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Glossolalia is commonly called "speaking in tongues". For other uses of "speaking in tongues", see Speaking in Tongues (disambiguation).
"Tongues" redirects here. For the body part, see Tongue, for other uses, see Tongue (disambiguation). The tongue is the large bundle of Skeletal muscles on the floor of the Mouth that manipulates Food for chewing and swallowing (deglutition

Glossolalia (from Greek γλωσσολαλιά and that from γλῶσσα - glossa "tongue, language" and λαλεῖν (lalein) "to talk") is the vocalizing of fluent speech-like but unintelligible utterances, often as part of religious practice. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Its use (including use in this article) sometimes also embraces Xenoglossy - speaking in a natural language that was previously unknown to and that is not understood by the speaker. Xenoglossy (from Greek ξενογλωσσία - xenoglossia, from ξένος - xenos, "foreign" + γλώσσα In the Philosophy of language, a natural language (or ordinary language) is a Language that is spoken or written in phonemic-alphabetic or phonemically-related

Frederic William Farrar first used the word glossolalia in 1879. Frederic William Farrar (1831 - 1903 often known as Dean Farrar, was a theological writer [1].

Contents

Christian practice

In contrast to glossolalia, the Christian scriptures describe the ability to communicate to others (from many different places) in languages previously not studied.

New Testament

In the New Testament, the book of Acts recounts how "tongues of fire" descended upon the heads of the Apostles, accompanied by the miraculous occurrence of speaking in languages previously unknown to them, but recognizable to others present as their own native language. The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e

The phenomenon described in the Book of Acts (2:1-11) is variously interpreted either as religious xenoglossia, the speaking of an actual foreign language, or as the gift of interpretation being given to those present: the ability to understand the tongues (each person in his own language).

Some of the Orthodox hymns sung at the Feast of Pentecost, which commemorates this event in Acts, describe it as a reversal of what happened at the Tower of Babel as described in Genesis 11. The Tower of Babel (מגדל בבל Migdal Bavel برج بابل Burj Babil) is a structure featured in chapter 11 of the Book of Genesis, an enormous In other words, the languages of humanity were differentiated at the Tower of Babel leading to confusion, but were reunited at Pentecost, resulting in the immediate proclamation of the Gospel to people who were gathered in Jerusalem from many different countries. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament

The Apostle Paul commands church brethren, "Do not forbid speaking in tongues" (1 Cor 14:39), and that he wishes those to whom he wrote "all spoke with tongues" (1 Cor 14:5). Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and He further claims himself to speak with tongues more than all of the church at Corinth combined, though indicates more value is found in short, understandable teaching (1 Cor 14:18-19). Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Paul discourages simultaneous speaking in tongues in the presence of unbelievers or the unlearned; believers are to prophecy and be understood rather than speak unintelligibly. As 1 Corinthians 14:22-25 says, "Wherefore tongues are for a sign, not to them that believe, but to them that believe not: but prophesying serveth not for them that believe not, but for them which believe. If therefore the whole church be come together into one place, and all speak with tongues, and there come in those that are unlearned, or unbelievers, will they not say that ye are mad? But if all prophesy, and there come in one that believeth not, or one unlearned, he is convinced of all, he is judged of all: And thus are the secrets of his heart made manifest; and so falling down on his face he will worship God, and report that God is in you of a truth. " In 1 Cor 12:7-11 and 1 Cor 12:28-30 some find that Paul indicates that not all believers speak in tongues, although some state that Paul was talking about a gift of "diverse tongues", not all tongues, as the gift of "faith" is also here mentioned, and all believers must have faith by definition. There are some who believe that many followers have the ability to speak in tongues (Mark 16:16-17) as a form of prayer, based on 1 Cor 14:14, Eph 6:18 and Jude 20. Paul also refers to the prophecy of speaking in tongues written by Isaiah (Isa 28:11-12).

Some connect this prophecy in Isaiah with Christ's promise of "rest" (Matthew 11:28-30), thereby stating that speaking in tongues was the sign of conversion, or spirit baptism. Following Christ's description of "the new birth" (John 3), that "you hear the sound" of the spirit, some state that this was the evidence to which the apostle John was referring in 1 John 4, to tell believer and unbeliever apart.

Biblical descriptions of persons actually 'speaking in tongues' occur three times in the book of Acts, the first two coupled with the phenomenon of the Baptism with the Holy Spirit, and the third with the laying on of hands by Paul the Apostle (at which time they 'received the Holy Spirit'), which imbued them with the power of the Holy Spirit. The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. According to the New Testament, the Baptism in the Holy Spirit is an experience sent by Jesus Christ.

Church History (A. D. 30 to 1900)

Twentieth-century Pentecostalism was not the earliest instance of "speaking in tongues" in church history; rather, there were antecedents in several centuries of the Christian era, e. g.

Outbreak of Glossolalia, 1901 to 1906

Main article: Azusa Street Revival

The modern Christian practice of glossolalia is often said to have originated around the beginning of the twentieth century in the United States at the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, California on April 14, 1906 Azusa Street Revival (Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism - Randall Balmer - Baylor University Press) The city of Topeka, Kansas is often cited as the center of the Pentecostal movement and the resurgence of glossolalia in the Church. The Azusa Street Revival was a historic Pentecostal Revival meeting that took place in Los Angeles, California and was led by William J The Azusa Street Revival was a historic Pentecostal Revival meeting that took place in Los Angeles, California and was led by William J Topeka ( Kansa: Tó Ppí Kˀé ˌto ˈpːi ˌkˀeɪ Ioway: Dó Pí Kˀé ˌto ˈpʰi ˌkˀeɪ Charles Fox Parham, a holiness preacher and founder of Bethel Bible College in 1900, is given the credit to being the one who influenced modern Pentecostalism. Charles Fox Parham (4 June 1873 - c 29 January 1929 was an American preacher who was instrumental in the formation of Pentecostalism. The Holiness movement in Christianity is composed of people who believe and propagate the belief that the carnal nature of humanity can be cleansed through Faith Bethel Bible College aka Bethel Gospel School. Founded by Charles Parham in Topeka Kansas, October 1900 Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism During what has been called a sermon by Parham, a bold student named Agnes Ozman asked him for prayer and the laying on of hands to specifically ask God to fill her with the Holy Spirit. Agnes Ozman (1870-1937 was a female student at Charles Fox Parham 's Bethel Bible School in Topeka, Kansas. The laying on of hands is a religious practice found throughout the world in varying forms In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance This was the night of New Year's Eve, 1900. She became the first of many students to experience glossolalia, coincidentally in the first hours of the twentieth century. Parham followed within the next few days, and before the end of January 1901, glossolalia was being discussed in newspapers as a sign of the second advent of Pentecost.

Parham now found himself as the leader of the movement and traveled to church meetings around the country to preach [in the terminology of that era] about holiness, divine healing, healing by faith, the laying on of hands and prayer, sanctification by faith, and the signs of baptism of the Holy Ghost and Fire, the most prominent being speaking in tongues. [14] [15] [16]

Word of the outpouring of the Spirit spread to other Holiness congregations. Parham wrote, studied, traveled, preached, and taught about glossolalia for the next few years. Parham and others who believed in or manifested tongues were persecuted from both inside and outside of the church. In 1905, he opened a Bible school in Houston. It was there that William J. Seymour became indoctrinated. William Joseph Seymour ( May 2, 1870 - September 28, 1922) was an African American minister, and an initiator of the It is notable that Seymour was black, and Parham was white. It is further notable that Seymour did not speak in tongues while in Houston.

When Seymour was invited to speak in Los Angeles about the baptism of the Holy Spirit in February 1906, he accepted. His first speaking engagement was met with dispute, primarily because he preached about "tongues" being a primary indication of the baptism of the Spirit, yet he did not himself speak in tongues. It was not until April that his preaching and teaching about glossolalia paid dividends, first to a man named Edward Lee, and later to Seymour. Similar to the experience of Parham in 1901, Seymour's students received the ability to speak in tongues a few days before he did. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

This is from the first issue, in 1906, of William Seymore's newsletter "The Apostolic Faith":

“ A Mohammedan, a Soudanese by birth, a [m]an who is an interpreter and speaks six[t]een languages, came into the meetings at Azusa Street and the Lord gave him messages which none but himself could understand. He identified, interpreted and wrote [a] number of the languages. [17] ”
Headline about the "Weird babel of tongues" and other behavior at Azusa Street, from a 1906 Los Angeles Times newspaper.
Headline about the "Weird babel of tongues" and other behavior at Azusa Street, from a 1906 Los Angeles Times newspaper. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed

By May 1906, indeed only one month after the Great San Francisco Earthquake which was seen as an "act of God", Seymour was leading a major movement of the Spirit known as the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles. Year 1906 ( MCMVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting The Azusa Street Revival was a historic Pentecostal Revival meeting that took place in Los Angeles, California and was led by William J Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West It has been characterized as an inter-denominational, inter-racial, inter-sex Pentecostal revival during a time in the United States in which women and non-whites were not afforded the same civil rights as white men. Interdenominational (also called transdenominational) Churches built for the purpose of bringing together Christians of different denominations Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism A revival meeting is a series of Christian religious services held in order to inspire active members of a religious body and to gain new converts People from many denominations and races gathered daily to see and hear, to preach and pray, to sing and shout, and to speak in new tongues. The Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES is a standby radio service provided for in Part 97 Newspapers, clearly biased against the movement, reported the happenings as a wild and weird group of mostly "colored" people acting as if they were pretty disturbed, exhibiting behavior unheard of in most Protestant churches of the time: intense shouting, vigorous jerking, dancing, passing out, crying, howling, emotional outbursts, and speaking gibberish. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Many religious leaders in Los Angeles and other places were quick to disparage the goings on at Azusa Street, informing their flocks that the new Pentecostal movement was (at worst) sensational, Satanic, Spiritualism, and (at best) too overly focused on the Holy Spirit instead of Jesus Christ. Spiritualism is a Religion founded in part on the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772 In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The matter of glossolalia was then (as it is now) hotly debated within the Church as being either heresy or exemplary and necessary for a spiritual rebirth in Jesus Christ. Heresy is an introduced change to some system of belief especially a religion that conflicts with the previously established canon of that belief

Witnesses at the Azusa Street Revival wrote of seeing fire resting on the heads of participants, miraculous healings in the meetings, and incidents of speaking in tongues being understood by native speakers of the language.

Contemporary Christian, 1915 to present

The revival at Azusa Street lasted until around 1915. But from it grew many new Protestant churches and denominations, as people visited the church in Los Angeles and took their new found beliefs to communities around the US and abroad. Many denominations rejected the doctrines of Parham and Seymour, while some denominations adopted them in one form or another. Baptism of the Holy Spirit was a doctrine that was embraced by the Assemblies of God (est. According to the New Testament, the Baptism in the Holy Spirit is an experience sent by Jesus Christ. The World Assemblies of God Fellowship, or Assemblies of God for short is the world's largest Pentecostal denomination with over 283413 churches and outstations 1914) and Pentecostal Church of God (est. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Pentecostal Church of God (PCG is a trinitarian Pentecostal Christian denomination 1919) and others. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Glossolalia became entrenched into the doctrines of many Protestant churches and denominations in the twentieth century. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The later Charismatic movement was heavily influenced by the Azusa Street Revival and Pentecostalism's glossolalia. The term charismatic movement describes the adoption from the early twentieth century onwards of certain beliefs typical of those held by Pentecostal Christians — specifically The Azusa Street Revival was a historic Pentecostal Revival meeting that took place in Los Angeles, California and was led by William J Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism

Some Christians practice glossolalia as a part of their private devotions; some accept and sometimes promote the use of glossolalia within corporate worship. This is particularly true within the Pentecostal and Charismatic traditions. Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism The term charismatic movement describes the adoption from the early twentieth century onwards of certain beliefs typical of those held by Pentecostal Christians — specifically Both Pentecostals and Charismatics believe that the ability to speak in tongues, and sometimes the utterance itself, is a supernatural gift from God.

Three different manifestations or forms of glossolalia can be identified in Charismatic / Pentecostal belief. The "sign of tongues" refers to xenoglossia, wherein one speaks a foreign language he has never learned. Xenoglossy (from Greek ξενογλωσσία - xenoglossia, from ξένος - xenos, "foreign" + γλώσσα The "gift of tongues" or "giving a tongue" refers to a glossolalic utterance by an individual and addressed to a congregation of, typically, other believers. This utterance is believed to be inspired directly by the Holy Spirit and requires a natural language interpretation, made by the speaker or another person if it is to be understood by others present. In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance Lastly "praying in the spirit" is typically used to refer to glossolalia as part of personal prayer.

The discussion regarding tongues has permeated many branches of the Christian Church, particularly since the widespread Charismatic Movement in the 1960s. Many books have been published either defending[18] or attacking[19] the practice. The issue has sometimes been a contributing factor in splits within local churches and in larger denominations. Denominationalism|List of Christian denominations|Church (disambiguation A Christian denomination is an identifiable religious body under a common name structure and doctrine within The controversy over tongues is part of the wider debate between conservative, evangelical Christians whose approach to the Christian Scriptures requires addressing the texts that endorse glossolalia. Within that debate are continuationists who believe that glossolalia has a role to play in contemporary Christian practice and cessationalists and dispensationalists who believe that all miraculous gifts, including glossolalia, were featured only in the time of the early church. In Christian Theology, cessationism is the view that the Charismatic Gifts of the Holy Spirit, such as tongues, Prophecy Dispensationalism is a Christian theological view of history and Biblical interpretation that became popular during the 1800s and early 1900s and is Early Christianity is commonly defined as the Christianity of the three centuries between the Crucifixion of Jesus ( c

From the Azusa Street Revival, there have been numerous accounts of bystanders hearing speaking in tongues as their native languages or languages they knew or understood.

Other religions

Aside from Christians, other religious groups also have been observed to practice some form of theopneustic glossolalia. It is perhaps most commonly in Paganism, Shamanism, and other mediumistic religious practices. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Mediumship is a practice in religious beliefs such as Spiritualism, Spiritism, Espiritismo, Candomblé, Louisiana Voodoo, and [20]

Glossolalia was exhibited by the renowned ancient Oracle of Delphi, whereby a priestess of the god Apollo (called the Pythia) speaks in unintelligible utterances, supposedly through the spirit of Apollo in her. Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western PYTHIA is a computer simulation program for particle collisions at very high energies (see Event (particle physics) in Particle accelerators

Certain Gnostic magical texts from the Roman period have written on them unintelligible syllables such as "t t t t n n n n d d d d d. Gnosticism (γνώσις gnōsis, Knowledge) refers to a diverse Syncretistic Religious movement consisting of various Belief systems . . " etc. It is conjectured that these may be transliterations of the sorts of sounds made during glossolalia. The Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians also features a hymn of (mostly) unintelligible syllables which is thought to be an early example of Christian glossolalia. Two versions of the formerly lost Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians (which is quite distinct from the Greek Gospel of the Egyptians) were among the codices in the

In the nineteenth century, Spiritism was developed by the work of Allan Kardec, and the phenomenon was seen as one of the self-evident manifestations of spirits. Spiritism is a Christian philosophical Doctrine, established in France in the mid-nineteenth century Allan Kardec was a pseudonym of the French teacher and educator Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail ( Lyon, October 3, 1804 – Paris Spiritists argued that some cases were actually cases of xenoglossia (from Greek,xenos, stranger; and glossa, language. Xenoglossy (from Greek ξενογλωσσία - xenoglossia, from ξένος - xenos, "foreign" + γλώσσα When one speaks in a language unknown to him). However, the importance attributed to it, as well as its frequency, has decreased significantly. Some present-day spiritists regard the phenomenon pointless, as it does not convey any intelligible message to those present.

Glossolalia has also been observed in the Voodoo religion of Haiti,[21] as well as in the Hindu Gurus and Fakirs of India. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others A fakir or faqir is a Sufi, especially one who Performs feats of Endurance or apparent magic. [22][23][24]

Scientific perspectives

Linguistics

The syllables that make up instances of glossolalia typically appear to be unpatterned reorganizations of phonemes from the primary language of the person uttering the syllables; thus, the glossolalia of people from Russia, the United Kingdom, and Brazil all sound different from each other, but vaguely resemble the Russian, English, and Portuguese languages, respectively. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Some linguists generally regard most glossolalia as lacking any identifiable semantics, syntax, or morphology. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words [25] Glossolalia has even been postulated as an explanation for the Voynich manuscript. The Voynich manuscript is a mysterious illustrated Book written in an indecipherable text [26]

Psychology

Separate studies have shown support of both theories on the subject but have all found that glossolalia almost always happens during or before the beginning of a religious event.

Nicholas Spanos described glossolalia as an acquired ability, for which no real trance is needed (Glossolalia as Learned Behavior: An Experimental Demonstration, 1987). Nicholas P Spanos (1942-1994 hypothesized that the behaviors and experiences associated with Hypnosis are acted out knowingly by the person even though they may Supported by the fact that glossolalia church communities develop a sort of "dialect" for that community.

Literature

Glossolalia phenomenon plays a major role in Neal Stephenson's novel Snow Crash. Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known primarily for his Science fiction works in the Postcyberpunk genre Snow Crash is Neal Stephenson 's third Novel, published in 1992

Biblical references

See also

References

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed, 1989
  2. ^ Dialogue with Trypho, Chapter 82
  3. ^ Dialogue with Trypho, Chapter 88. The Alpha course is a basic course on the Christian faith commonly advertised as "an opportunity to explore the meaning of life" Asemic writing is a wordless open Semantic form of Writing. The word asemic means "having no specific semantic content" Biblical hermeneutics refers to methods of interpreting the Bible. The term charismatic movement describes the adoption from the early twentieth century onwards of certain beliefs typical of those held by Pentecostal Christians — specifically Covenant theology (also known as Covenantalism or Federal theology or Federalism) is a conceptual overview and interpretive framework for Dispensationalism is a Christian theological view of history and Biblical interpretation that became popular during the 1800s and early 1900s and is The historical-grammatical method also referred to as grammatico-historical or grammatical-critical, is a component of Biblical hermeneutics that For the fictional language used in the 1997 film The Fifth Element see Divine Language (The Fifth Element. Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism Toronto Airport Christian Fellowship (TACF is a Christian church and religious organization in Toronto, Canada. The Toronto Blessing is a term coined by the British press to talk about the revival and resulting phenomena that began in January 1994 at Toronto Airport Vineyard Christian Fellowship The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English
  4. ^ Eusebius, Eccl. Hist. V,17, 3
  5. ^ Against Heresies Book 2 Chapter 4
  6. ^ Treatise Concerning the Trinity Chapter 29.
  7. ^ After the first or perhaps the second century, there is not record of it in any Orthodox source, and it is not recorded as occurring even among the great Fathers of the Egyptian desert, who were so filled with the Spirit of God thet performed numerous astonishing miracles, including raising the dead". Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future, Fr. Seraphim Rose, p. 125.
  8. ^ On the Trinity, Vol 8 Chap 33
  9. ^ On Psalm 32, Enarrationes in Psalmos, 32, ii, Sermo 1:8
  10. ^ Stanley M. Burgess, "Medieval and Modern Western Churches," Initial Evidence, ed. Gary B. McGee (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1991), 32
  11. ^ John Lacy, A Cry from the Desert (London, 1708), p. 32) (The Charismatic Movement, 1975, Michael P. Hamilton, p 75)
  12. ^ Epistle to the Reader by Edward Burrough, prefixed to George Fox, The Great Mystery of the Great ##### Unfolded and Antichrist's Kingdom Revealed Unto Destruction (London: Thomas Simmons, 1659), ISBN 0-404-09353-1
  13. ^ Edward Irving, "Facts Connected With Recent Manifestations of Spiritual Gifts," Frasers Magazine (Jan. 1832)
  14. ^ http://www.originalapostolicfaith.org/1900AFRVol2No3.pdf The Apostolic Faith, Volume 2, No. 3, January 1, 1900.
  15. ^ Our History
  16. ^ God's Generals | Christian History
  17. ^ Square brackets indicate faded parts that are no longer readable.
  18. ^ Example: Christenson, Laurence, Speaking in tongues : and its significance for the church, Minneapolis, MN : Dimension Books, 1968.
  19. ^ Example: Gromacki, Robert Glenn, The modern tongues movement, Nutley, N. J.  : Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. , 1973, ISBN 0875523048 (Originally published 1967)
  20. ^ Fr. Seraphim Rose: Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future, St Herman Press
  21. ^ Tongue Speaking
  22. ^ http://www.anandamayi.org/
  23. ^ Guru Ratings – Indian Masters
  24. ^ Orthodoxy and the Religion of the Future
  25. ^ Glossolalia in Contemporary Linguistic Study
  26. ^ Gerry Kennedy, Rob Churchill (2004). The Voynich Manuscript. London: Orion. ISBN 0-7528-5996-X.  

Further reading

External links

Dictionary

glossolalia

-noun

  1. Speaking in tongues; speaking a language one does not know, or speaking elaborate but apparently meaningless speech, while in a trance-like state.
  2. Xenoglossy.
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