A gloss (from Koine Greek γλώσσα glossa, meaning 'tongue'—the organ—as well as 'language') is a note made in the margins or between the lines of a book, in which the meaning of the text in its original language is explained, sometimes in another language. Koine Greek (Κοινὴ Ἑλληνική, "common Greek" or, ciˈni ðiˈale̞kto̞s "the common dialect" is the popular form of Greek which emerged in A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them As such, glosses can vary in thoroughness and complexity, from simple marginal notations of words one reader found difficult or obscure, to entire interlinear translations of the original text and cross references to similar passages. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation
A collection of glosses is a glossary (though glossary also means simply a collection of specialized terms with their meanings). See also List of glossaries A glossary is a list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms A collection of medieval legal glosses, made by so called glossators, commenting legal texts, is called an apparatus. The scholars of the 11th and 12th century legal schools in Italy, France and Germany are identified as glossators in a specific sense The compilation of glosses into glossaries was the beginning of lexicography, and the glossaries so compiled were in fact the first dictionaries. The pursuit of lexicography is divided into two related disciplines Practical lexicography is the art or Craft of compiling writing and editing dictionaries A dictionary is a book of alphabetically listed Words in a specific language with definitions etymologies pronunciations and other information or a book of alphabetically
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In theology
Glosses were a primary format used in medieval Biblical theology, and were studied and memorized almost upon their own merit, without regards to the author. Christian writers have traditionally employed the word glossa or Gloss, in connexion with glosses of Biblical texts. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Many times a Biblical passage was heavily associated with a particular gloss, whose truth was taken for granted by many theologians.
In law
- See also: Glossator
A phenomenon similar to that which occurred in theology also occurred in medieval law: the glosses on Roman law and Canon law created for many subjects standard starting points of reference, a socalled sedes materiae (literally: seat of the matter). The scholars of the 11th and 12th century legal schools in Italy, France and Germany are identified as glossators in a specific sense Roman law is the legal system of Ancient Rome. As used in the West the term commonly refers to legal developments prior to the Roman/Byzantine state's adopting Canon Law, the Ecclesiastical law of the Catholic Church, is a fully developed legal system with all the necessary elements courts lawyers judges a fully articulated In common law countries, the term "judicial gloss" refers to what is considered an authoritative or "official" interpretation of a statute or regulation by a judge. Common law refers to law and the corresponding legal system developed through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive Statutory interpretation is the process of interpreting and applying Legislation. A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law [1] Judicial glosses are often very important in avoiding contradictions between statutes, and determining the constitutionality of various provisions of law. Constitutionality is the status of a law, a procedure or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable Constitution.
In philology
Glosses are of some importance in philology, especially if one language—usually, the language of the author of the gloss—has left few texts of its own. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" The Reichenau glosses, for example, gloss the Latin Vulgate Bible in an early form of one of the Romance languages, and as such give insight into late Vulgar Latin at a time when that language was not often written down. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Vulgate is an early Fifth Century version of the Bible in Latin, and largely the result of the labours of Jerome, who was commissioned by Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin A series of glosses in the Old English language to Latin Bibles give us a running translation of Biblical texts in that language; see Old English Bible translations. A number of Old English Bible translations (pre 1066 were prepared in medieval England, rendering parts of the Bible into the Old English Language Glosses of Christian religious texts are also important for our knowledge of Old Irish. Old Irish is the name given to the oldest form of the Irish language, or rather the Goidelic languages, for which extensive written texts are possessed Glosses frequently shed valuable light on the vocabulary of otherwise little attested languages; they are less reliable for syntax, because many times the glosses follow the word order of the original text, and translate its idioms literally. In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the An idiom is a Phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal Definition, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only
In linguistics
In linguistics, a simple gloss in running text is usually indicated in single quotation marks, following the transcription of a foreign word. See also List of glossing abbreviations In Linguistics and Pedagogy, an interlinear gloss is a Gloss placed between a line of running Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields For example:
- A Cossack longboat is called a chaika ‘seagull’. The Cossacks (Каза́ки́ Kazaki; Козаки́ Kozaki; Kozacy are a group of martial people living in the southern Steppe regions of Eastern
- The moose gains its name from the Algonquian mus or mooz (‘twig eater’). The moose (North America or elk (Europe Alces alces, is the largest extant Species in the Deer family. The Algonquian (also Algonkian, and pronounced both and) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic
A longer or more complex transcription requires an interlinear gloss. This is often placed between a text and its translation when it is important to understand the structure of the language being glossed. In Linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (now usually electronically stored and processed
A semi-standardized set of parsing conventions and grammatical abbreviations is explained in the Leipzig Glossing Rules.
Glossing signed languages
Sign languages are typically transcribed word-for-word by means of an English gloss written in all capitals. A sign language (also signed language) is a Language which instead of acoustically conveyed Sound patterns uses visually transmitted sign patterns Prosody is often glossed as superscript English words, with its scope indicated by brackets.
[I LIKE]NEGATIVE [WHAT?]RHETORICAL, GARLIC.
"I don't like garlic. "
Fingerspelling is transcribed directly; this is commonly indicated with either a pound sign (#WIKI) or by hyphenation (W-I-K-I). Fingerspelling (or dactylology) is the representation of the letters of a Writing system, and sometimes Numeral systems using only the hands
In sociology
Talcott Parsons used the word "gloss" to describe how mind constructs reality. Talcott Parsons ( December 13, 1902 - May 8, 1979) was an American sociologist, who served on the faculty of Harvard University We are taught how to "put the world together" by others who subscribe to a consensus reality — which many disciplines, Zen for example, strive to overcome. Consensus reality (rarely or mistakenly called "consensual reality" is an approach to answering the question 'What is real ?' a profound philosophical question Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. Studies have shown that our brains "filter" the data coming from our senses. This "filtering" is largely unconsciously created and determined by biology, cultural constructs including language, personal experience, belief systems, etcetera. Different cultures create different glosses.
References
- ^ Black's Law Dictionary, 7th ed. Black's Law Dictionary is the most widely-used Law dictionary for the Law of the United States.
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