Goa Trance (sometimes referred to as Goa or by the number 604) is a form of electronic music that developed around the same time as Trance music became popular in Europe. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range The origins of Indian classical music can be found from the oldest of Scriptures part of the Hindu tradition the Vedas. Electronic body music ( EBM, also known as aggropop) is a Music genre that combines elements of Industrial music and Electronic Acid house is a sub-genre of House music that emphasizes a repetitive hypnotic and trance -like style with samples or spoken lines usually used rather than sung lyrics Psychedelic rock is a style of Rock music that attempts to replicate the mind-altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Roland TB-303 Bass Line is a Synthesizer with built-in sequencer manufactured by the Roland corporation from 1982 to 1984 The Roland TR-909 Rhythm Composer is a partially analog, partially sample-based Drum machine built by the Japanese Roland Corporation Roland SH-101 is a Synthesizer from the early 1980's manufactured by Roland. Clavia Nord Lead is the first virtual analog subtractive synthesizer developed in Sweden, being released to the public by Clavia in 1995 A music sequencer (also MIDI sequencer or just sequencer) is software or hardware designed to create and manage computer-generated music For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld This is a list of Electronic music genres sub-genres and styles though for the latter not all possess their own article (in which case see the main genre article Psychedelic trance or psytrance is a form of Electronic music characterized by hypnotic arrangements of synthetic rhythms and mesmerizing melodies Psybient, also known as " Ambient Psy " " Psychedelic Ambient " " Ambient Goa " " Ambient Psytrance " Nitzhonot ( Hebrew: נצחונות "victories" is a crossover between Goa trance and Uplifting trance, emerged during the mid-late 1990s Music of Goa refers to the music from the tiny state of Goa on the west coast of India a former Portuguese colony and a centre that has produced a number of prominent musicians and singers Electronic music is music that employs Electronic musical instruments and Electronic Music technology in its production Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s It originated during the late 1980s and early 1990s in the Indian state of Goa. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. Essentially, Trance music was pop culture's answer to the Goa Trance music scene on the beaches of Goa where the traveller's music scene has been famous since the time of the Beatles. Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s Goa ( Konkani: गोंय /ɡɔ̃j/ is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the fourth smallest in terms of population. The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 Goa Trance enjoyed the greater part of its success from around 1994–1998, and since then has dwindled significantly both in production and consumption, being replaced by its successor, Psychedelic Trance (aka psytrance). Psychedelic trance or psytrance is a form of Electronic music characterized by hypnotic arrangements of synthetic rhythms and mesmerizing melodies Many of the original Goa Trance artists: Simon Posford, Slinky Wizard, and Total Eclipse are still making music, but refer to their style of music simply as "trance". Hallucinogen is the Stage name of Simon Posford (born 1971 an Electronic musician specializing in Goa trance music from England Slinky Wizard are Adam Boyd (? - 1994) Dominic Lamb, George Barker, Ronnie Biggs, and Gus Till, a Psychedelic trance Total Eclipse is a Psychedelic trance / goa band originally formed in 1992 in France. TIP Records, Flying Rhino Records, Dragonfly Records, Transient Records, Phantasm Records, Symbiosis Records, Blue Room Released were all key players on the beach and in the scene. TIP Records is a former Goa Trance Record label, formed in 1994 by Raja Ram, Graham Wood Ian St Flying Rhino Records is a Psychedelic trance Record label formed in August 1994. Dragonfly Records was the first pure Psychedelic trance Record label. Transient Records was a Record label founded in 1994 by Disco Volante members Russel Coultart and Lawrence Cooke to release their Phantasm Records was one of the first Goa trance Record labels established in London in the UK in 1993 soon after Dragonfly Records Symbiosis Records is a now-defunct Goa trance Record label founded in East Sussex, England in 1994. Blue Room Released was an Independent record label from London, UK.

Goa Trance is closely related to the emergence of Psytrance during the latter half of the 1990s and early 2000s, where the two genres mixed together. In popular culture, the distinction between the two genres often remains largely a matter of opinion (they are considered by some to be synonymous; others say that Psytrance is more "cybernetic" and that Goa Trance is more "organic", and still others maintain that there is a clear difference between the two). If anything, the styles are easier to differentiate in Central and Eastern Europe (e. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. g. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania) where Goa Trance parties are more popular than Psy-Trance parties - the opposite being true in the UK and Belgium. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Psy Trance has a noticeably more aggressive bassline and goa tends to avoid the triplet-style bass lines. Between them however, both psy- and goa trance are sonically distinct from other forms of trance in both tonal quality, structure and feel. In many countries they are generally more underground and less commercial than other forms of trance. Underground music refers to a variety of post-1960s rock pop or dance subgenres that developed a Cult following despite their lack of Mainstream appeal visibility

Among the first compilations or albums where Goa Trance could be heard, as opposed to "normal" trance music, are Dragonfly Records "Project II Trance" and its successor "Order Odonata". Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s Dragonfly Records was the first pure Psychedelic trance Record label. Many of these artists are still producing psychedelic electronic music, often called "classic" psy within the scene.

History

A hand-drawn flyer for a Goa Trance party in Israel in 1990. FlyEr is the Belarusian Rap writer and performerThough his Rap started from the American hip-hop tradition music of FlyEr is closer than For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Today Israel is one of the main producers of a type of psychedelic trance known as "full on" and fliers have gotten more elaborate -- often featuring CG images. Computer graphics are Graphics created by Computers and more generally the Representation and Manipulation of Pictorial Data

The music has its roots in the popularity of the Goa state in India in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a hippie mecca, and although musical developments were incorporating elements of industrial music and EBM with the spiritual culture in India throughout the 1980s, the actual Goa Trance style did not officially appear until the early 1990s. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world As the hippie tourist influx tapered off in the 1970s and 1980s, a core group remained in Goa, concentrating on developments in music along with other pursuits such as yoga and recreational drug use. Yoga ( Sanskrit: योग, IAST: yóga, joːgə refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India, to the Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes The music that would eventually be known as Goa Trance did not evolve from one single genre, but was inspired mainly by Industrial music/EBM like Front Line Assembly and A Split-Second, acid house (The KLF's "What time is love?" in particular) and psychedelic rock like Ozric Tentacles, Steve Hillage and Ash Ra Tempel. Industrial music is a loose term for a number of different styles of Experimental music, especially but not necessarily Electronic music. Electronic body music ( EBM, also known as aggropop) is a Music genre that combines elements of Industrial music and Electronic Front Line Assembly (sometimes written as Frontline Assembly, also known by the Acronym FLA) is a Canadian Electro-industrial bandformed A Split-Second was an Electronic music band from Belgium. The duo &mdash Marc Ickx and Peter Bonne (under the artist name Chrismar Chayell &mdash were active from Acid house is a sub-genre of House music that emphasizes a repetitive hypnotic and trance -like style with samples or spoken lines usually used rather than sung lyrics Psychedelic music is a term that refers to a broad set of popular music styles genres and scenes that may include Psychedelic rock, psychedelic folk, Psychedelic Ozric Tentacles (commonly known as the Ozrics) are an instrumental band from Somerset, England, whose music can loosely be described as psychedelic Steve Hillage is a British musician best known as a guitarist Ash Ra Tempel are one of the most notable German Krautrock groups of the 1970s and are a notable example of cosmic or Space rock. In addition to those, oriental tribal/ethnic music also became a source of inspiration, unsurprisingly considering that it was from Goa in the Orient that Goa Trance originated. The Orient is a term which simply means the " East " It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous The Orient is a term which simply means the " East " It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world A very early example (1974) of the relation between psy-rock and the music that would eventually be known as Goa Trance is The Cosmic Jokers (a collaboration between Ash Ra Tempel and Klaus Schulze) highly experimental and psychedelic album "Galactic Supermarket", which features occasional 4/4 rhythms intertwined with elements from psy-rock, early analogue synths and occasionally tribal-esque drum patterns. Cosmic Jokers was a German Krautrock supergroup, and a primary example of Space rock. Klaus Schulze (born August 4, 1947) is a German Electronic music Composer and musician. Modern psychedelia For "psychedelics" see Psychedelic drug. The drum is a member of the percussion group technically classified as a Membranophone.

The introduction of techno and its techniques to Goa led to what eventually became the Goa Trance style; early pioneers included DJs Fred Disko, Laurent, Goa Gil, and Amsterdam Joey. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s Goa Gil is an American -born musician DJ and party organizer He is one of the founders of the Goa trance and psytrance movement in electronic dance music Many "parties" (generally similar to raves but with a more mystic flavour, at least in early 1990s) in Goa revolve entirely around this genre of music. A rave (or rave party) is a term in use since the 1980s to describe Dance Parties (often all-night events In other countries, Goa is also often played at raves, festivals and parties in conjunction with other styles of trance and techno.

Today, Goa Trance has a significant following in Israel, brought to that country by former soldiers returning from recreational "post-army trips" to Goa in the early 1990s. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. A great deal of Goa Trance (or now, more accurately, psytrance) is now produced in Israel, but its production and consumption is a global phenomenon. Psychedelic trance or psytrance is a form of Electronic music characterized by hypnotic arrangements of synthetic rhythms and mesmerizing melodies New "hot-spots" today include Brazil, Japan and South Africa. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

The original Goa Trance sound has undergone a great deal of other genres evolving from it since 1997. From 1997 till 2000 the Goa Trance scene was without any clear goal. Artists experimented in many ways from combining Goa Trance with breakbeats to creating a blend of Goa Trance and minimal techno (which later went on to become progressive/minimal psytrance). Psychedelic trance or psytrance is a form of Electronic music characterized by hypnotic arrangements of synthetic rhythms and mesmerizing melodies The main goal during this time was to experiment in new ways and create something different from the Goa Trance sound that was so popular and widespread during the mid 90s. As a result, anything could be heard at a Goa Trance party. After 2000, new styles were born, fixed and have survived until today, with some of them becoming commercialized and enjoying much more success in clubs, for example "full-on" psytrance. Psychedelic trance or psytrance is a form of Electronic music characterized by hypnotic arrangements of synthetic rhythms and mesmerizing melodies Today a lot of music that is labeled "Goa Trance" has very little to do with the original sound of Goa Trance, however, achieving a psychedelic sound (be it organic or cybernetic) is said to remain the goal that producers are out to accomplish.

One particular underground genre that branched off from Goa Trance is called suomisaundi (Finnish sound), which originated in Finland. Suomisaundi ( suomistyge, suomisoundi, spugedelic trance) is a style of freeform Psychedelic trance, originating from Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. One of its trademark features is reference to early\mid-1990s classic Goa Trance music, and this genre is often exhibited in Finland's forest party scene. At these parties, mostly Goa Trance and Suomi-style psytrance can be heard. Psychedelic trance or psytrance is a form of Electronic music characterized by hypnotic arrangements of synthetic rhythms and mesmerizing melodies

The sound of Goa Trance

Never changing. Forever true. In the name of love. Dance for paradise.

—as sampled by Boris Blenn

Goa Trance is essentially "dance-trance" music (it was referred to as "Trance Dance" in its formative years), the original goal being to assist the dancers in experiencing a collective state of bodily transcendence, similar to that of ancient shamanic dancing rituals, through hypnotic, pulsing melodies and rhythms. Boris Blenn is a Psychedelic trance artist from Germany. He is most famous for his project Electric Universe As such it has an energetic beat, almost always in 4/4 time and mainly consisting of 16th or 32nd note patterns played in both synth and percussion parts. A beat is the basic Time Unit of a piece of Music; for example each tick sounded by a Metronome would correspond to a beat A typical track will generally build up to a much more energetic movement in the second half then taper off fairly quickly toward the end. The BPM typically lies in the 130 - 150 range, although some tracks may have BPMs as low as 110 or as high as 160. Beats per minute ( BPM) is a unit typically used as either a measure of Tempo in music or a measure of one's Heart rate. Generally 8-12 minutes long, Goa Trance tracks tend to focus on steadily building energy throughout, using changes in percussion patterns and more intricate and layered synth parts as the music progresses in order to build a hypnotic and intense feel.

The kick drum often is a low, thick sound with a large amount of sub-bass frequencies, and is thought to be the origin of the term doof, a label for dance music and Goa Trance in particular. The music very often incorporates a great deal of effects, much more so than other forms of dance music, and are often created through experimentation with synthesisers. A well-known sound that originated with Goa Trance and became much more prevalent through its successor, psytrance, is the organic "squelchy" sound (usually a saw-wave which is run through a resonant high-pass filter), known to sound especially good on psychedelic drugs. Psychedelic trance or psytrance is a form of Electronic music characterized by hypnotic arrangements of synthetic rhythms and mesmerizing melodies Psychedelic drugs are Psychoactive drugs whose primary action is to alter the thought processes of the brain and perception of the mind

Other important pieces of equipment used in Goa Trance include popular analogue synthesizers such as the Roland TB-303, Roland Juno-60/106, Novation Bass-Station, Korg MS-10, and notably the Roland SH-101. The Roland TB-303 Bass Line is a Synthesizer with built-in sequencer manufactured by the Roland corporation from 1982 to 1984 The Roland Juno-60 is a popular analogue 61-key polyphonic Synthesizer produced by Roland Corporation in the early 1980s and a successor to the slightly earlier The Roland Juno-106 was a hybrid digital/analogue polyphonic synth manufactured by Roland Corporation in 1984. Roland SH-101 is a Synthesizer from the early 1980's manufactured by Roland. Hardware samplers manufactured by Akai, Yamaha and Ensoniq were also popular for sample storage and manipulation. A sampler is an electronic musical instrument closely related to a Synthesizer. Akai ( Japanese: AKAI in Romaji) is a consumer electronics brand founded as, a Japanese manufacturer in 1929 Ensoniq Corp was an American Electronics manufacturer best known throughout the mid 1980s and 1990s for its Musical instruments principally

A popular element of Goa Trance is the use of strange samples, often from sci-fi movies. Those samples mostly contain references to drugs, parapsychology, extraterrestrials, existentialism, OBEs, dreams, science, spirituality and other things that could be deemed as "mysterious" and "unconventional". Hard and soft drugs are loose categories of non-prescription Psychoactive drugs This distinction is used in both official and casual discourse Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence An out-of-body experience ( OBE or sometimes OOBE) is an experience that typically involves a sensation of floating outside of one's body and in some cases perceiving Dreams are the images sounds thoughts and feelings experienced while Sleeping, particularly strongly associated with Rapid eye movement sleep. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality For an extensive list of such samples, see Psychedelic Mind Expander's sample list.

Goa Trance parties

Goa Trance parties began in the late 1980s in the state of Goa, India and they can take place in unusual locations such as on a beach or in the middle of the forest, although it is not uncommon for them to be held in conventional locations like clubs. There have been attempts to formalise parties, such as those held at Bamboo Forest, into commercial events, which was initially met with much resistance. The need to pay the local police baksheesh means that they're now generally staged around a bar, even though this may only be a temporary fixture in the forest or beach. Baksheesh is a term used to describe tipping charitable giving, and certain forms of Political corruption and Bribery in the Middle East and

The parties around the New Year tend to be the most chaotic with busloads of people coming in from all places such as Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore and the world over. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Travelers, beggars and sadhus from all over India pass by to join in. In Hinduism, sadhu is a common term for an Ascetic or practitioner of Yoga ( Yogi) who has given up pursuit of the first three India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

However, with the proliferation of Goa Trance music across the globe, parties are now being held at locations all over the world. Among the most notable of these parties are the Full Moon Party held monthly at Ko Pha Ngan, Thailand and several events held in Byron Bay, Australia as well as Israel, Japan, South Africa and Scandinavia. The Full Moon Party is an all-night Beach Party that takes place in Haad Rin on the island of Ko Pha Ngan, Thailand on the night Ko Pha Ngan (or Koh Phangan, เกาะพะงัน is an Island in the Gulf of Thailand in South East Thailand. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Byron Bay is a town in the state of New South Wales on the easternmost point of mainland Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well

Goa parties also have a definitive visual aspect - the use of "fluoro" (fluorescent paint) is common on clothing and on decorations such as tapestries. Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an The graphics on these decorations are usually associated with topics such as aliens, Hinduism, other religious (especially eastern) images, mushrooms (and other psychedelic art), shamanism and technology. Extraterrestrial life is Life originating outside of the Earth. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Shrines in front of the DJ stands featuring religious items are also common decorations.

Goa Trance in popular culture

For a short period in the mid-1990s Goa Trance enjoyed significant commercial success with support from DJs such as Paul Oakenfold, who later went on to assist in developing a much more mainstream style of trance outside Goa. Paul Oakenfold (born 30 August, 1963 in Greenhithe, Kent, UK) is a Record producer and a popular trance Only a few artists came close to being Goa Trance "stars", enjoying worldwide fame. Among the most notable are, Infected Mushroom, Eat Static, Astral Projection, Man With No Name, Hallucinogen, Cosmosis and Doof. Infected Mushroom is an Israeli Psychedelic trance DJ duo that uses additional musicians when they play live sets Eat Static are an Electronic music project from England formed in 1989 by Merv Pepler and Joie Hinton. Astral Projection are an electronic musical group producing Psychedelic trance and Goa trance music Martin Freeland, also known as Man With No Name or MWNN, is a British goa/psy-trance DJ, one of the defining artists in the genre Hallucinogen is the Stage name of Simon Posford (born 1971 an Electronic musician specializing in Goa trance music from England Cosmosis is an electronic music project specifically Goa trance. Nick Barber (born August 31, 1968) better known by the Stage name Doof, is a London -based Psychedelic trance musician Goa Trance duo Juno Reactor had their music featured in many Hollywood movies like Mortal Kombat, The Matrix, and even Once Upon a Time in Mexico; however, whether those are actually Goa Trance is debatable, but they do fall under the supercategory of Psy that comprises several subgenres. Juno Reactor is a musical and performing act known for the cinematic fusion of electronic orchestral and global music the Matrix score and other film works Mortal Kombat is a 1995 action film directed by Paul W S Anderson that was based on the popular Mortal Kombat series of The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction - martial arts - Action film written and directed by Larry and Andy Wachowski and Once Upon a Time in Mexico is a 2003 action Film written edited and directed by Robert Rodriguez. Kox Box from Denmark have Goa Trance tracks on the sound track of the movie Pusher most notably the track: Fuel On, which was also featured on the compilation: Distance To Goa 4. More recently, the Gran Tourismo 4: Kicks Soundtrack was comprised entirely of Goa/Psychedelic trance artists, and ESPN has featured ~30 second clips of Goa during the scoring recaps for both college and professional games.

Goa Trance remains very much an underground form of music and with the exception of more popular artists such as Infected Mushroom, Hallucinogen or Juno Reactor, Goa Trance albums are usually not sold in mainstream record stores and it can be difficult to find on vinyl in local shops, however, it is available from a few online merchants like Psyshop and Saiko Sounds. Infected Mushroom is an Israeli Psychedelic trance DJ duo that uses additional musicians when they play live sets Hallucinogen is the Stage name of Simon Posford (born 1971 an Electronic musician specializing in Goa trance music from England Juno Reactor is a musical and performing act known for the cinematic fusion of electronic orchestral and global music the Matrix score and other film works

Simon Reynolds comments that "For all its cult of the mystic Orient, Goa Trance is sonically whiter-than-white. Simon Reynolds (born 1963 in London, England; raised in Hertfordshire) is an English Music critic who is well-known for his writings on All the creativity is in the top level (melody and filigree) with not a lot going on in the rhythm section. The Goa Trance scene is a sort of deodorized, upmarket version of crusty techno, without the ragged-trousered poverty chic". (1999:176)^[1] While this kind of opinion is not uncommon, some veterans of the Goa scene will tell you that the music is catered to serve as jumping off point for expanding human consciousness, as mentioned in the film "Liquid Crystal Vision".

Notable artists

• Astral Projection
• California Sunshine
• Chi-A.D.
• Cosmosis
• Dimension 5
• Doof
• Electric Universe
• Elysium
• Hallucinogen
• Infected Mushroom
• The Infinity Project
• Juno Reactor
• Koxbox
• Man With No Name
• MFG
• Oforia
• Pleiadians/Etnica
• Shiva Shidapu
• Slinky Wizard
• Transwave
• X-Dream

See also

• Music of Goa
• Psychedelic trance
• Trance music
• Techno
• Ambient music
• Psybient
• List of electronic music genres

References

1. ^ Reynolds, Simon (1999) Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-415-92373-5