Economic globalization has had an impact on the worldwide integration of different cultures. Shown here is a modern plaza near the Potala Palace. Plaza ( / latin america) is a Spanish word related to "field" which describes an open urban Public space, such as a City square. The Potala Palace () is located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.

Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of globalizing, transformation of some things or phenomena into global ones. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces. ^[1] Globalization is very often used to refer to economic globalization, that is integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. ^[2]

Thomas L. Friedman "examines the impact of the 'flattening' of the globe", and argues that globalized trade, outsourcing, supply-chaining, and political forces have changed the world permanently, for both better and worse. Thomas Lauren Friedman (born July 20, 1953) is an American journalist columnist and author International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. Outsourcing is Subcontracting a process such as product design or Manufacturing, to a Third-party company A supply chain or logistics network is the system of organizations people technology activities information and resources involved in moving a product or service from He also argues that the pace of globalization is quickening and will continue to have a growing impact on business organization and practice. ^[3]

Noam Chomsky argues that the word globalization is also used, in a doctrinal sense, to describe the neoliberal form of economic globalization. Avram Noam Chomsky (noʊm ˈtʃɑmski born December 7 1928 is an American linguist, Philosopher, cognitive scientist, Political Economic globalization can be defined as the process of increasing Economic integration between two countries leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single ^[4]

Herman E. Daly argues that sometimes the terms internationalization and globalization are used interchangeably but there is a slight formal difference. The term "internationalization" refers to the importance of international trade, relations, treaties etc. International means between or among nations. "Globalization" means erasure of national boundaries for economic purposes; international trade (governed by comparative advantage) becomes interregional trade (governed by absolute advantage). In international trade the principle of comparative advantage refers to the fact that although one country may have an absolute disadvantage with another value can be created for both ^[5]

History

The word "Globalization" has been used by economists since the 1980's; however, its concepts did not become popular until the later half of the 1980s and 1990's. The earliest written theoretical concepts of globalization were penned by an American entrepreneur-turned-minister Charles Taze Russell who coined the term 'corporate giants' in 1897. Charles Taze Russell ( February 16, 1852 &ndash October 31, 1916) also known as Pastor Russell, was a Protestant ^[6]

Globalization in its largest extent began a bit before the turn of the 16th century, in Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The country's global explorations in the 16th century linked continents, economies and cultures as never before. The Kingdom of Portugal kicked off what has come to be known as the Age of Discovery, in the mid-1400s. The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal 's general designation under the monarchy. The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored The westernmost country in Europe, it was the first to significantly probe the Atlantic Ocean, colonizing the Azores, Madeira and other Atlantic islands, then braving the west coast of Africa. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the In 1488, Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was the first to sail around the southern tip of Africa, and in 1498 his countryman Vasco da Gama repeated the experiment, making it as far as India. Bartolomeu Dias (baɾtuluˈmeu ˈdiɐʃ Anglicized Bartholomew Diaz) (c Dom Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira ('vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ ( Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Portugal, ca India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil. Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 &ndash about 1520 ˈpeðɾʊ ˈaɫvɐɾɨʃ kɐˈβɾaɫ in Portuguese, ˈawvaɾiʃ caˈbɾaw in Brazilian) was |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Portuguese Empire would establish ports, forts and trading posts as far west as Brazil, as far east as Japan and Timor, and along the coasts of Africa, India and China. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Timor is an Island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National For the first time in history, a wave of global trade, colonization, and enculturation reached all corners of the world. International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area Enculturation is the process whereby an individual learns the accepted norms and value emphases of an established Culture through repetition so that the individual can become

Globalization is viewed as a centuries long process, tracking the expansion of human population and the growth of civilization, that has accelerated dramatically in the past 50 years. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Early forms of globalization existed during the Roman Empire, the Parthian empire, and the Han Dynasty, when the silk road started in China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian empire, and continued onwards towards Rome. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Islamic Golden Age is also an example, when Muslim traders and explorers established an early global economy across the Old World resulting in a globalization of crops, trade, knowledge and technology; and later during the Mongol Empire, when there was greater integration along the Silk Road. The rising Technology has allowed our environment to be characterized as a global one The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans Asians and Africans in the 15th century The Islamic Golden Age from the 8th century to the 13th century witnessed a fundamental transformation in Agriculture known as the Arab Agricultural The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the Global integration continued through the expansion of European trade, as in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Portuguese and Spanish Empires reached to all corners of the world after expanding to the Americas. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Globalization has had a tremendous impact on cultures, particularly indigenous cultures, around the world. Transformation of culture, or cultural change, refers to the dynamic process whereby the living Cultures of the world are changing and adapting to external or internal

In the 17th century, Globalization became a business phenomenon when the Dutch East India Company, which is often described as the first multinational corporation, was established. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers Because of the high risks involved with international trade, the Dutch East India Company became the first company in the world to share risk and enable joint ownership through the issuing of shares: an important driver for globalization. In financial markets, a share is a Unit of account for various financial instruments including Stocks Mutual funds Limited partnerships

In the 19th century it was sometimes called "The First Era of Globalization" a period characterized by rapid growth in international trade and investment, between the European imperial powers, their colonies, and, later, the United States. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It was in this period that areas of sub-saharan Africa and the Island Pacific were incorporated into the world system. The "First Era of Globalization" began to break down at the beginning with the first World War, and later collapsed during the gold standard crisis in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Modern Globalization

Globalization in the era since World War II was first the result of planning by economists, business interests, and politicians who recognized the costs associated with protectionism and declining international economic integration. For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party Their work led to the Bretton Woods conference and the founding of several international institutions intended to oversee the renewed processes of globalization, promoting growth and managing adverse consequences. The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, commonly known as Bretton Woods conference, was a gathering of 730 Delegates from all 44 Allied

These were the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund. It has been facilitated by advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade, and trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of GATT, which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade. The 'General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade' (typically abbreviated 'GATT' was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions

Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered through international agreements - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The 'General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade' (typically abbreviated 'GATT' was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the World Trade Organization (WTO), for which GATT is the foundation, have included:

• Promotion of free trade:
  • Reduction or elimination of tariffs; construction of free trade zones with small or no tariffs
  • Reduced transportation costs, especially from development of containerization for ocean shipping. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary A free trade zone ( FTZ) or export processing zone ( EPZ) is one or more special areas of a country where some normal Trade barriers such as Containerization (or containerisation) is a system of Intermodal freight transport Cargo Transport using standard ISO containers
  • Reduction or elimination of capital controls
  • Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies for local businesses
• Restriction of free trade:
  • Harmonization of intellectual property laws across the majority of states, with more restrictions. In Economics, capital control is the Monetary policy device that a country's government (i In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector Intellectual property ( IP) is a legal field that refers to creations of the mind such as musical literary and artistic works inventions and symbols names
  • Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (e. g. patents granted by China would be recognized in the United States)

The Uruguay Round (1984 to 1995) led to a treaty to create the World Trade Organization (WTO), to mediate trade disputes and set up a uniform platform of trading. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National See also World Trade Organization See also General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The Uruguay Round commenced in September 1986 and continued until Other bi- and multilateral trade agreements, including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade. The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final

World exports rose from 8. 5% of gross world product in 1970 to 16. Gross world product (GWP is the total Gross national product of all the countries in the world 1% of gross world product in 2001. [7]

The use of the term globalization (in the doctrinal sense), in the context of these developments has been analysed by many including Noam Chomsky who states ^[7]

Critics have observed that the term's contemporary usage comprises several meanings, for example Noam Chomsky states that: ^[8]

Measuring globalization

Globalization has had an impact on different cultures around the world.

Looking specifically at economic globalization, it can be measured in different ways. These centre around the four main economic flows that characterize globalization:

• Goods and services, e. g. exports plus imports as a proportion of national income or per capita of population
• Labor/people, e. g. net migration rates; inward or outward migration flows, weighted by population
• Capital, e. g. inward or outward direct investment as a proportion of national income or per head of population
• Technology, e. g. international research & development flows; proportion of populations (and rates of change thereof) using particular inventions (especially 'factor-neutral' technological advances such as the telephone, motorcar, broadband)

As globalization is not only an economic phenomenon, a multivariate approach to measuring globalization is the recent index calculated by the Swiss think tank KOF. This article includes a list of Countries of the world sorted by their Globalization, the global connectivity integration and interdependence in the economic social A think tank (also called a policy institute) is an organization institute corporation or group that conducts Research and engages in advocacy in areas such The index measures the three main dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political. In addition to three indices measuring these dimensions, an overall index of globalization and sub-indices referring to actual economic flows, economic restrictions, data on personal contact, data on information flows, and data on cultural proximity is calculated. Data is available on a yearly basis for 122 countries, as detailed in Dreher, Gaston and Martens (2008). ^[9] According to the index, the world's most globalized country is Belgium, followed by Austria, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The least globalized countries according to the KOF-index are Haiti, Myanmar the Central African Republic and Burundi. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Central Africa|Central African FederationThe Central African Republic ( CAR) République Centrafricaine ʀepyblik sɑ̃tʀafʀikɛn or Centrafrique) is a Landlocked Burundi (buˈɾundi officially the Republic of Burundi, is a small country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda ^[10] Other measures conceptualize Globalization as diffusion and develop interactive procedure to capture the degree of its impact Jahn 2006.

A.T. Kearney and Foreign Policy Magazine jointly publish another Globalization Index. AT Kearney is a global Management consulting firm focusing on strategic and operational CEO-agenda concerns Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P This article includes a list of Countries of the world sorted by their Globalization, the global connectivity integration and interdependence in the economic social According to the 2006 index, Singapore, Ireland, Switzerland, the U.S., the Netherlands, Canada and Denmark are the most globalized, while Egypt, Indonesia, India and Iran are the least globalized among countries listed. Singapore Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Effects of globalization

Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as:

• Industrial (alias trans nationalization) - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within transnational corporations, and access to goods by wealthier nations and individuals at the expense of poorer nations and individuals who supply the labour.
• Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for corporate, national and subnational borrowers. Simultaneous though not necessarily purely globalist is the emergence of under or un-regulated foreign exchange and speculative markets leading to inflated wealth of investors and artificial inflation of commodities, goods, and in some instances entire nations as with the Asian economic boom-bust that was brought on externally by "free" trade. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions
• Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital.
• Political - political globalization is the creation of a world government which regulates the relationships among nations and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization. ^[11] Politically, the United States has enjoyed a position of power among the world powers; in part because of its strong and wealthy economy. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the With the influence of Globalization and with the help of The United States’ own economy, the People's Republic of China has experienced some tremendous growth within the past decade. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES If China continues to grow at the rate projected by the trends, then it is very likely that in the next twenty years, there will be a major reallocation of power among the world leaders. China will have enough wealth, industry, and technology to rival the United States for the position of leading world power. ^[12] The European Union, Russian Federation and India are among the other already-established world powers which may have the ability to influence future world politics. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
• Informational - increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. Arguably this is a technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability of telephony and Internet, possibly ancillary or unrelated to the globalist ideology. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks
• Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities such as Globalism - which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to consume and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a "world culture"; loss of languages (and corresponding loss of ideas), also see Transformation of culture
• Ecological- the advent of global environmental challenges that can not be solved without international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the Consumerism is the equation of personal Happiness with the purchase of material possessions and consumption. Transformation of culture, or cultural change, refers to the dynamic process whereby the living Cultures of the world are changing and adapting to external or internal Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences Many factories are built in developing countries where they can pollute freely. Globalism and free trade interplay to increase pollution and accelerate it in the name of an ever expanding capitalist growth economy in a non-expanding world. The detriment is again to the poorer nations while the benefit is allocated to the wealthier nations.
• Social - increased circulation by people of all nations with fewer restrictions. Provided that the people of those nations are wealthy enough to afford international travel, which the majority of the world's population is not. An illusory 'benefit' recognized by the elite and wealthy, and increasingly so as fuel and transport costs rise.
• Transportation - fewer and fewer European cars on European roads each year (the same can also be said about American cars on American roads) and the death of distance through the incorporation of technology to decrease travel time. This would appear to be a technological advancement recognized by those who work in information, rather than labour intensive markets, accessible to the few rather than the many, and if it is indeed an effect of globalism, reflects the disproportionate inequitable allocation of resources rather than a benefit to humanity overall.
• International cultural exchange
  • Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity (e. The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified Cultural diversity encompasses the cultural differences that exist between people such as language dress and traditions and the way societies organize themselves their conception of g. through the export of Hollywood and Bollywood movies). Bollywood (बॉलीवूड بالی وڈ is the informal term popularly used for the Mumbai -based Hindi-language Film industry in India However, the imported culture can easily supplant the local culture, causing reduction in diversity through hybridization or even assimilation. A region or society where several different groups are spontaneously assimilated is sometimes referred to as a Melting pot. The most prominent form of this is Westernization, but Sinicization of cultures has taken place over most of Asia for many centuries. Westernization or occidentalization (from occident, see wiktionary) is a process whereby societies come under or adopt the Western Sinicization, Sinicisation or Sinification, (in Mandarin: 中国化 Zhōngguóhuà) is the linguistic assimilation or Arguably the hegemonic efects of globalism and homogenization of culture as the capitalist globalist economy becomes the "only" way that countries may participate through the IMF and World Bank leads to a destruction rather than an appreciation of differences in culture.
  • Greater international travel and tourism for the few who can afford international travel and tourism. Travel is the change in location of people on a trip through the means of Transport from one location to another Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel
  • Greater immigration, including illegal immigration, except for those countries around the world including the UK, Canada, and the United States who have in 2008 accelerated removal of illegal migrants and modified laws to increase the ease of removing those who have entered the country illegally, while ensuring that immigration policies allow those more favourable to the stimulation of economy to enter, primarily focusing on the capital that immigrants can move into a country with them. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country
  • Spread of local consumer products (e. g. food) to other countries (often adapted to their culture) including genetically modified organisms. A new and novel feature of the globalist growth economy is the birth of the licensed seed which will only be viable for one season and can not be replanted in a subsequent season - ensuring a captive market to a corporation. Captive markets are Markets where the potential Consumers face a severely limited amount of competitive Suppliers; their only choices are to purchase Entire nations may have their food supply controlled by a company successful in implementing such GMOs potentially through World Bank or IMF loan conditions.
  • World-wide fads and pop culture such as Pokémon, Sudoku, Numa Numa, Origami, Idol series, YouTube, Orkut, Facebook, and MySpace. If you came here to express your personal opinion about Pokémon please go somewhere else is a Logic -based number-placement Puzzle. The objective is to fill a 9×9 grid so that each column each row and each of the nine 3×3 boxes (also called blocks Numa Numa is an Internet phenomenon based on amateur videos most notably Numa Numa Dance by Gary Brolsma, made for the song " Dragostea (from oru meaning "folding" and kami meaning "paper" is the ancient Japanese Art of Paper folding. The British talent search television series Pop Idol has spawned spin-offs in 40 territories, in what is now referred to as the "Idols" format YouTube is a video sharing website where users can upload view and share Video clips YouTube was created in February 2005 by three former PayPal employees orkut is a Social networking service which is run by Google and named after its creator an employee of Google - Orkut Büyükkökten. Facebook is a social networking Website launched on February 4 2004 MySpace is a popular social networking Website offering an interactive user-submitted network of friends personal profiles blogs groups photos music and Accessible to those who have Internet or Television, leaving out a substantial segment of the Earth's population.
  • World-wide sporting events such as FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games. The FIFA World Cup, occasionally called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international Association football The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games
  • Formation or development of a set of universal values - Homogenization of Culture
• Technical
  • Development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless telephones
  • Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e. Something is of universal value if it has the same value or worth for all or almost all people The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks A communications satellite (sometimes abbreviated to comsat) is an artificial Satellite stationed in space for the purposes of Telecommunications. A submarine communications cable is a cable laid beneath the sea to carry Telecommunications between countries g. copyright laws, patents and world trade agreements. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an
• Legal/Ethical
  • The creation of the international criminal court, which the United States has refused to sign on to, and international justice movements. The International Criminal Court ( ICC or ICCt) was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for Genocide, crimes against See also International Commission of Jurists The International Court of Justice (known colloquially as the World Court or ICJ; Cour
  • Crime importation and raising awareness of global crime-fighting efforts and cooperation. Crime importation is the sociocultural concept of the analysis of Criminal tendencies and causes related with transborder crime and Immigration in a given country
  • Sexual awareness – It is often easy to only focus on the economic aspects of Globalization. This term also has strong social meanings behind it. Globalization can also mean a cultural interaction between different countries. Globalization may also have social effects such changes in sexual inequality, and to this issue brought about a greater awareness of the different (often more brutal) types of gender discrimination throughout the world. For example, Women and girls in African countries have long been subjected to female circumcision- such a harmful procedure has been since exposed to the world, and the practice is now decreasing in occurrence.
  • Increasing concentration of wealth in fewer and fewer hands. Media and other multinational mergers leading to fewer corporations controlling vaster segments of society and production. The decrease in the middle class, and the increase in poverty observed within Globalized and deregulated nations. Globalization was responsible for the largest sovereign debt default in world history, bankrupting the entire nation of Argentina in 2002. Globalization did, however, benefit business and finance in that large corporations and multinational banks were able to move over $40BN in cash out of Argentina literally in the dead of night as there were no regulations in this deregulated and globalized country to prevent them from doing so. Opponents of Globalization argue that the banks locking the citizens out of their own accounts, the 60% and above unemployment rate, and the bankruptcy of an entire nation are arguments against globalization.

Pro-globalization (globalism)

Globalization advocates such as Jeffrey Sachs point to the above average drop in poverty rates in countries, such as China, where globalization has taken a strong foothold, compared to areas less affected by globalization, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty rates have remained stagnant. Jeffrey David Sachs (born November 5, 1954, in Detroit Michigan) is an American Economist and Director of the Earth Institute ^[13]

Generally, support of Free Trade, Capitalism, and Democracy - systems which are widely believed to facilitate Globalization. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Supporters of free trade claim that it increases economic prosperity as well as opportunity, especially among developing nations, enhances civil liberties and leads to a more efficient allocation of resources. Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions Economic theories of comparative advantage suggest that free trade leads to a more efficient allocation of resources, with all countries involved in the trade benefiting. In international trade the principle of comparative advantage refers to the fact that although one country may have an absolute disadvantage with another value can be created for both In general, this leads to lower prices, more employment, higher output and a higher standard of living for those in developing countries. ^[13][14]

One of the ironies of the recent success of India and China is the fear that. . . success in these two countries comes at the expense of the United States. These fears are fundamentally wrong and, even worse, dangerous. They are wrong because the world is not a zero-sum struggle. . . but rather is a positive-sum opportunity in which improving technologies and skills can raise living standards around the world.

—Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty, 2005

Libertarians and proponents of laissez-faire capitalism say that higher degrees of political and economic freedom in the form of democracy and capitalism in the developed world are ends in themselves and also produce higher levels of material wealth. Jeffrey David Sachs (born November 5, 1954, in Detroit Michigan) is an American Economist and Director of the Earth Institute Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Laissez-faire ( pronunciation: French,; English,) is a French phrase literally meaning Let do (“allow to do” Economic freedom is freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where They see globalization as the beneficial spread of liberty and capitalism. ^[13]

Supporters of democratic globalization are sometimes called pro-globalists. Mundialization is the name of one of the movements aiming at democratic globalization. They believe that the first phase of globalization, which was market-oriented, should be followed by a phase of building global political institutions representing the will of world citizens. World citizen is a term with a variety of meanings often referring to a person who disapproves of traditional Geopolitical divisions derived from national Citizenship The difference from other globalists is that they do not define in advance any ideology to orient this will, but would leave it to the free choice of those citizens via a democratic process.

Some, such as Senator Douglas Roche, O.C., simply view globalization as inevitable and advocate creating institutions such as a directly-elected United Nations Parliamentary Assembly to exercise oversight over unelected international bodies. The Senate of Canada (Le Sénat du Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the sovereign (represented by the governor general Douglas James Roche, OC, KCSG (born June 14, 1929) is a former Canadian politician He served as Progressive Conservative Member The Order of Canada is the highest civilian honour within the Canadian system of honours, with membership awarded to those who exemplify the order's Latin Direct election is a term describing a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the person persons or political party that they desire to A United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, or United Nations People's Assembly ( UNPA; French: Assemblée parlementaire des Nations Unies

Supporters of globalization argue that the anti-globalization movement uses anecdotal evidence to support their protectionist view, whereas worldwide statistics strongly support globalization:

• From 1981 to 2001, according to World Bank figures, the number of people living on $1 a day or less declined from 1. The expression anecdotal evidence has two quite distinct meanings 5 billion to 1. 1 billion in absolute terms. At the same time, the world population increased, so in percentage terms the number of such people in developing nations declined from 40% to 20% of the population. ^[15] with the greatest improvements occurring in economies rapidly reducing barriers to trade and investment; yet, some critics argue that more detailed variables measuring poverty should be studied instead ^[16].
• The percentage of people living on less than $2 a day has decreased greatly in areas effected by globalization, whereas poverty rates in other areas have remained largely stagnant. In East-Asia, including China, the percentage has decreased by 50. 1% compared to a 2. 2% increase in Sub-Saharan Africa. ^[14]

'SOURCE: World Bank, Poverty Estimates, 2002^[14]

• Income inequality for the world as a whole is diminishing. Economic inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of Economic Assets and Income. ^[17] Due to definitional issues and data availability, there is disagreement with regards to the pace of the decline in extreme poverty. As noted below, there are others disputing this. The economist Xavier Sala-i-Martin in a 2007 analysis argues that this is incorrect, income inequality for the world as a whole has diminished. Xavier Sala-i-Martin (b Cabrera de Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 1963) is a Spanish Catalan Professor [8]. Regardless of who is right about the past trend in income inequality, it has been argued that improving absolute poverty is more important than relative inequality. [9]
• Life expectancy has almost doubled in the developing world since World War II and is starting to close the gap between itself and the developed world where the improvement has been smaller. Life expectancy is the average number of years of life remaining at a given age World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Even in Sub-Saharan Africa, the least developed region, life expectancy increased from 30 years before World War II to about a peak of about 50 years before the AIDS pandemic and other diseases started to force it down to the current level of 47 years. Infant mortality has decreased in every developing region of the world. Infant mortality is defined as the number of deaths of Infants (one year of age or younger per 1000 live births ^[18]
• Democracy has increased dramatically from there being almost no nations with universal suffrage in 1900 to 62. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to 5% of all nations having it in 2000. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. ^[19]
• Feminism has made advances in areas such as Bangladesh through providing women with jobs and economic safety. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially ^[13]
• The proportion of the world's population living in countries where per-capita food supplies are less than 2,200 calories (9,200 kilojoules) per day decreased from 56% in the mid-1960s to below 10% by the 1990s. This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. The joule (written in lower case ˈdʒuːl or /ˈdʒaʊl/ (symbol J) is the SI unit of Energy measuring heat, Electricity ^[20]
• Between 1950 and 1999, global literacy increased from 52% to 81% of the world. Women made up much of the gap: female literacy as a percentage of male literacy has increased from 59% in 1970 to 80% in 2000. ^[21]
• The percentage of children in the labor force has fallen from 24% in 1960 to 10% in 2000. ^[22]
• There are similar increasing trends toward electric power, cars, radios, and telephones per capita, as well as a growing proportion of the population with access to clean water. ^[23]
• The book The Improving State of the World also finds evidence for that these, and other, measures of human well-being has improved and that globalization is part of the explanation. The Improving State of the World Why We're Living Longer Healthier More Comfortable Lives On a Cleaner Planet is a 2007 book by Indur M It also responds to arguments that environmental impact will limit the progress.

Although critics of globalization complain of Westernization, a 2005 UNESCO report^[24] showed that cultural exchange is becoming mutual. In 2002, China was the third largest exporter of cultural goods, after the UK and US. Between 1994 and 2002, both North America's and the European Union's shares of cultural exports declined, while Asia's cultural exports grew to surpass North America.

Globalization will inevitably lead to a single global culture.

Anti-globalization (mundialism)

Main article: Anti-globalization

Anti-globalization is a pejorative term used to describe the political stance of people and groups who oppose the neoliberal version of globalization. " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Originally coined by its critics and opponents " neoliberalism " is a label referring to the recent reemergence of Economic liberalism or Classical liberalism

“Anti-globalization" may involve the process or actions taken by a state in order to demonstrate its sovereignty and practice democratic decision-making. Anti-globalization may occur in order to put brakes on the international transfer of people, goods and ideology, particularly those determined by the organizations such as the IMF or the WTO in imposing the radical deregulation program of free market fundamentalism on local governments and populations. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic Market fundamentalism (also known as free market fundamentalism) is an expression used by critics of Laissez-faire capitalism, usually by adherents of Interventionist Moreover, as Canadian journalist Naomi Klein argues in her book No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies (also subtitled No Space, No Choice, No Jobs) anti-globalism can denote either a single social movement or an umbrella term that encompasses a number of separate social movements ^[25] such as nationalists and socialists. Naomi Klein (b 8 May 1970, Montreal Quebec) is a Canadian Journalist, Author and activist well known for her No Logo Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies is a book by Canadian journalist Naomi Klein. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific An umbrella term is a word that provides a Superset or grouping of related concepts also called a Hypernym. In either case, participants stand in opposition to the unregulated political power of large, multi-national corporations, as the corporations exercise power through leveraging trade agreements which damage in some instances the democratic rights of citizens, the environment particularly air quality index and rain forests, as well as national governments sovereignty to determine labor rights including the right to unionize for better pay, and better working conditions, or laws as they may otherwise infringe on cultural practices and traditions of developing countries. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and The Air Quality Index ( AQI) is a standardized indicator of the Air Quality in a given location Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches Labor rights or workers' rights are a group of Legal rights and claimed Human rights having to do with Labor relations between Workers Developing countries are countries that haven't reached Western-style standards of democratic government free market economy industrialization social programs and human rights guaranties

Most people who are labeled "anti-globalization" consider the term to be too vague and inaccurate ^[26][27] Podobnik states that "the vast majority of groups that participate in these protests draw on international networks of support, and they generally call for forms of globalization that enhance democratic representation, human rights, and egalitarianism. "

Joseph Stiglitz and Andrew Charlton write^[28]:

Members aligned with this viewpoint prefer instead to describe themselves as the Global Justice Movement, the Anti-Corporate-Globalization Movement, the Movement of Movements (a popular term in Italy), the "Alter-globalization" movement (popular in France), the "Counter-Globalization" movement, and a number of other terms. The global justice movement is the broad globalized Social movement opposing what is often known as “corporate globalization” and promoting equal distribution Alter-globalisation (or Alter-mondialization from the French altermondialisme) is the name of a Social movement whose political line is close to Anti-globalization

Critiques of the current wave of economic globalization typically look at both the damage to the planet, in terms of the perceived unsustainable harm done to the biosphere, as well as the perceived human costs, such as increased poverty, inequality, miscegenation, injustice and the erosion of traditional culture which, the critics contend, all occur as a result of the economic transformations related to globalization. They challenge directly the metrics, such as GDP, used to measure progress promulgated by institutions such as the World Bank, and look to other measures, such as the Happy Planet Index,^[29] created by the New Economics Foundation^[30]. The Happy Planet Index (HPI is an Index of human well-being and environmental impact introduced by the New Economics Foundation (NEF in July 2006 The New Economics Foundation (NEF is an independent British Think-tank, or in their own description a "think-and-do tank" They point to a "multitude of interconnected fatal consequences--social disintegration, a breakdown of democracy, more rapid and extensive deterioration of the environment, the spread of new diseases, increasing poverty and alienation"^[31] which they claim are the unintended but very real consequences of globalization.

The terms globalization and anti-globalization are used in various ways. Noam Chomsky states that^[32][33]

Critics argue that:

• • Poorer countries are sometimes at disadvantage: While it is true that globalization encourages free trade among countries on an international level, there are also negative consequences because some countries try to save their national markets. The main export of poorer countries is usually agricultural goods. It is difficult for these countries to compete with stronger countries that subsidize their own farmers. Because the farmers in the poorer countries cannot compete, they are forced to sell their crops at much lower price than what the market is paying. ^[34]
  • Exploitation of foreign impoverished workers: The deterioration of protections for weaker nations by stronger industrialized powers has resulted in the exploitation of the people in those nations to become cheap labor. Due to the lack of protections, companies from powerful industrialized nations are able to offer workers enough salary to entice them to endure extremely long hours and unsafe working conditions. The abundance of cheap labor is giving the countries in power incentive not to rectify the inequality between nations. If these nations developed into industrialized nations, the army of cheap labor would slowly disappear alongside development. With the world in this current state, it is impossible for the exploited workers to escape poverty. It is true that the workers are free to leave their jobs, but in many poorer countries, this would mean starvation for the worker, and possible even his/her family. ^[35]
  • The shift to service work: The low cost of offshore workers have enticed corporations to move production to foreign countries. The laid off unskilled workers are forced into the service sector where wages and benefits are low, but turnover is high. This has contributed to the widening economic gap between skilled and unskilled workers. The loss of these jobs has also contributed greatly to the slow decline of the middle class which is a major factor in the increasing economic inequality in the United States. Families that were once part of the middle class are forced into lower positions by massive layoffs and outsourcing to another country. This also means that people in the lower class have a much harder time climbing out of poverty because of the absence of the middle class as a stepping stone. ^[36]
  • Weak labor unions: The surplus in cheap labor coupled with an ever growing number of companies in transition has caused a weakening of labor unions in the United States. Unions lose their effectiveness when their membership begins to decline. As a result unions hold less power over corporations that are able to easily replace workers, often for lower wages, and have the option to not offer unionized jobs anymore. ^[37]

In December 2007, World Bank economist Branko Milanovic has called much previous empirical research on global poverty and inequality into question because, according to him, improved estimates of purchasing power parity indicate that developing countries are worse off than previously believed. Milanovic remarks that "literally hundreds of scholarly papers on convergence or divergence of countries’ incomes have been published in the last decade based on what we know now were faulty numbers. With the new data, economists will revise calculations and possibly reach new conclusions" moreover noting that "implications for the estimates of global inequality and poverty are enormous. The new numbers show global inequality to be significantly greater than even the most pessimistic authors had thought. Until the last month, global inequality, or difference in real incomes between all individuals of the world, was estimated at around 65 Gini points – with 100 denoting complete inequality and 0 denoting total equality, with everybody’s income the same – a level of inequality somewhat higher than that of South Africa. But the new numbers show global inequality to be 70 Gini points – a level of inequality never recorded anywhere. " ^[38]

The critics of globalization typically emphasize that globalization is a process that is mediated according to corporate interests, and typically raise the possibility of alternative global institutions and policies, which they believe address the moral claims of poor and working classes throughout the globe, as well as environmental concerns in a more equitable way. ^[39]

The movement is very broad, including church groups, national liberation factions, peasant unionists, intellectuals, artists, protectionists, anarchists, those in support of relocalization and others. A peasant is an agricultural worker who subsists by working a small plot of ground Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Some are reformist, (arguing for a more humane form of capitalism) while others are more revolutionary (arguing for what they believe is a more humane system than capitalism) and others are reactionary, believing globalization destroys national industry and jobs. Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures A revolutionary when used as a noun is a person who either actively engages in some kind of Revolution, or advocates the revolution with recognition from some government or Reactionary (also reactionist) is a derogatory term usually used by the Left wing in regards to movements which oppose radical change in society and seeks a return

One of the key points made by critics of recent economic globalization is that income inequality, both between and within nations, is increasing as a result of these processes. One article from 2001 found that significantly, in 7 out of 8 metrics, income inequality has increased in the twenty years ending 2001. Also, "incomes in the lower deciles of world income distribution have probably fallen absolutely since the 1980s". Furthermore, the World Bank's figures on absolute poverty were challenged. The article was skeptical of the World Bank's claim that the number of people living on less than $1 a day has held steady at 1. 2 billion from 1987 to 1998, because of biased methodology. ^[40]

A chart that gave the inequality a very visible and comprehensible form, the so-called 'champagne glass' effect,^[41] was contained in the 1992 United Nations Development Program Report, which showed the distribution of global income to be very uneven, with the richest 20% of the world's population controlling 82. 7% of the world's income. ^[42]

SOURCE: United Nations Development Program. 1992 Human Development Report^[43]

Economic arguments by fair trade theorists claim that unrestricted free trade benefits those with more financial leverage (i. Fair trade is an organized Social movement and market-based approach to empowering developing country producers and promoting sustainability Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions In Finance, leverage (or gearing) is using given resources in such a way that the potential positive or negative outcome is magnified and/or enhanced e. the rich) at the expense of the poor. ^[44]

Americanization related to a period of high political American clout and of significant growth of America's shops, markets and object being brought into other countries. So globalization, a much more diversified phenomenon, relates to a multilateral political world and to the increase of objects, markets and so on into each others countries.

Some opponents of globalization see the phenomenon as the promotion of corporatist interests. Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic ^[45] They also claim that the increasing autonomy and strength of corporate entities shapes the political policy of countries. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business ^{[46] [47]}

Social

International Social Forums

See main articles: European Social Forum, the Asian Social Forum, World Social Forum (WSF). The European Social Forum (ESF is an annual conference held by members of the Alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement) Asian Social Forum was a Left-wing conference held by members of the Alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement The World Social Forum (WSF is an annual meeting held by members of the Anti-globalization (using the term Globalization in a Doctrinal sense not

The first WSF was an initiative of the administration of Porto Alegre in Brazil. Porto Alegre ( is the 10th largest city in Brazil, and the capital city of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld

The slogan of the World Social Forum was "Another World Is Possible". It was here that the WSF's Charter of Principles was adopted to provide a framework for the forums.

The WSF became a periodic meeting: in 2002 and 2003 it was held again in Porto Alegre and became a rallying point for worldwide protest against the American invasion of Iraq. In 2004 it was moved to Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay, in India), to make it more accessible to the populations of Asia and Africa. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This last appointment saw the participation of 75,000 delegates.

In the meantime, regional forums took place following the example of the WSF, adopting its Charter of Principles. The first European Social Forum (ESF) was held in November 2002 in Florence. The European Social Forum (ESF is an annual conference held by members of the Alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement) Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany The slogan was "Against the war, against racism and against neo-liberalism". It saw the participation of 60,000 delegates and ended with a huge demonstration against the war (1,000,000 people according to the organizers). The other two ESFs took place in Paris and London, in 2003 and 2004 respectively.

Recently there has been some discussion behind the movement about the role of the social forums. Some see them as a "popular university", an occasion to make many people aware of the problems of globalization. Others would prefer that delegates concentrate their efforts on the coordination and organization of the movement and on the planning of new campaigns. However it has often been argued that in the dominated countries (most of the world) the WSF is little more than an 'NGO fair' driven by Northern NGOs and donors most of which are hostile to popular movements of the poor. ^[48]

Reversion

Rising petroleum prices can reverse globalization and are leading to world inflation crisis. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Higher energy prices are impacting transport costs at an unprecedented rate. So much so, that the cost of moving goods, not the cost of tariffs, is the largest barrier to global trade today. In fact, in tariff-equivalent terms, the explosion in global transport costs has effectively offset all the trade liberalization efforts of the last three decades. ^[49]

References

Further reading

• Peter Berger, Four Faces of Global Culture (The National Interest, Fall 1997). Peter Ludwig Berger (born March 17, 1929) is an American sociologist and Lutheran theologian well known for his work The
• Friedman, Thomas L. (2005). Thomas Lauren Friedman (born July 20, 1953) is an American journalist columnist and author The World Is Flat. The World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century is an international bestselling book by Thomas L New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-29288-4.  
• Kitching, Gavin (2001). Gavin Kitching (BSc DPhil is a British author and professor of Social sciences and International relations (formerly head of School Politics and International Seeking Social Justice through Globalization. Escaping a Nationalist Perspective. Penn State Press. ISBN 0271021624.  
• Mander, Jerry; Edward Goldsmith (1996). Jerry Mander is an American activist best known for his 1977 book Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television. Edward René David ('Teddy' Goldsmith (born 8 November, 1928 in Paris, France) is a Anglo-French Environmentalist and eco-philosopher The case against the global economy : and for a turn toward the local. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0-87156-865-9.  
• Murray, Warwick E. (2006). Geographies of Globalization. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0415317991.  
• Sen, Amartya (1999). Amartya Kumar Sen CH (Hon (অমর্ত্য কুমার সেন Ômorto Kumar Shen) (born 3 November 1933) is an Indian Development as Freedom. First published in 1999 Development as Freedom is a book focused on International development and written by Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019289330.  
• Steger, Manfred (2003). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280359-X.  
• Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2002). Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (born February 9, 1943) is an American Economist and a professor at Columbia University. Globalization and Its Discontents. Globalization and Its Discontents is a book published in 2002 by the 2001 Nobel laureate Joseph E New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-32439-7.  
• Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2006). Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (born February 9, 1943) is an American Economist and a professor at Columbia University. Making Globalization Work. Making Globalization Work is a book written by Nobel Prize laureate Joseph E New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-06122-1.  
• Wolf, Martin (2004). Martin Wolf (born 1946 is a British Journalist. He is associate editor and chief economics commentator at the Financial Times. Why Globalization Works. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300102529.  

See also

External links

• 2004 Development and Globalization. Facts and Figures
• The William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan, http://www.wdi.umich.edu/
• Argentine Center of International Studies
• Inequality Project from University of Texas
• Institute for Research on World-Systems at UC Riverside
• Resilience, Panarchy, and World-Systems Analysis from the Ecology and Society Journal
• Embracing the Challenge of Free Trade: Competing and Prospering in a Global Economy a speech by Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke
• Globalisation shakes the world BBC News
• Globalization: Wonder Land or Waste Land by Murray Weidenbaum
• Globalization Theories by Luke Martell

Multimedia

• CBC Archives CBC Television reports on the opening of Moscow McDonalds (1990) - sample of Western business expanding into former communist countries. Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century Postmodernity (also spelled post-modernity or the pejorative postmodern condition) is generally used to describe the economic and/or cultural state or condition Postchristianity, postChristendom or postChristianism are variants of a term used to describe a contemporary cultural attitude strictly linked to Postmodernism Postmodern philosophy' is a philosophical direction which is critical of the foundational assumptions and structures of philosophy Postmodern architecture was an international style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s and which continues to influence present-day Architecture Postmodern art is a term used to describe art which is thought to be in contradiction to some aspect of Modernism, or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath Postmodernist film describes the articulation of ideas of Postmodernism through the cinematic medium. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post- World War II literature Postmodern music is music which follows the postmodern ideology Postmodern theatre is a recent phenomenon in world Theatre, coming as it does out of the postmodern Philosophy that originated in Europe in the In the Humanities and Social sciences, critical theory is the examination and critique of Society and Literature, drawing from knowledge across Consumerism is the equation of personal Happiness with the purchase of material possessions and consumption. " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Definitions Borderless selling is defined as the process of performing Sales transaction between two or more parties from different countries (an Exporter The Columbian Exchange has been one of the most significant events in the history of world Ecology, Agriculture, and Culture. Deglobalization, also deglobalisation (chiefly UK/Ireland refers to a process of diminishing interdependence and integration between units around the world typically Dependency theory is a body of Social science theories both from developed and Developing nations which are predicated on the notion that resources Development criticism refers to criticisms of modern Technology, Industrialization, Capitalism and economic Globalization. In most discussions the global citizens movement is a socio-political process rather than a political organization or party structure A global empire involves the extension of a state's sovereignty over territories all around the World. Global justice is an issue in Political philosophy arising from the concern that "we do not live in a just world The Global Policy Institute was created in 2006 as a Research Institute of London Metropolitan University. Globalization, the flow of information goods capital and people across political and geographic boundaries has also helped to spread some of the deadliest infectious diseases known to This article includes a list of Countries of the world sorted by their Globalization, the global connectivity integration and interdependence in the economic social The globally integrated enterprise is a term coined in 2006 by Sam Palmisano, CEO of IBM Corp used to denote a company that fashions its strategy its management Great Transition is a vision created by the Global Scenario Group of how humanity could create a civilization that reflects egalitarian social and ecological values affirms The history of ideas is a field of Research in History that deals with the expression preservation and change of human Ideas over time Marketization (or Marketisation) is the process that enables the state-owned enterprises to act like market-oriented firms The word mundialisation or mundialization is the English version of the French "mondialisation" which today is referred to in French as what is referred to as "globalisation" Neo-medievalism (or neomedievalism) is a Neologism that was first popularized by Italian medievalist Umberto Eco in his 1973 essay "Dreaming in the Netocracy was a term invented by the editorial board of the American technology magazine ''Wired'' in the early 1990s For the conspiracy theory see New World Order (conspiracy, for other uses see New World Order. Offshore may refer to oil and Natural gas production at sea see Oil platform. Outsourcing is Subcontracting a process such as product design or Manufacturing, to a Third-party company The rising Technology has allowed our environment to be characterized as a global one The World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century is an international bestselling book by Thomas L Transformation of culture, or cultural change, refers to the dynamic process whereby the living Cultures of the world are changing and adapting to external or internal Walmarting is a Neologism with three meanings A reference to Wal-Mart. Westernization or occidentalization (from occident, see wiktionary) is a process whereby societies come under or adopt the Western The world economy can be evaluated in various ways depending on the model used and this valuation can then be represented in various ways (for example in 2006 US dollars) World system approach is a Post-Marxist view of world affairs one of several historical and current applications of Marxism to International relations. The University of California Riverside, commonly known as UCR or UC Riverside, is a public Research university and one of the 10 general Ecology and Society (formerly Conservation Ecology is an Open Access, interdisciplinary journal published by the Resilience Alliance Ben Shalom Bernanke (born December 13, 1953) is the incumbent Chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Federal Reserve.