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The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England. TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy James II of England and Ireland James VII of Scotland (14 October 1633 &ndash 16 September 1701 was King of England, King of Scots, Later that same year James The Parliament of England was the Legislature of the Kingdom of England. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. A Stadtholder ( Dutch: stadhouder, " steward " or literally "place-keeper" or "stead-holder" in older Dutch in the Low William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" The House of Orange-Nassau (in Dutch: Huis van Oranje-Nassau) a branch of the German House of Nassau, has played a central role in the political life It is sometimes called the Bloodless Revolution, but this is Anglocentric as it ignores the three major battles in Ireland and serious fighting in Scotland. The Williamite War in Ireland, also known as the Jacobite War in Ireland and in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí or The War of the Two Kings The history of Scotland begins around 10000 years ago when Humans first began to inhabit Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last [1] Even in England it was not completely bloodless, since there were two significant clashes between the two armies, plus anti-Catholic riots in several towns. [2] The expression "Glorious Revolution" was first used by John Hampden in the autumn of 1689,[3] and is an expression that is still used by the Westminster Parliament. John Hampden ( 21 March 1653 – 12 December 1696) the second son of Richard Hampden, returned to England after residing for about The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories [4]

The Revolution is closely tied in with the events of the War of the Grand Alliance on mainland Europe, and may be seen as the last successful invasion of England. The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [5] It can be argued that James's overthrow began modern English parliamentary democracy: never again would the monarch hold absolute power, and the Bill of Rights became one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything The Bill of Rights (or Declaration of Rights) is an act of the Parliament of England, with the Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties Political history is the narrative and analysis of political events ideas movements and leaders The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The deposition of the Roman Catholic James II ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England, and also led to limited toleration for nonconformist Protestants—it would be some time before they had full political rights. The Catholic Church in England and Wales is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, the Christian Church in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics In the case of Catholics, however, it was disastrous both socially and politically. Catholics were denied the right to vote and sit in the Westminster Parliament for over 100 years after this. They were also denied commissions in the British army and the monarch was forbidden to be Catholic or marry a Catholic, thus ensuring the Protestant succession. An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority The history of the British Army spans over three and a half centuries and numerous European wars Colonial wars and World wars.

Contents

Background

James IIKing of England, Scotland and Ireland, Duke of Normandy.
James II
King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Duke of Normandy.

During his three-year reign, King James II became directly involved in the political battles in England between Catholicism and Protestantism on the one hand, and on the other, between the divine right of the Crown and the political rights of Parliament. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories James's greatest political problem was his Catholicism, which left him alienated from both parties in Parliament. The low church Whigs had failed in their attempt to exclude James from the throne between 1679 and 1681, and James's supporters were the High Church Anglican Tories. Low church is a term of distinction in the Church of England or other Anglican churches initially designed to be pejorative The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to The Exclusion Bill Crisis ran from 1678 through 1681 in the reign of Charles II of England. In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was When James inherited the throne in 1685, he had much support in the 'Loyal Parliament', which was composed mostly of Tories. James's attempt to relax the penal laws alienated his natural supporters, however, because the Tories viewed this as tantamount to disestablishment of the Church of England. In the most general sense penal is the body of laws that are enforced by the State in its own name and impose penalties for their violation as opposed to civil law that seeks Abandoning the Tories, James looked to form a 'King's party' as a counterweight to the Anglican Tories, so in 1687 James supported the policy of religious toleration and issued the Declaration of Indulgence. Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own The Declaration of Indulgence (or the Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience) was made by King James II of England, on the April 4, 1687. By allying himself with the Catholics, Dissenters and nonconformists, James hoped to build a coalition that would advance Catholic emancipation. English Dissenters were Christians who separated from the Church of England. Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws

In 1686, James coerced the Court of the King's Bench into deciding that the King could dispense with religious restrictions of the Test Acts. The Queen's Bench (or during the reign of a male monarch the King's Bench) is the superior court in a number of jurisdictions within some of the Commonwealth realms James ordered the removal of Henry Compton, the anti-Catholic Bishop of London, and dismissed the Protestant fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford and replaced them with Catholics. Henry Compton (1632 – July 7, 1713) English bishop was the sixth and youngest son of the second earl of Northampton. The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. Magdalen College redirects here see also Magdalene College Cambridge Magdalen College (ˈmɔːdlɨn "maudlin" is one of the constituent

James also created a large standing army and employed Catholics in positions of power in the army. To his opponents in Parliament this seemed like a prelude to arbitrary rule, so James prorogued Parliament without gaining Parliament's consent. A parliamentary session is a period of time where the Legislature in a Parliamentary government is sitting At this time, the English regiments of the army were encamped at Hounslow, near the capital. Hounslow is the principal town in the London Borough of Hounslow. The army in Ireland was purged of Protestants who were replaced with Catholics, and by 1688 James had more than 34,000 men under arms in his three kingdoms.

In April 1688, James re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence and ordered all clergymen to read it in their churches. The Declaration of Indulgence (or the Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience) was made by King James II of England, on the April 4, 1687. When the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Sancroft, and six other bishops (see the Seven Bishops) wrote to James asking him to reconsider his policies, they were arrested on charges of seditious libel, but at trial they were acquitted to the cheers of the London crowd. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the William Sancroft ( 30 January 1617 - 24 November 1693) was the 79th Archbishop of Canterbury. The Seven Bishops were seven bishops of the Church of England. Seditious libel is a criminal offence under English Common law.

Matters came to a head in 1688, when James fathered a son; until then, the throne would have passed to his daughter, Mary, a Protestant. Prince James Prince of Wales (James Francis Edward Stuart " The Old Pretender " or " The Old Chevalier " 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766 was the Mary II (30 April 1662 &ndash 28 December 1694 reigned as Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until her death The prospect of a Catholic dynasty in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland was now likely. The Kingdom of England was a State (927-1707 located in Western Europe dating from the ninth or tenth century to the early eighteenth century when it was legally The Kingdom of Scotland ( Gaelic: Rìoghachd na h-Alba, Scots: Kinrick o Scotland) was a State in northwest Europe The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríocht na hÉireann was the name given to the Irish state from 1541 by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. Some leaders of the Tory Party united with members of the opposition, Whigs and set out to solve the crisis. In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was The Whigs (with the Tories) are often described as one of two political parties in England and later the United Kingdom from the late 17th to

Conspiracy

William III King of England, Scotland and Ireland, stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht and Overijssel.
William III
King of England, Scotland and Ireland, stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Zealand, Utrecht and Overijssel.

In 1686, a group of conspirators met at Charborough House in Dorset to plan the overthrow of "the tyrant race of Stuarts". Charborough House is located between Sturminster Marshall and Bere Regis in Dorset, England. Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast In June 1688, a further conspiracy was launched at Old Whittington, in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, to depose James and replace him with his daughter Mary and her husband, William Henry of Orange — both Protestants and both grandchildren of Charles I of England. Old Whittington is a village in Derbyshire 10 miles south-east of Sheffield and 2 miles north (and a suburb of Chesterfield. Chesterfield is a historic Market town and local government district in Derbyshire, a County in England. History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. Before the birth of James's son on June 10, Mary had been the heir to the throne and William was third in line[6]. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem James however had only wanted to treat them as possible heirs on condition that they accepted his pro-Catholic position, which they had been unwilling to do for fear that French influence would become too great. William was also stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic, then in the preliminary stages of joining the War of the Grand Alliance against France. A Stadtholder ( Dutch: stadhouder, " steward " or literally "place-keeper" or "stead-holder" in older Dutch in the Low "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Nine Years' War (1688–97 – often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg – was a major war of the late 17th He had already acquired the reputation of being the main champion in Europe of the Protestant cause against Catholicism and French absolutism. It is still a matter of controversy whether the initiative for the conspiracy was taken by the English or by the stadtholder and his wife. William had been trying to influence English politics for well over a year, letting Grand Pensionary Gaspar Fagel publish an open letter to the English people in November 1687 deploring the religious policy of James, which action had generally been interpreted as a covert bid for kingship. The Grand Pensionary (Dutch raad(spensionaris) was the most important Dutch official during the time of the United Provinces. Gaspar Fagel ( January 25 1634, The Hague - December 15 1688) was a Dutch statesman An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience or a letter intended for an individual but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally On December 18 the Duke of Norfolk warned James of a conspiracy on the side of his son-in-law. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Henry Howard 7th Duke of Norfolk, KG, PC ( January 11 1655 &ndash April 2 1701) was a politician and soldier After his envoy Everhard van Weede Dijkvelt in April 1687 had approached the main Whig and Tory leaders William had maintained a close secret correspondence with them, using as a contact Frederik van Nassau. In it he had not committed himself to any definite action, but an understanding had been reached that if William should, for whatever reason, ascend, he would in accordance with his anti-absolutist reputation restrain the use of Royal power; in return William desired a full employment of English military resources against France. It has been suggested that the crisis caused by the prospect of a new Catholic heir made William decide to invade the next summer as early as November 1687 [7], but this is disputed. It is certain however that in April 1688, when France and England concluded a naval agreement that stipulated that the French would finance an English squadron in The Channel, he seriously began to prepare for a military intervention and seek political and financial support for such an undertaking.

Planning for an invasion

William and Mary laid careful plans over a number of months for an invasion, which they hoped to execute in September. Their first concern was to avoid any impression of foreign conquest and in April, they asked for a formal invitation to be issued by a group of worthies. Only after the Prince of Wales had been born however, the Immortal Seven consisting of one bishop and six nobles, decided to comply, the letter reaching William on June 30 (Julian calendar)[8]. The Invitation to William was a letter sent by seven notable Englishmen later named the Immortal Seven, to William III Prince of Orange, received by him Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita It should be emphasized that this was not an invitation to become king but to "save the Protestant religion" and that the "seven" were not fully aware this would probably lead to a war with France. Also William's confidant Hans Willem Bentinck launched a propaganda campaign in England, presenting William as really a true Stuart but one blessedly free from the, according to the pamphlets, usual Stuart vices of cryptocatholicism, absolutism and debauchery. Hans William Baron Bentinck 1st Earl of Portland, KG, PC ( 20 July 1649 - 23 November 1709) was a Dutch Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people A pamphlet is an unbound Booklet (that is without a hard cover or binding) Much of the later "spontaneous" support for William had been carefully organised by him and his agents.

In May, William sent an envoy, Johann von Görtz, to Vienna to secretly ensure the support of the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Early life He was a younger brother of Ferdinand IV of Hungary and Mariana of Austria. Learning that William promised not to persecute the Catholics in England, the emperor approved, promising in turn to make peace with the Ottoman Empire to free his forces for a campaign in the West; on September 4 1688 he would join an alliance with the Republic against France. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself The Duke of Hanover, Ernest Augustus and the Elector of Saxony, John George III, assured William that they would remain neutral. The Electorate of Hanover (or more formally the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg; Kurfürstentum Hannover Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg became the ninth Electorate Ernest Augustus ( German: Ernst August; Latin: Ernestus Augustus; 20 November 1629 – 23 January 1698 The Electorate of Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen or Duchy of Upper Saxony was an independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806 Johann Georg III (b Dresden, 20 June 1647 – d Tübingen, 12 September 1691) was Elector of Saxony from

The next concern was to assemble a powerful invasion force — contrary to the wishes of the English conspirators, who predicted that a token force would be sufficient. William, financed by the city of Amsterdam after secret and difficult negotiations by Bentinck with the hesitant Amsterdam burgomasters during June, hired 400 transports; also Bentinck negotiated contracts for 13,616 German mercenaries from Brandenburg, Würtemberg, Hesse-Cassel and Celle, to man Dutch border fortresses in order to free an equal number of Dutch elite mercenary troops for use against England. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Burgomaster (alternatively spelled Burgo[[meister]], literally translated meaning master of the town or master of the Fortress Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Württemberg, formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in southwestern Germany. Celle (ˈtsɛlə is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Further financial support was obtained from the most disparate sources: the Jewish banker Francisco Lopes Suasso lent two million guilders; when asked what security he desired, Suasso anwered: "If you are victorious, you will surely repay me; if not, the loss is mine". Remarkably even Pope Innocent XI, an inveterate enemy of Louis XIV of France, provided a loan. Pope Innocent XI ( May 16 1611 &ndash August 12 1689) born Benedetto Odescalchi, was Pope of the Roman Catholic Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent Total costs were seven million guilders, four million of which would ultimately be paid for by a state loan. In the summer the Dutch navy was expanded with 9000 sailors on the pretext of fighting the Dunkirkers. During the Dutch Revolt ( 1568 - 1648) the Dunkirkers or Dunkirk Privateers, were warships in the service of the Spanish Empire operating

In August, it became clear that William had surprisingly strong support within the English army, a situation brought about by James himself. In January 1688 he had forbidden any of his subjects to serve the Dutch and had demanded that the Republic dissolve its mercenary Scottish and English regiments. When this was refused, he asked that at least those willing would be released from their martial oath to be free to return to Britain. To this William consented as it would purify his army from Jacobite elements. In total 104 officers and 44 soldiers returned. The officers were enlisted within the British armies and so favoured that the established officer corps began to fear for its position. On August 14 Lord Churchill wrote to William: "I owe it to God and my country to put my honour into the hands of Your Highness". Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Nothing comparable happened within the Royal Navy however.

Still, William had great trouble convincing the Dutch ruling elite, the regents, that such an expensive expedition was really necessary. Also he personally feared that the French might attack the Republic through Flanders, when its army was tied up in England. By early September he was on the brink of cancelling the entire expedition, when French policy played into his hand. On September 9 (Gregorian calendar)[8] the French envoy Jean Antoine de Mesmes handed two letters from the French king, who had known of the invasion plans since May, to the States-General of the Netherlands. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today The States-General ( Staten-Generaal) is the Parliament of the Netherlands. In the first they were warned not to attack James. In the second they were urged not to interfere with the French policy in Germany. James hurriedly distanced himself from the first message, trying to convince the States that there was no secret Anglo-French alliance against them[9]. This however had precisely the opposite effect; many members became extremely suspicious. The second message proved that the main French effort was directed to the east, not the north, so there was no immediate danger of a French invasion for the Republic itself.

From September 22, Louis XIV seized all Dutch ships present in French ports, seeming to prove that war with France was imminent, though Louis had meant it to be a mere warning. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians On September 26 the powerful city council of Amsterdam decided to officially support the invasion. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a On September 27 Louis crossed the Rhine into Germany and William began to move his army from the eastern borders to the coast. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again On September 29 the States of Holland gathering in secret session and fearing a French-English alliance, approved the operation, agreeing to make the English "useful to their friends and allies, and especially to this state". Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. States of Holland and West Frisia ( Dutch: Staten van Holland en Westfriesland) were the representation of the two Estates ( They accepted William's argument that a preventive strike was necessary to avoid a repeat of the events of 1672, when England and France had jointly attacked the Republic, "an attempt to bring this state to its ultimate ruin and subjugation, as soon as they find the occasion". The Third Anglo-Dutch War or Third Dutch War ( Dutch: Derde Engelse Oorlog or Derde Engelse Zeeoorlog) was a military conflict between The States ordered a Dutch fleet of 53 warships to escort the troop transports. This fleet was in fact commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Vice-Admiral Philips van Almonde but in consideration for English sensitivities on October 6 placed under nominal command of Rear-Admiral Arthur Herbert, the very messenger who, disguised as a common sailor, had brought the invitation to William in The Hague. Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest ( Flushing, 16 November, 1642 &ndash 16 November, 1706) is a Dutch admiral from the 17th Philips van Almonde ( Dec 29 1644, Den Briel – Jan 6 1711, Oegstgeest) was a Dutch Lieutenant Admiral, who Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus Arthur Herbert 1st Earl of Torrington (c 1648 &ndash 14 April 1716) was a British Admiral and politician of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth Though William was himself Admiral-General of the Republic he abstained from operational command, sailing conspicuously on the yacht Den Briel, accompanied by Lieutenant-Admiral Willem Bastiaensz Schepers, the Rotterdam shipping magnate who had organised the transport fleet. The States-General allowed the core regiments of the Dutch field army to participate under command of Marshall Frederick Schomberg. Friedrich Hermann (or Frédéric-Armand) 1st Duke of Schomberg (originally Schönberg) (December 1615 or January 1616&mdash July 11, 1690

William's landing

The Dutch preparations, though carried out with great speed, could not remain secret. The English envoy Ignatius White, the Marquess d'Albeville, warned his country: an absolute conquest is intended under the specious and ordinary pretences of religion, liberty, property and a free Parliament…. Louis XIV threatened the Dutch with an immediate declaration of war, should they carry out their plans. Embarkations, started on September 22 (Gregorian calendar), had been completed on October 8 and the expedition was that day openly approved by the States of Holland; the same day James issued a proclamation to the English nation that it should prepare for a Dutch invasion to ward off conquest. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Events 314 - Roman Emperor Licinius is defeated by his colleague Constantine I at the Battle of Cibalae, and loses On October 10 William issued the Declaration of The Hague, of which 60,000 copies of the English translation were distributed in England, in which he assured that his only aim was to maintain the Protestant religion, install a free parliament and investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated He would respect James's position. On October 14 he responded to the allegations by James in a second declaration, denying any intention to become king or conquer England. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Whether he had any at that moment is still controversial.

The swiftness of the embarkations surprised all foreign observers. Louis had in fact delayed his threats against the Dutch until early September because he assumed it then would be too late in the season to set the expedition in motion anyway, if their reaction proved negative; typically such an enterprise would take at least some months. Being ready after the first week of October would normally have meant that the Dutch could have profited from the last spell of good weather, as the autumn storms tend to begin in the third week of that month. This year they came early however. For three weeks the invasion fleet was prevented by adverse southwesterly gales from departing from the naval port of Hellevoetsluis and Catholics all over the Netherlands and the British kingdoms held prayer sessions that this "popish wind" might endure. Hellevoetsluis ( (population 40164 in 2004 is a town and municipality on Voorne-Putten Island in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland But by late October it became the famous "Protestant Wind" by turning to the east, allowing a departure on October 28. The phrase Protestant Wind has been used in more than one context notably The storm that lashed the Spanish Armada. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine It had originally been intended that the Dutch navy defeat the English first to free the way for the transport fleet but because it was now so late in the season and conditions onboard deteriorated rapidly, it was decided to sail in convoy. Hardly had the fleet reached open sea when the wind changed again to the southwest forcing most ships to return to port, becoming a favourable easterly only on November 9. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all First the fleet, reassembled on November 11, four times larger than the Spanish Armada and having about 5,000 horses and 60,000 men aboard including sailors and supply train, sailed north in the direction of Harwich where Bentinck had a landing site prepared. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare The Spanish Armada ( Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, "Great and Most Fortunate Navy" or Armada Invencible, "Invincible Harwich (ˈhærɪdʒ is a town in Essex England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea It was forced south however when the wind turned to the north and sailed in an enormous square formation, 25 ships deep, into the English Channel on November 13, saluting Dover Castle and Calais simultaneously to show off its size. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Dover Castle is situated at Dover, Kent and has been described as the "Key to England" due to its defensive significance throughout history Calais (kaˈlɛ in English often kæˈleɪ traditional English pronunciation /ˈkælɨs/ Kales is a town in northern France. The English navy positioned in the Thames estuary saw the Dutch pass twice but was unable to intercept, first because of the strong easterly wind, the second time due to an unfavourable tide. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Landing with a large army in Torbay near Brixham, Devon on November 5 (Julian calendar (November 15 Gregorian calendar))[8], 1688, William was greeted with much show of popular support (this was Bentinck's alternative landing site), and some local men joined his army. Geography There are three main towns around the bay Torquay in the north Paignton in the centre and Brixham in the south which have become connected Brixham (ˈbrɪksəm is a small town in the county of Devon, in the south-west of England. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. His personal disembarkation was delayed somewhat to make it coincide with Bonfire Night, the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot. Guy Fawkes Night (also known as Bonfire Night, Cracker Night, Fireworks Night) is an annual celebration on the evening of the 5th of November The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 or the Powder Treason, as it was known at the time was a failed Assassination attempt by a group of provincial English [10] On his banners read the proclamation: "The Liberties of England and the Protestant Religion I will maintain. " Je maintiendrai ("I will maintain") is the motto of the House of Orange. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group The House of Orange-Nassau (in Dutch: Huis van Oranje-Nassau) a branch of the German House of Nassau, has played a central role in the political life William's army totalled approximately 15,000–18,000 on foot and 3,000 cavalry. It was composed mainly of 14,352 regular Dutch mercenary troops (many of them actually Scots, Scandinavians, Germans and Swiss), and about 5,000 English and Scottish volunteers with a substantial Huguenot element in the cavalry and Guards as well as 200 blacks from plantations in America. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth [11] Many of the mercenaries were Catholic. [12] On November 7 (November 17 Gregorian calendar), the wind turned southwest, preventing the pursuing English fleet commanded by George Legge from attacking the landing site. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers The French fleet was at the time concentrated in the Mediterranean, to assist a possible attack on the Papal State. The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Louis delayed his declaration of war until November 26 (Gregorian calendar), hoping at first that their involvement in a protracted English civil war would keep the Dutch from interfering with his German campaign. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" The Dutch call their fleet action the Glorieuze Overtocht, the "Glorious Crossing".

William considered his veteran army to be sufficient in size to defeat any forces (all rather inexperienced) James could throw against him, but it had been decided to avoid the hazards of battle and maintain a defensive attitude in the hope James's position might collapse by itself; thus he landed far away from James's army, expecting that his English allies would take the initiative in acting against James while he ensured his own protection against potential attacks. William was prepared to wait; he had paid his troops in advance for a three-month campaign. A slow advance had the added benefit of not over-extending the supply lines; the Dutch troops were under strict orders not even to forage, for fear that this would degenerate into plundering which would alienate the population. On November 9 William took Exeter after the magistrates had fled the city. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Exeter ( (IPA ˈeksɪtər is a city, district and County town of Devon, England. From November 12, in the North, many nobles began to declare for William, as they had promised. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days However in the first weeks most people carefully avoided taking sides; as a whole the nation neither rallied behind its king, nor welcomed William, but passively awaited the outcome of events.

The collapse of James's regime

James refused a French offer to send an expeditionary force, fearing that it would cost him domestic support. He tried to bring the Tories to his side by making concessions but failed because he still refused to endorse the Test Act. The Test Acts were a series of English Penal laws that served as a Religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman His forward forces had gathered at Salisbury, and James went to join them on November 19 (Julian calendar) with his main force, having a total strength of about 19,000. Salisbury (ˈsɒlzbri ˈsɔːlzbri ('Solzbry' or ˈzɔːwzbri ('Zawzbry' — moving from RP to local dialect) is a cathedral city in the Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Amid anti-Catholic rioting in London, it rapidly became apparent that the troops were not eager to fight, and the loyalty of many of James's commanders was doubtful; he had been informed of the conspiracy within the army as early as September but for unknown reasons had refused to arrest the officers involved. Some have argued however that, had James been more resolute, the army would have fought and fought well. [13]The first blood was shed at about this time in a skirmish at Wincanton, Somerset, where Royalist troops retreated after defeating a small party of scouts; the total body count on both sides came to about fifteen. Wincanton is a small Town in south Somerset, southwest England. Somerset ( or) is a county in south west England The County town is Taunton, which is in the south of the county In Salisbury, after hearing that some officers had deserted, among them Lord Cornbury, a worried James was overcome by a serious nose-bleed that he interpreted as an evil omen indicating that he should order his army to retreat, which the supreme army commander, the Earl of Feversham, also advised on the 23rd. Edward Hyde 3rd Earl of Clarendon ( 28 November 1661 &ndash 31 March 1723) styled Viscount Cornbury between 1674 and 1709 was An omen (also called portent or presage) is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the Future, often signifying the advent of change Louis de Duras 2nd Earl of Feversham, KG, (1641 – 19 April 1709) was a French nobleman who became Earl of Feversham in Stuart England Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of The next day, Lord Churchill of Eyemouth, one of James's chief commanders, deserted to William. On the 26th, James's own daughter, Princess Anne, did the same. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 succeeding William III of England and II of Both were serious losses. James returned to London that same day.

After Plymouth surrendered to him on November 18, William began to advance on the 21st. Plymouth ( is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England about south west of London. Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull By the 24th, William's forces were at Salisbury; three days later they had reached Hungerford, where the following day they met with the King's Commissioners to negotiate. Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal For other uses see Hungerford (disambiguation Hungerford is a Market town and Civil parish in Berkshire, James offered free elections and a general amnesty for the rebels. In reality, by that point James was simply playing for time, having already decided to flee the country. He feared that his English enemies would insist on his execution and that William would give in to their demands. Convinced that his army was unreliable, he sent orders to disband it. December 10 saw the second engagement between the two sides with the Battle of Reading, a defeat for the King's men. Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V See also Battle of Reading (871, Siege of Reading (1642-1643 The Battle of Reading (or Battle of Broad Street or In December there was anti-Catholic rioting in Bristol, Bury St. Edmunds, Hereford, York, Cambridge and Shropshire. On the 9th a Protestant mob stormed Dover Castle, where the Catholic Sir Edward Hales was Governor, and seized it. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Dover Castle is situated at Dover, Kent and has been described as the "Key to England" due to its defensive significance throughout history On December 8 William met at last with James's representatives; he agreed to James's proposals but also demanded that all Catholics would be immediately dismissed from state functions and that England would pay for the Dutch military expenses. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. He received no reply, however.

In the night of December 9-December 10, the Queen and the Prince of Wales fled for France. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V The next day saw James's attempt to escape, the king dropping The Great Seal in the Thames along the way. The Great Seal of the Realm or Great Seal of the United Kingdom (prior to the Union the Great Seal of England, then Great Seal of Great Britain The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. However, he was captured on December 11 by fishermen in Faversham opposite Sheerness, the town on the Isle of Sheppey. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Faversham (fævɜʃəm is a town in Kent, England, in the district of Swale, roughly halfway between Sittingbourne and Canterbury Sheerness (ˈʃɪərnɪs is a town located beside the mouth of the River Medway on the northwest corner of the Isle of Sheppey in north Kent, England This article is about the Isle of Sheppey in northern Kent not to be confused with Shepway in south-eastern Kent On the same day, 27 Lords Spiritual and Temporal, forming a provisional government, decided to ask William to restore order but at the same time asked the king to return to London to reach an agreement with his son-in-law. The Lords Spiritual of the United Kingdom, also called Spiritual Peers, are the 26 Clergymen of the established Church of England This article is about the secular members of the British House of Lords. On the night of the 11th there were riots and lootings of the houses of Catholics and several foreign embassies of Catholic countries in London. The following night a mass panic gripped London during what was later termed the Irish Night. The Irish Night was a name given by Londoners to describe the period of hysteria in that city after James II fled from there in the Revolution of 1688. False rumours of an impending Irish army attack on London circulated in the capital, and a mob of over 100,000 assembled, ready to defend the city.

Upon returning to London on the 16th, James was welcomed by cheering crowds. He took heart at this and attempted to recommence government, even presiding over a meeting of the Privy Council. A privy council is a body that advises the Head of state of a nation on how to exercise their executive authority, typically but not always in the context of a He sent Lord Feversham to William to arrange for a personal meeting to continue negotiations. Now for the first time it became evident that William had no longer any desire to keep James in power in England. He was extremely dismayed by the arrival of Lord Feversham. He refused the suggestion that he simply arrest James because this would violate his own declarations and burden his relationship with his wife. In the end it was decided that he should exploit James's fears; the three original commissioners were sent back to James with the message that William felt he could no longer guarantee the king's wellbeing and that James for his own safety had better leave London for Ham. Ham is a place in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames on the River Thames. William at the same time ordered all English troops to depart from the capital; no local forces were allowed within a twenty mile radius until the spring of 1689. Already the English navy had declared for William. James, by his own choice, went under Dutch protective guard to Rochester in Kent on December 18 (Julian calendar), just as William entered London, cheered by crowds dressed in orange. Rochester is a town in Kent, England. It is located within the Unitary authority area of Medway and is at the lowest bridging point of the KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the The Dutch officers had been ordered that "if he [James] wanted to leave, they should not prevent him, but allow him to gently slip through"[14]. James then left for France on December 23 after having received a request from his wife to join her, even though his followers urged him to stay. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city The lax guard on James and the decision to allow him so near the coast indicate that William may have hoped that a successful flight would avoid the difficulty of deciding what to do with him, especially with the memory of the execution of Charles I still strong. Charles I, (19 November 1600 &ndash 30 January 1649 was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. By fleeing, James ultimately helped resolve the awkward question whether he was still the legal king or not.

William made King

On December 28, William took over the provisional government and, on the advice of his Whig allies, summoned an assembly of all the surviving MPs of Charles II's reign, thus bypassing the Tories of the Loyal Parliament of 1685. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. This assembly called for a chosen Convention, elected on January 5, which convened on January 22. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. The name "Convention" was chosen because only the King could call a Parliament. Although James had fled the country, he still had many followers, and William feared that the king might return, relegating William to the role of a mere regent, a solution that was unacceptable to him. On December 30, William (in a conversation with the Marquess of Halifax) threatened not to stay in England "if King James came again" and determined to go back to the Netherlands "if they went about to make him [William] Regent". Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St George Savile 1st Marquess of Halifax ( November 11 1633 - April 5 1695) was an English statesman writer and politician [15]

The Convention Parliament was very divided on the issue. The term Convention Parliament has been applied to three different English Parliaments of 1399 1660 and 1689 The radical Whigs in the Lower House proposed to elect William as a king (meaning that his power would be derived from the people); the moderates wanted an acclamation of William and Mary together; the Tories wanted to make him regent or only acclaim Mary as Queen. The Lower House resolved that the throne was vacant as a result of James's desertion, amounting to abdication; the Lords voted that either James was still King or Mary already Queen, but that the Throne of England couldn't possibly be "vacant". Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one Mary, however, opposed this position, and William made it known to the Tory leaders at this point that they could either accept him as king or deal with the Whigs without his military presence, for then he would leave for the Republic. Confronted with this choice, the Tory majority of Lords decided on February 6 that the throne was vacant after all. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio

William and Mary were offered the throne as joint rulers, an arrangement which they accepted. On February 13, 1689 (New Style)[8], February 23 (Gregorian calendar) Mary II and William III jointly acceded to the throne of England. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable A commission had on February 2 formulated 23 Heads of Grievances which were renamed the Declaration of Rights; these were read aloud before William and Mary accepted the throne. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor They were crowned on April 11, swearing an oath to uphold the laws made by Parliament. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Although their succession to the English throne was relatively peaceful, much blood would be shed before William's authority was accepted in Ireland and Scotland.

In Scotland there had been no serious support for the rebellion, but when James fled for France, most members of the Scottish Privy Council went to London to offer their services to William; on January 7 they asked William to take over the responsibilities of government. The Privy Council of Scotland was a body that advised the King. Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental On March 14 a Convention convened in Edinburgh, dominated by the Presbyterians because the episcopalians continued to support James. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity There was nevertheless a strong Jacobite fraction, but a letter by James received on March 16, in which he threatened to punish all who rebelled against him, resulted in his followers leaving the Convention, which then on April 4 decided that the throne of Scotland was vacant. Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. The Convention formulated the Claim of Right and the Articles of Grievances. On May 11 William and Mary accepted the Crown of Scotland; after their acceptance, the Claim and the Articles were read aloud, leading to an immediate debate over whether or not an endorsement of these documents was implicit in that acceptance. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople

Jacobite uprisings

Main articles: Williamite war in Ireland and Jacobite Risings

James had cultivated support on the fringes of his Three Kingdoms -- in Catholic Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland. The Williamite War in Ireland, also known as the Jacobite War in Ireland and in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí or The War of the Two Kings The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings rebellions and wars in the kingdoms of England, Kingdom of Scotland (later the United Kingdom of Great Britain Supporters of James, known as Jacobites, were prepared to resist what they saw as an illegal coup by force of arms. The first Jacobite rebellion, an uprising in support of James in Scotland, took place in 1689. The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings rebellions and wars in the kingdoms of England, Kingdom of Scotland (later the United Kingdom of Great Britain It was led by John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount of Dundee, known as "Bonnie Dundee", who raised an army from Highland clans. John Graham of Claverhouse 1st Viscount Dundee (c 1648 - July 27, 1689) was a Scottish soldier and nobleman a Tory and an A clan is a group of People united by Kinship and descent, which is defined by perceived descent from a common ancestor In Ireland, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell led local Catholics, who had been discriminated against by previous English monarchs, in the conquest of all the fortified places in the kingdom except Derry, and so held the Kingdom for James. Richard Talbot 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (1630 – 14 August 1691) the youngest of sixteen children of Sir William Talbot Bt of Carton, and his wife James himself landed in Ireland with 6,000 French troops to try to regain the throne in the Williamite war in Ireland. The Williamite War in Ireland, also known as the Jacobite War in Ireland and in Ireland as Cogadh an Dá Rí or The War of the Two Kings The war raged from 1689–1691. James fled Ireland following a humiliating defeat at the Battle of the Boyne, but Jacobite resistance was not ended until after the battle of Aughrim in 1691, when over half of their army was killed or taken prisoner. The Battle of the Boyne (Cath na Bóinne was a turning point in the Williamite claim on the English throne The Battle of Aughrim was the decisive battle of the Williamite War in Ireland. The Irish Jacobites surrendered under the conditions of the Treaty of Limerick on 3 October 1691. The Treaty of Limerick ended the Williamite war in Ireland between the Jacobites and the supporters of William of Orange. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's England stayed relatively calm throughout, although some English Jacobites fought on James's side in Ireland. Despite the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Killiecrankie, the uprising in the Scottish Highlands was quelled due to death of its leader, Claverhouse, and Williamite victories at Dunkeld and Cromdale. Jacobitism was (and to a limited extent remains the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland The Battle of Killiecrankie ( Scottish Gaelic -) was fought between highland Scottish clans supporting James II and VII and government troops (mostly lowland The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous The Battle of Dunkeld ( Scottish Gaelic:) was fought between Jacobite clans supporting King James VII of Scotland and a government regiment of Covenanters The Battle of Cromdale took place at the Haugh of Cromdale in Speyside on April 30 and May 1 1690 Many, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, continued to see the Stuarts as the legitimate monarchs of the Three Kingdoms, and there were further Jacobite rebellions in Scotland during the years 1715, 1719 and 1745

Anglo-Dutch Alliance

Though he had carefully avoided making it public, William's main motive in organizing the expedition had been the opportunity to bring England into an alliance against France. The House of Stuart or Stewart was a Royal house of the Kingdom of Scotland, later also of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Year 1715 ( MDCCXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1745 ( MDCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a On December 9, 1688 he had already asked the States-General to send a delegation of three to negotiate the conditions. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city On February 18 (Julian calendar) he asked the Convention to support the Republic in its war against France, but it refused, only consenting to pay ₤600,000 for the continued presence of the Dutch army in England. Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy On March 9 (Gregorian calendar) the States-General responded to Louis's earlier declaration of war by declaring war on France in return. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. On April 19 (Julian calendar) the Dutch delegation signed a naval treaty with England. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer It stipulated that the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet would always be commanded by an Englishman, even when of lower rank; also it specified that the two parties would contribute in the ratio of five English vessels against three Dutch vessels, meaning in practice that the Dutch navy would in future remain smaller than the English. The Navigation Acts were not repealed. The English Navigation Acts were a series of Laws which restricted the use of foreign Shipping and trade between England (later the Kingdom of Great On May 18 the new Parliament allowed William to declare war on France. Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. On September 9 1689 (Gregorian calendar), William as King of England joined the League of Augsburg against France. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian The Grand Alliance was a European Coalition, consisting (at various times of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the

Having England as an ally meant that the military situation of the Republic was strongly improved; but this very fact induced William to be uncompromising in his position towards France. This policy led to a large number of very expensive campaigns which were largely paid for with Dutch funds. In 1712 the Republic was financially exhausted; it withdrew from international politics and was forced to let its fleet deteriorate, making England the dominant maritime power of the world. The Dutch economy, already burdened by the high national debt and concommitant high taxation, suffered from the other European states' protectionist policies, which its weakened fleet was no longer able to resist. To make matters worse, the main Dutch trading and banking houses moved much of their activity from Amsterdam to London after 1688. Between 1688 and 1720, world trade dominance shifted from the Republic to England.

Legacy

The Glorious Revolution of 1688 is considered by some as being one of the most important events in the long evolution of the respective powers of Parliament and the Crown in England. With the passage of the Bill of Rights, it stamped out once and for all any possibility of a Catholic monarchy, and ended moves towards absolute monarchy in the British kingdoms by circumscribing the monarch's powers. The Bill of Rights (or Declaration of Rights) is an act of the Parliament of England, with the Long title An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything These powers were greatly restricted; he or she could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, make royal appointments, or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament's permission. Since 1689, government under a system of constitutional monarchy in England, and later the United Kingdom, has been uninterrupted. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Since then, Parliament's power has steadily increased while the Crown's has steadily declined. Unlike in the English civil war of the mid-seventeenth century, the "Glorious Revolution" did not involve the masses of ordinary people in England (the majority of the bloodshed occurred in Ireland). The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. This fact has led many historians to suggest that in England at least the events more closely resemble a coup d'état than a social revolution. [16]

Prior to his arrival in England, the new king William III of England had of course not been a member of the Church of England, but of the Dutch Reformed Church. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe Consequently, as a Calvinist and Presbyterian he was now in the unenviable position of being the head of the Church of England, while technically being a Nonconformist. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws This was, however, not his main motive for promoting religious toleration. More important in that respect was the need to keep his Catholic allies[17] in the coming struggle with Louis XIV happy[18]. Though he had promised legal toleration for Catholics in his Declaration of October, 1688, he was ultimately unsuccessful in this respect, due to opposition by the Tories in the new Parliament[19]. The Revolution led to the Act of Toleration of 1689, which granted toleration to Nonconformist Protestants, but not to Catholics. The Act of Toleration was an act of the English Parliament ( 24 May, 1689, citation 1 Will Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws The Williamite victory in Ireland is still commemorated by the Orange Order for preserving British and Protestant dominance in the country. Williamite refers to the followers of King William III of England who deposed King James II in the Glorious Revolution. The Orange Institution, more commonly known as the Orange Order or the Orange Lodge, is a Protestant fraternal organisation based predominantly

Lord Macaulay's account of the Revolution in "The History of England from the Accession of James the Second" exemplifies its semi-mystical significance to later generations. The History of England from the Accession of James the Second is the full title of the multi-volume work by Lord Macaulay more generally known as " The History

Notes

  1. ^ England, Scotland, and Ireland at time shared a king but were still separate realms with their own parliaments. This is not to say however that in the case of Ireland it was an independent entity - it was not. The Irish parliament was completely under the control of Westminster and had been since Poynings Law of 1494. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland formed the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Act of Union (1800) between Great Britain and Ireland dissolved the Irish Parliament. The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The phrase Act of Union 1800 (or sometimes Act of Union 1801) (Acht an Aontais 1800 is used to describe two complementary Acts whose official United Kingdom titles are This was done because under pressure in 1782, Poynings Law had been overturned. Poynings' Law is a parliamentary act initiated by Sir Edward Poynings in the Irish Parliament at Drogheda in 1494. Westminster did not want the Irish to have the freedom to act alone, maybe in opposition to the interests of the English Parliament - see William Pitt's speech for this reference.
  2. ^ The English Civil War (also known as the Great Rebellion) was still within living memory for most of the major English participants in the events of 1688, and for them, in comparison to that bloody civil war, (or even compared to the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685) the deaths in the strife of 1688 were mercifully few (or bloodless). The English Civil War (1642-1651 was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The Monmouth Rebellion of 1685, also known as the Pitchfork Rebellion, was an attempt to overthrow James II, who had become King of England at
  3. ^ In testimony before a House of Lords committee in the fall of 1689; Schwoerer, L. G. (2004), The Revolution of 1688-89: Changing Perspectives, Cambridge U. P. , 310 pages ISBN 0521526140, p. 3
  4. ^ Glorious Revolution www.explore.parliament.uk and The Glorious Revolution (PDF), issued by the House of Commons Information Office
  5. ^ See e. g. Jonathan I. Israel, "The Dutch role in the Glorious Revolution", in Israel, J. I. (ed. ) (1991) The Anglo-Dutch Moment. Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its world impact, Cambridge U. P. ISBN 0-521-39075-3, p. 105; see also Jonathan I. Israel and Geoffrey Parker, "Of Providence and Protestant Winds: the Spanish Armada of 1588 and the Dutch armada of 1688", pp 335-364 in the same volume.
  6. ^ After Mary's sister Anne. This line of succession was overturned by the Bill of Rights; see Succession to the British throne
  7. ^ D. Succession to the British throne is governed both by Common law and statute Hoak, The Anglo-Dutch revolution of 1688-89, p. 24
  8. ^ a b c d In this article "New Style" means the start of year is adjusted to 1 January. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Events on the European mainland are usually given using the Gregorian calendar, while events in Great Britain and Ireland are usually given using the Julian calendar with the year adjusted to 1 January. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Dates with no explicit Julian or Gregorian postscript will be using the same calendar as the last date with an explicit postscript.
  9. ^ As there had been in 1672 with the concerted attack by France and England on the Republic on the basis of the Secret treaty of Dover. The Treaty of Dover, also known as the Secret Treaty of Dover, was an offensive and defensive treaty between England and France signed at Dover
  10. ^ Hunt, Tristram. Why everyone in Britain should light a bonfire tonight, Daily Mail, 5 November, 2006
  11. ^ Robert Beddard, A Kingdom without a King: The Journal of the Provisional Government in the Revolution of 1688 (Phaidon, 1988), p. The Daily Mail is a British newspaper currently published in a tabloid format Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) 19.
  12. ^ Keith Schuchard, M. (2002), Restoring the Temple of Vision: Cabalistic Freemasonry and Stuart, Brill ISBN 9004124896, p. 762
  13. ^ J. Childs, The army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution, Manchester, 1980
  14. ^ Journaal van Constantijn Huygens, i, 62
  15. ^ H. C. Foxcroft, The Life and Letters of Sir George Savile, Marquis of Halifax: Volume II (London, 1898), pp. 203–4. Quoted in Beddard, p. 65.
  16. ^ The importance of the event has divided historians ever since Friedrich Engels judged it "a relatively puny event". Friedrich Engels, "Introduction to Socialism: Utopian and Scientific", in:Feuerbach, L. , Marx, K. , Engels, F. (1997), German Socialist Philosophy, Continuum International Publishing Group, 324 pages ISBN 082640748X, p. 269
  17. ^ i. e. Spain and the German Emperor
  18. ^ Israel, pp. 137-138
  19. ^ Israel, p. 20

Sources

External links

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