Chemical structure of decyl glucoside, a plant-derived glucoside used as a surfactant. Decyl glucoside is a mild non-ionic Surfactant used in cosmetic formularies including Baby Shampoo and in products for individuals with a sensitive

A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Fermentation is the process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds such as carbohydrates using an endogenous electron acceptor which is Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins

The name was originally given to plant products of this nature, in which the other part of the molecule was, in the greater number of cases, an aromatic aldehydic or phenolic compound (exceptions are sinigrin and jalapin or scammonin). In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by Phenol, is a toxic colourless Crystalline Solid with a sweet tarry odor commonly referred to as a "hospital smell" Sinigrin is a Glucosinolate which belongs to the family of Glucosides found in some plants of the Brassica family such as Brussels sprouts It has now been extended to include synthetic ethers, such as those obtained by acting on alcoholic glucose solutions with hydrochloric acid, and also the polysaccharoses, e. Ether is a class of Organic compounds which contain an ether group — an Oxygen Atom connected to two (substituted Alkyl In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water g. cane sugar, which appear to be ethers also. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Although glucose is the most common sugar present in glucosides, many are known which yield rhamnose or iso-dulcite; these may be termed pentosides. Rhamnose is a naturally occurring Deoxy sugar. It can be classified either as a methyl- Pentose or a 6-deoxy- Hexose. Much attention has been given to the non-sugar parts (aglyca) of the molecules; the constitutions of many have been determined, and the compounds synthesized; and in some cases the preparation of the synthetic glucoside effected.

The simplest glucosides are the alkyl ethers which have been obtained by reacting hydrochloric acid on alcoholic glucose solutions. A better method of preparation is to dissolve solid anhydrous glucose in methanol containing hydrochloric acid. Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound A mixture of alpha- and beta-methylglucoside results.

Classification of the glucosides is a matter of some difficulty. One based on the chemical constitution of the non-glucose part of the molecules has been proposed that frames four groups: (I) alkyl derivatives, (2) benzene derivatives, (3) styrolene derivatives, (4) anthracene derivatives. Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 Anthracene is a solid Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three fused Benzene rings derived from Coal-tar. A group may also be made to include the cyanogenic glucosides, i. e. those containing prussic acid. Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN Other classifications follow a botanical classification, which has several advantages; in particular, plants of allied genera contain similar compounds. In this article the chemical classification will be followed, and only the more important compounds will be discussed here.

Ethylene Derivatives

These are generally mustard oils, which are characterized by a burning taste; their principal occurrence is in mustard and Tropaeolum seeds. Mustard seeds are the small seeds of the various Mustard plants The seeds are about 2 mm in diameter and may be colored from yellowish white to black Sinigrin, or the potassium salt of inyronic acid occurs in black pepper and in horseradish root. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried Horseradish ( Armoracia rusticana, syn Cochlearia armoracia) is a Perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family which also includes mustard Hydrolysis with baryta, or decomposition by the ferment myrosin, gives glucose, allyl mustard oil and potassium hydrogen sulfate. Barium hydroxide is the Chemical compound with the formula Ba(OH2 Potassium bisulfate is the Potassium salt of Bisulfate anion with the molecular formula KHSO4 Sinalbin occurs in white pepper; it decomposes to the mustard oil, glucose and sinapin, a compound of choline and sinapic acid. Sinalbin is a Glucosinolate found in the seeds of white mustard Sinapis alba Choline is an Organic compound, classified as a water-soluble Essential nutrient and usually grouped within the Vitamin B complex Sinapinic acid, or sinapic acid is a small naturally occurring Carboxylic acid. Jalapin or scammonin occurs in scammony; it hydrolyses to glucose and jalapinolic acid. Scammony ( Convolvulus scammonia) is a Bindweed native to the countries of the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin it grows in bushy waste places

Benzene Derivatives

These are generally oxy and oxyaldehydic compounds. Arbutin, which occurs in bearberry along with methyl arbutin, hydrolyses to hydroquinone and glucose. The unrelated medicinal tree Cascara or ''chitticum'' also has "Bearberry" as one of its common names Hydroquinone, also benzene-14-diol or quinol, is an Aromatic Organic compound which is a type of phenol, having the Chemical Pharmacologically it acts as a urinary antiseptic and diuretic; the benzoyl derivative, cellotropin, has been used for tuberculosis. Antiseptics (from Greek αντί - anti, '"against" + σηπτικός - septikos, "putrefactive" are antimicrobial A diuretic is any Drug that elevates the rate of urination ( Diuresis) Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Salicin, also termed saligenin and glucose occurs in the willow. Salicin (C13H18O7 is an alcoholic β- Glycoside that contains D-glucose. Willows, sallows and osiers form the Genus Salix, around 400 species of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs found primarily The enzymes ptyalin and emulsin convert it into glucose and saligenin, ortho-oxybenzylalcohol. Oxidation gives the aldehyde helicin. Populin, which occurs in the leaves and bark of Populus tremula, is benzoyl salicin.

Styrolene Derivatives

This group contains a benzene and also an ethylene group, being derived from styrolene. Coniferin, C₁₆H₂₂O₈, occurs in the cambium of conifer wood. Emulsin converts it into glucose and coniferyl alcohol, while oxidation gives glycovanillin, which yields with emulsin glucose and vanillin. Coniferyl alcohol is an Organic compound. This colourless crystalline solid is a Phytochemical, one of the Monolignols It is synthetized via the Vanillin, methyl vanillin, or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, is an Organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3 Syringin, which occurs in the bark of Syringe vulgaris, is a methoxyconiferin. Phloridzus occurs in the root-bark of various fruit trees; it hydrolyses to glucose and phloretin, which is the phloroglucin ester of paraoxyhydratropic acid. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. It is related to the pentosides naringin, C₂₁HEOi1, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and naringenin, the phioroglucin ester of para-oxycinnamic acid, and hesperidin, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and hesperetin, the phloroglucin ester of meta-oxy-para-methoxycinnamic acid or isoferulic acid, C₁₀H₁₀O₄.

• Aesculin (C₂₁H₂₄O₁₃), occurring in horse-chestnut, and daphnin, occurring in Daphne alpine, are isomeric; the former hydrolyses to glucose and aesculetin (C₉H₆O₄ — 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin), the latter to glucose and daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxycoumarin). Aesculin is a Glucoside that naturally occurs in the horse chestnut ( Aesculus hippocastanum) and in Daphnin (the dark green resin This article is about the chemical concept For "isomerism" of atomic nuclei see Nuclear isomer.
• Fraxin, occurring in Fraxinus excelsior, and with aesculin in horse-chestnut, hydrolyses to glucose and fraxetin, 7,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin.
• Flavone or benzo-7-pyrone derivatives are very numerous; in many cases they (or the nonsugar part of the molecule) are vegetable dyestuffs.
• Quercitrin is a yellow dyestuff found in Quercus tinctoria; it hydrolyses to rhamnose and quercetin, a dioxy-~3-phenyl-trioxybenzoy-pyrone.
• Rhamnetin, a splitting product of the glucosides of Rhamnus, is monomethyl quercetin; fisetin, from Rhus cotiiius, is monoxyquercetin; chrysin is phenyl-dioxybenzo--y-pyrone.
• Saponarin a glucoside found in Saponaria officinalis, is a related compound.
• Strophanthin is the name given to two different compounds, g-strophanthin (= ouabain) obtained from Strophanthus gratus and k-strophanthin from Stroph. Ouabain ('waben wa'bein (through French from Somali 'waabaayo' an arrow poison is the familiar name of g-strophanthin a poisonous Cardiac glycoside. kombé.

Anthracene Derivatives

These are generally substituted anthraquinones; many have medicinal applications, being used as purgatives, while one, ruberythric acid, yields the valuable dyestuff madder, the base of which is alizarin. Chrysophanic acid, a dioxymethylanthraquinone, occurs in rhubarb, which also contains emodin, a trioxymethylanthraquinone; this substance occurs in combination with rhamnose in Frangula bark. Emodin (from Rheum emodi, a Himalayan rhubarb 1 A purgative Resin, 6-methyl-138-trihydroxyanthraquinone from Rhubarb and the

The most important cyanogenetic glucoside is amygdalin, which occurs in bitter almonds. Amygdalin (from Greek: grc-Latn amygdálē “almond” C20H27NO11 is a Glycoside initially isolated from the seeds The enzyme maltase decomposes it into glucose and mandelic nitrile glucoside; the latter is broken down by emulsin into glucose, benzaldehyde and prussic acid. Maltase ( (acid maltase alpha-14-glucosidase is an Enzyme produced by the cells lining the Small intestine that breaks down the Disaccharide Maltose Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO is a chemical compound consisting of a Benzene ring with an Aldehyde substituent Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN Emulsin also decomposes amygdalin directly into these compounds without the intermediate formation of mandelic nitrile glucoside. Amygdalin (from Greek: grc-Latn amygdálē “almond” C20H27NO11 is a Glycoside initially isolated from the seeds

Several other glucosides of this nature have been isolated. The saponins are a group of substances characterized by forming a lather with water; they occur in soap-bark. Saponins are a class of chemical compounds one of very many Secondary metabolites found in natural sources with saponins found in particular abundance in various plant Mention may also be made of indican, the glucoside of the indigo plant; this is hydrolysed by the indigo ferment, indimulsiri, to indoxyl and indiglucin. Indican is a colourless Organic compound, soluble in water naturally occurring in Indigofera plants Indigo is the Color on the Electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in Wavelength, placing it between Blue and violet Indigo is the Color on the Electromagnetic spectrum between about 420 and 450 nm in Wavelength, placing it between Blue and violet In chemistry indoxyl is a Nitrogenous substance with the Chemical formula: C8H7NO

References

• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone