large the goitre is and how much of the thyroid gland must be removed or destroyed, thyroidectomy or ¹³¹I may produce hypothyroidism requiring life-long treatment.

History and future

Paracelsus (1493–1541) was the first person to propose a relationship between goitre and minerals (particularly lead) in drinking water. Paracelsus (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria) was an alchemist, ^[1]

Iodine was discovered by Bernard Courtois in 1811 from seaweed ash. Bernard Courtois, also spelled Barnard Courtois, ( 12 February 1777 &ndash 27 September 1838) was a French Chemist

Goitre was previously common in many areas that were deficient in iodine in the soil. Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel For example, in the English Midlands, the condition was known as Derbyshire Neck. This article is mainly about the English Midlands For other uses see Midlands (disambiguation. In the United States, goitre was found in the Great Lakes, Midwest, and Intermountain regions. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. The condition now is practically absent in affluent nations, where table salt is supplemented with iodine. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a However, it is still prevalent in India,^[2] Central Asia and Central Africa. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Central Africa is a core Region of the African Continent often considered to include Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad

Some health workers fear that a resurgence of goitre might occur because of the trend to use rock salt and/or sea salt, which has not been fortified with iodine. Halite is the Mineral form of Sodium chloride, Na[[chlorine Cl]] commonly known as rock salt. Sea salt, obtained by evaporating Seawater, is used in Cooking and Cosmetics. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic

New research indicates that there may in fact be a tendency to inherit an increased vulnerability to goitre.

Famous goitre sufferers

• President George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara Bush both were diagnosed with Graves' disease and goitres, within two years of each other. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8 1925 is the wife of the 41st President of the United States, George H Graves' disease is a Thyroid disorder characterized by goiter, Exophthalmos, "orange-peel" skin and Hyperthyroidism. In the president's case, the disease caused hyperthyroidism and cardiac dysrhythmia. Hyperthyroidism is the term for overactive tissue within the Thyroid gland resulting in overproduction and thus an excess of circulating free thyroid hormones Thyroxine Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. Even the Bushs’ dog Millie was diagnosed with an autoimmune disease: lupus. ^[3][4][5][6] Scientists said that the odds of both George and Barbara Bush having Graves’ disease might be 1 in 100,000 or as low as 1 in 3,000,000^[7]
• Andrea True (according to an interview on VH-1) ^[8]
• Jose Fadul
• Kim Il-sung
• George Lucas
• Fictional old lady in Seinfeld episode "The Old Man"^[9]

This episode pokes fun at research showing that goitre is more prevalent in the elderly. Andrea True (born July 26, 1943, Nashville, Tennessee) is a former Adult film star who was also a Singer Jose Arabe Fadul is a multi-awarded Filipino science education specialist educational psychologist academic teacher historian and author known for his works in psychology Kim Il-sung ( 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in early George Walton Lucas Jr (born May 14, 1944) is an Academy Award -winning American Film director, producer, Screenwriter Seinfeld is an American Situation comedy, or sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5 1989 to May 14 1998 lasting nine seasons "The Old Man" is the fifty-eighth episode of the American television sitcom Seinfeld.

See also

• Struma ovarii (a kind of teratoma)
• David Marine conducted substantial research on the treatment of goiter with iodine. A teratoma is a type of neoplasm. The word teratoma comes from Greek and means roughly "monstrous tumor" A teratoma is a type of neoplasm. The word teratoma comes from Greek and means roughly "monstrous tumor" David Marine ( 20 September, 1888 &ndash 6 November, 1976) was an American pathologist. Iodine (ˈaɪədaɪn ˈaɪədɪn or /ˈaɪədiːn/ from ιώδης iodes "violet" is a Chemical element that has the symbol I and Atomic

References

External links

• Goiter
• National Health Services, UK
• Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency
• Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency - alternate site at Emory University's School of Public Health

Emory University is a Private university located in the metropolitan area of the city of Atlanta and in western unincorporated DeKalb County, Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic