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The Goguryeo controversies refers to the disputes between China and Korea on the history of Goguryeo, an ancient kingdom located mostly in the present day Northeast China and North Korea. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and Northeast China ( is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers from North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, In 2004 this dispute threatened to lead to diplomatic disputes between China and both Koreas when China formalized this view into a government project. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The Northeast Project ( which is short for the Northeast Borderland History and the Chain of Events Research Project ( was a 20-million-yuan (2

Contents

Background

Goguryeo has been conventionally viewed as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula Chinese characterization of Goguryeo as a regional power of China in modern times has spawned heated disputes with both North Korea and South Korea who claim Goguryeo was an independent Korean state. At heart of the Goguryeo controversy is whether Goguryeo was a part of the greater Chinese nation, or an independent Korean kingdom.

Starting from the 1980s when the PRC constitution was amended to redefine the People's Republic of China as a "unitary multinational state built up jointly by the people of all its nationalities", some Chinese historians began to re-identify Goguryeo, especially the first half of Goguryeo's history before it moved its capital to the Korean peninsula, as part of the regional history of China rather than of Korea. [1] This historical revisionism was intensified in the 1990s when a head historian of a North Korean delegation accused Chinese historians of conceiving of ancient China in terms of the territorial bounds of the modern Chinese state, which, he claimed, is a view unsupported by historical evidence. More recently in 2002, this effort has been taken up by the PRC government in the form of the Northeast Project. The Northeast Project ( which is short for the Northeast Borderland History and the Chain of Events Research Project ( was a 20-million-yuan (2

Chinese scholars perceive the Korean nationalistic sentiments of some Koreans in both North and South Koreas as threatening to its territorial integrity. Korean Nationalism is a term referring to the cultural, historical, political and shared social history that unifies the Korean people In fact, some Korean ultra-nationalists in both the Korean liberal and conservative camps make claims for the “restoration of the lost former territories. ”[2] Chinese scholars are afraid of border changes when the North Korean government collapses. Because there are more than 2 million ethinic Koreans living in Manchuria, China fears that they might secede from China and join a newly unified Korea. [3] China may be making claims to Goguryeo to validate their control over current Chinese land. [4]

Meanwhile, North Korea has glorified Goguryeo's independent qualities as part of their Juche ("self-reliance") ideology, identifying itself with Goguryeo, while equating South Korea with Silla, and the United States with Tang. The Juche Idea (주체사상 Juche Sasang) is the official state Ideology of North Korea and the Political system based on it Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by North Korea has distorted their national history to conform it to Juche, by denying any indication of foreign occupation of the Korean peninsula, such as the existence of any Chinese commanderies there. The Four Commanderies of Han (漢四郡 한사군 are Lelang, Lintun, Xuantu and Zhenfan commanderies in the western Korean peninsula Nevertheless, North Korea tries to be relatively silent, due to its political and economic dependence on China. [5]

During the 19th and 20th Centuries, the Japanese Empire also differentiated Goguryeo from the other Three Kingdoms of Korea to highlight Japanese (Wa) influence in the non-Goguryeo kingdoms of Baekje and Silla in order to justify its colonization of Korea. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In order to demonstrate their theories, they moved the a stone monument (棕蟬縣神祠碑), which was originally located at Liaodong, into Pyongyang,[6] In addition, the Japanese vandalized or altered part of the Gwanggaeto Stele to validate the colonization of the Southern Korean peninsula by Japan. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria The Stele of King Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo was erected in 414 by King Jangsu as a memorial to his deceased father Part of the controversy then came from the inability to interpret the Japanese altered/vandalized part of the Gwanggaeto Stele erected by the Goguryeo king Gwanggaeto. The Stele of King Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo was erected in 414 by King Jangsu as a memorial to his deceased father

Chinese views

China views Goguryeo as a part of the regional history of China rather than of being solely or uniquely Korean. Chinese historian Sun Jinji in 1986 suggested that Goguryeo is separate from the history of the Three Kingdoms in the Korean Peninsula. He argued that “the people of Buyeo and Goguryeo had the same lineage as the Chinese in the Northeast region, while the Korean people were a part of the Silla lineage. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. ”[7] This view has since been supported by many other prominent Chinese historians. However, Chinese scholars are not all of one voice on this issue. There are also many Chinese historians who acknowledge Goguryeo history as being shared by both Korea and China within “a framework of the dual elements of a single history”(一史两用论, yishi liangyong lun). [8] More recently, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) generated new controversy through its Northeast Project study of China's three Northeast provinces. The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ( CASS)( is the premier academic research organization in the fields of philosophy and social sciences of China it is also the most The Northeast Project ( which is short for the Northeast Borderland History and the Chain of Events Research Project ( was a 20-million-yuan (2 Northeast China ( is a geographical region of China. It is separated from Russia largely by the Amur, Argun, and Ussuri rivers from

Among the arguments that China uses for its claims on Goguryeo:

Korean views

Korean historians dispute the legitimacy of the Northeast Project [15], generally making these arguments:[16]

Criticism

China revealed its claims on Goguryeo in 2002 with the Northeast China project. In 2003, they tried to incorporate Goguryeo tombs in China as their own. Wei Chunchung, a professor, declared that Goguryeo was established by Chinese ethnic groups. [18] South Korea soon found out that China deleted mentions of Goguryeo in its government website. This caused an outrage in South Korea.

From other countries

The PRC's revision of Goguryeo history, in an attempt to recharacterize it as a Chinese provincial state rather than an independent Korean kingdom, has received international criticism for making a flawed and politically motivated rewriting of history. Such criticisms came from numerous scholars from other countries such as the United States, Russia, Mongolia, and Australia,[19] including Goguryeo historians such as Mark Byington, indicated by an e-mail sent when completing a postdoctoral program at the Korea Institute, an autonomous non-departmental entity[20] physically located at Harvard University Harvard University Korea Institute[21] and R. A postdoctoral fellow (colloquially " post-doc " is a temporary research position held by a person who has completed his or her doctoral studies Sh. Djarylgashinova of Russian Academy of Science Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography. [22]

Mark Byington believes that China's claims are "flimsy" and do not have much weight when their arguments are analyzed. [23]

From Korea

Peter Gries noted that after UNESCO granted both China and North Korea's applications for world heritage status, Chinese websites subsequently consistently referred to it as "China's Koguryo", which became a popular issue in South Korea, exhibited in editorials and op-eds [18] Furthermore, Gries quoted Kim Woo Jun, a history professor, as suggesting that the events might shift South Korea's strategy from being anti-U. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 S. , pro-China to anti-China, pro-U. S. [18]

Yonson Ahn, a Korean researcher noted for her work on Korean women's issues [24], writes that historians such as Quan Zhezhu, Sun Jinji, Kim Hui-kyo, and Mark Byington "perceive the launching of the Project as a defensive reaction to preserve China’s own territorial integrity and stability. " [25]

North Korea's state run media has denounced Chinese claims as “a pathetic attempt to manipulate history for its own interests” or “intentionally distorting historical facts through biased perspectives” in North Korean media. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, [26]

In 2004, in an effort to prevent the issue from weakening bilateral ties with South Korea, China promised to not assert claims over Goguryeo and also pledged to not distort Goguryeo history in its textbooks. [27]

Jo Beop-jong, a professor at Woosuk University in South Korea, said China may not correct the distorted history about Goguryeo because if Beijing admits Goguryeo as Korean history, China must give up its Northeast Asia project[28]

From China

The Northeast Project is not universally accepted in the PRC. In 2006, in an interview with the Chosun Ilbo, a senior scholar from Peking University affirmed Goguryeo as a part of Korean history. The Chosun Ilbo (translated as Korean Daily News is one of the major Newspapers in South Korea. Peking University ( of Beijing, colloquially known in Chinese as Beida (北大 Běidà) is the first formally established university and the first [29] He has expressed disagreement with the CASS institute, the PRC government institution running the Northeast Project, and indirectly criticized the project on behalf of the Peking University Department of History. The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ( CASS)( is the premier academic research organization in the fields of philosophy and social sciences of China it is also the most

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Byington, Mark. “The Creation of an Ancient Minority Nationality: Koguryo in Chinese Historiography. ”In Embracing the Other: The Interaction of Korean and Foreign Cultures: Proceedings of the 1st World Congress of Korean Studies, III. Songnam, Republic of Korea: The Academy of Korean Studies, 2002.
  2. ^ Kim, Hui-kyo 2004,“Chunggukuitongbuk kongjonkwa hanguk minjokjuuiui chilro ( China’s Northeast Project and the Course of Korean Nationalism)”, Yoksa pip’yong (History Critics) 2004, Spring, Seoul:Yoksa bip’yongsa.
  3. ^ The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided
  4. ^ The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided
  5. ^ Petrov, Leonid A. (2004). "Restoring the Glorious Past: North Korean Juche Historiography and Goguryeo". The Review of Korean Studies Vol. 7 No. 3: 231–252. The Academy of Korean Studies.  
  6. ^ 리, 순진 (2001). 평양일대 락랑무덤에 대한 연구(A Research about the Tombs of Nangnang around Pyongyang). 서울: 중심. ISBN 89-89524-05-9.  
  7. ^ Sun, Jinji 1986, Dongbei minzu yuanliu (The Ethnic Origin of the Northeast), Harbin: Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe.
  8. ^ Sun, Jinji 2004-a, “Zhongguo Gaogoulishi yanjiu kaifang fanrong de liunian (Six Years of Opening and Prosperity of Koguryo History Research)”, paper presented at the conference titled Koguryo yoksawa munhwa yusan (History and Cultural Heritage of Koguryo), March 26-27, 2004
  9. ^ http://koreaweb.ws/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/2004-January.txt.gz
  10. ^ http://koreaweb.ws/pipermail/koreanstudies_koreaweb.ws/2004-January.txt.gz
  11. ^ Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe lishixi (History Department of People’s Education Press), Zhongguo lishi (Chinese History) II, Beijing: Renmin jiaoyu chubanshe (People’s Education Press), 2004, p. 16.
  12. ^ See Byeon Tae-seop (변태섭) (1999). 韓國史通論 (Hanguksa tongnon) (Outline of Korean history), 4th ed. . ISBN 89-445-9101-6, p. 40. See TANAKA Toshiaki:"The Rise of Goguryeo and Xuan-Tu Shire" 田中俊明:《高句丽的兴起和玄菟郡》, from 32 BC to 666 AD Goguryeo paid 205 tributes to the Chinese Central Plains dynasties. From 32 BC to 391 AD, Goguryeo paid only 17 tributes, but between 423 AD and 666 AD, 188 tributes were paid.
  13. ^ Harvard Asia Quarterly - Will Flowers Bloom without Fragrance? Korean-Chinese Relations
  14. ^ Sun, Jinji and Sun Hong 2004, “Gongyuan 3-7 shiji Ji’an yu Pingrang diqu bihua mu de zushu yu fenqi, mingming (The Racial Affiliation and Periodisation of Graves With Murals in the Ji’an and Pingrang Area From 3-7 Century A. D. )”, paper presented at the conference titled Koguryo yoksawa munhwa yusan (History and Cultural Heritage of Koguryo), March 26-27, 2004
  15. ^ 네이버 백과사전
  16. ^ (2006) 동북공정과 고대사 왜곡의 대응방안. 서울: 백암. ISBN 89-7625-119-9.  
  17. ^ Discovered of Goguryeo (고구려의 발견), Written on South Korea historian Kim Yong-man.
  18. ^ a b c 02Gries.pmd
  19. ^ Bae, Young-dae; Min-a Lee. "Korea finds some allies in Goguryeo history spat", Joongang Ilbo, 2004-09-16. JoongAng Ilbo is a conservative newspaper published in Seoul, Korea. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Retrieved on 2007-03-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of  
  20. ^ About the Korea Institute. Korea Institute. Retrieved on 2007-05-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
  21. ^ The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided
  22. ^ Korean-Russian academia jointly respond to Northeast Project (Korean). Naver (2006-10-31). Naver ( Hangul: 네이버 is the most popular search portal in South Korea. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Retrieved on 2007-03-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of
  23. ^ The War of Words Between South Korea and China Over An Ancient Kingdom: Why Both Sides Are Misguided
  24. ^ The Korea-China Textbook War-What's It All About?
  25. ^ The Korea-China Textbook War-What's It All About?
  26. ^ north korea teaching english in at freenorthkorea.net
  27. ^ Skepticism Lingers over History Issue
  28. ^ Skepticism Lingers over History Issue
  29. ^ "Chinese Scholar Slams Co-opting Korean History", Chosun Ilbo, 2006-09-13. The Chosun Ilbo (translated as Korean Daily News is one of the major Newspapers in South Korea. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Retrieved on 2007-03-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of  
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