A global city (also called world city) is a city deemed to be an important node point in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalisation can be understood as largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Urban Studies is the term for a diverse range of disciplines and approaches to the study of all aspects of cities their suburbs and other urban areas Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones The most complex of these entities is the "global city," whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through socio-economic means. ^[1] The terminology of "global city", as opposed to megacity, is thought to have been first coined by Saskia Sassen in reference to London, New York and Tokyo in her 1991 work The Global City. A megacity is generally defined as a Metropolitan area with a total Population in excess of 10 million people Saskia Sassen (born January 5, 1949) is an American sociologist and Economist noted for her analyses of Globalization and ^[2]

Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Studies 3 Other criteria 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

Characteristics

Global City or world city status is seen as beneficial, and because of this many groups have tried to classify and rank which cities are seen as 'world cities' or 'non-world cities'. ^[3] Although there is a general consensus upon leading world cities, ^[4] the criteria upon which a classification is made can affect which other cities are included. ^[3]

• International, first-name familiarity; whereby a city is recognized without the need for a political subdivision. For example, although there are numerous cities and other political entities with the name Paris or variations on it, one would say "Paris", not "Paris, France". Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.
• Active influence on and participation in international events and world affairs; for example, New York City is home to the United Nations headquarters complex and consequently contains a vast majority of the permanent missions to the UN. The City of New York The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Headquarters is a distinctive complex in New York City that has served as the headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1950 ^[5]
• A fairly large population (the centre of a metropolitan area with a population of at least one million, typically several million). A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central
• A major international airport that serves as an established hub for several international airlines. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land An airline hub is an Airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination An airline provides air transport services for Passengers or Freight, generally with a recognized operating certificate or license
• An advanced transportation system that includes several freeways and/or a large mass transit network offering multiple modes of transportation (rapid transit, light rail, regional rail, ferry, or bus). A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway For specific light rail systems many of which use the words "light rail" as part of their name see List of light-rail transit systems. Various terms are used for Passenger rail lines and equipment See also Merchant ship A ferry is a form of transport usually a Boat or Ship, used to carry (or ferry) passengers and
• In the West, several international cultures and communities (such as a Chinatown, a Little Italy, or other immigrant communities);for example, Toronto, Chicago, San Francisco, and Vancouver. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal In other parts of the world, cities which attract large foreign businesses and related expatriate communities; for example, Singapore, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Tokyo, São Paulo and Moscow. Singapore Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of
• International financial institutions, law firms, corporate headquarters, international conglomerates, and stock exchanges (for example the World Bank, or the London Stock Exchange) that have influence over the world economy. In Financial economics, a financial institution acts as an agent that provides Financial services for its clients or members A law firm is a business entity formed by one or more Lawyers to engage in the practice of law A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated A conglomerate is a large Company that consists of seemingly unrelated Business sections A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a Corporation or Mutual organization which provides "trading" facilities for Stock The World Bank Group (WBG is a family of five International organizations responsible for providing Finance and advice to countries for the purposes of economic The London Stock Exchange or LSE is a Stock exchange located in London, England. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
• An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern trans-national corporations rely, such as fiberoptics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular phone services, and other high-speed lines of communications. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used
• World-renowned cultural institutions, such as museums and universities. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects
• A lively cultural scene, including film festivals, premieres, a thriving music or theatre scene (for example, West End theatre and Broadway); an orchestra, an opera company, art galleries, and street performers. A film festival is the presentation or showcasing of Films in one or more Movie theaters or screening venues Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London 's "Theatreland" Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located This list of opera companies lists the most important opera companies in the world by virtue of their long history and size An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art.
• Several powerful and influential media outlets with an international reach, such as the BBC, Reuters, The New York Times, or Agence France-Presse. This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Agence France-Presse ( AFP) is the oldest News agency in the world and one of the three largest with Associated Press and Reuters.
• A strong sporting community, including major sports facilities, home teams in major league sports, and the ability and historical experience to host international sporting events such as the Olympic Games, Football World Cup, or Grand Slam tennis events. Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games The FIFA World Cup, occasionally called the Football World Cup, but usually referred to simply as the World Cup, is an international Association football The four Grand Slam tournaments are the most important Tennis events of the year Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles)

Studies

The concept of the global city is sometimes associated with the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) based at the geography department of Loughborough University, which aims to provide a categorization and ranking of world cities. Loughborough University is a Campus university located in the Market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands An attempt to define and categorise world cities was made in 1999. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) The roster was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5 and ranked cities based on provision of "advanced producer services" such as accountancy, advertising, finance and law, by international corporations. ^[4] The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of world cities and several sub-ranks.

Note that this roster generally denotes cities in which there are offices of certain multinational companies providing financial and consulting services rather than other cultural, political, and economic centres. There is a schematic map of GaWC cities at their website. ^[6]

Alpha world cities / full service world cities^[7]

• 12 points: London, New York City, Paris, Tokyo
• 10 points: Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Milan, Singapore

Beta world cities / major world cities

• 9 points: San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto, Zürich
• 8 points: Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, São Paulo
• 7 points: Moscow, Seoul

Gamma world cities / minor world cities

• 6 points: Amsterdam, Boston, Caracas, Dallas, Düsseldorf, Geneva, Houston, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Melbourne, Osaka, Prague, Santiago, Taipei, Washington, D.C.
• 5 points: Bangkok, Beijing, Montreal, Rome, Stockholm, Warsaw
• 4 points: Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin, Budapest, Buenos Aires, Copenhagen, Hamburg, Istanbul, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Miami, Minneapolis, Munich, Shanghai

Evidence of world city formation

Strong evidence

• 3 points: Athens, Auckland, Dublin, Helsinki, Luxembourg, Lyon, Mumbai, New Delhi, Philadelphia, Rio de Janeiro, Tel Aviv, Vienna

Some evidence

• 2 points: Abu Dhabi, Almaty, Birmingham, Bogotá, Bratislava, Brisbane, Bucharest, Cairo, Cleveland, Cologne, Detroit, Dubai, Ho Chi Minh City, Kiev, Lima, Lisbon, Manchester, Montevideo, Oslo, Riyadh, Rotterdam, Seattle, Stuttgart, The Hague, Vancouver

Minimal evidence

• 1 point: Adelaide, Antwerp, Aarhus, Baltimore, Bangalore, Bologna, Brasília, Calgary, Cape Town, Colombo, Columbus, Dresden, Edinburgh, Genoa, Glasgow, Gothenburg, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Kansas City, Leeds, Lille, Marseille, Richmond, St. Petersburg, Tashkent, Tehran, Tijuana, Turin, Utrecht, Wellington

An attempt to redefine and recategorise leading world cities was made by GaWC in 2004. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The City of New York Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Singapore The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Caracas (kaˈɾakas is the Capital and largest city of Venezuela. Düsseldorf (ˈdʏsəldɔɐf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Buenos Aires is the Capital and largest city of Argentina. It is geographically located on the southern shore of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Istanbul (historically Byzantium and later Constantinople; see the other Names of Istanbul) is the largest city of Turkey Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K The City of Manila Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil Tel Aviv-Yafo (תֵּל ־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ تل أبيب Tal ʾAbīb) (usually Tel Aviv) is the second-largest city in Israel Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Almaty ( Алматы; formerly known as Alma-Ata ( Алма-Ата) also Verniy, (Верный is the largest city in Kazakhstan Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Brisbane ( is the state capital of Queensland. Brisbane is the third most populous city in Australia and the most populous city of Queensland Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Dubai (in دبيّ,) is one of the seven emirates and most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (UAE Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Montevideo (monteβi'ðeo is the largest city the capital and chief port of Uruguay. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Riyadh ( الرياض Ar-Riyāḍ) is the Capital of Saudi Arabia and its largest city Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Adelaide is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of South Australia, and is the fifth largest city in Australia with a ||-||-||-||} Antwerp ( Dutch:, French: Anvers) is a City and Municipality in Belgium and the capital of the Geography The city lies roughly at the geographical centre of Denmark on the peninsula of Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Brasília (bɾaˈziliɐ is the Capital of Brazil. The city and its District are located in the Central-West region of the country along a Plateau Calgary (ˈkælgəriː is the largest city in the Province of Alberta, Canada Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the Colombo ( Sinhala:, ˈkoləmbə Tamil: கொழும்பு is the largest city and commercial capital of Sri Lanka. Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio. Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Glasgow (ˈglæzgoʊ is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom Gothenburg ( Swedish:) /jœte'bɔrj/ is a city, a municipality, and an urban area on the west-coast of Sweden. Guangzhou ( Jyutping: Gwong²zau¹; Yale: Gwóngjàu) is the Capital and a Sub-provincial city Hanoi ( Vietnamese: Hà Nội Hán Tự: 河[[wikt 内|内]], estimated population 3398889 (2007, is the Capital of Vietnam Kansas City Missouri only Items for the metro area Kansas City Kansas or North Kansas City MO should go on their respective pages Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of Tijuana (ˌtiːəˈwɑːnə Spanish, ti'xwana|ti'ʍana is the largest city of the Mexican state of Baja California, situated on the U Utrecht ( city and municipality is the capital and most populous city of the Dutch province of Utrecht. Wellington (ˈwælɪŋtən is the Capital of New Zealand, the country's second largest urban area, the

Global Cities ^[8]

Well rounded global cities

1. Very large contribution: London and New York City. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The City of New York
   Smaller contribution and with cultural strengths: Los Angeles, Paris, and San Francisco. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city
2. Incipient global cities: Amsterdam, Boston, Chicago, Madrid, Milan, Moscow, Toronto. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario

Global niche cities - specialised global contributions

1. Financial: Hong Kong, Singapore and Tokyo. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Singapore officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū.
2. Political and social: Brussels, Geneva and Washington, D.C.

World Cities

Subnet articulator cities

1. Cultural: Berlin, Copenhagen, Melbourne, Munich, Oslo, Rome, Stockholm. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the
   Political: Bangkok, Beijing, Vienna. Bangkok, known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (krūŋtʰêːp máhǎːnákʰɔn) or Krung Thep ( for short is the Capital, largest Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria.
2. Social: Manila, Nairobi, Ottawa. The City of Manila Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality.

Worldwide leading cities

1. Primarily economic global contributions: Frankfurt, Miami, Munich, Osaka, Singapore, Sydney, Zurich
2. Primarily non-economic global contributions: Abidjan, Addis Ababa, Atlanta, Basel, Barcelona, Cairo, Denver, Harare, Lyon, Manila, Mexico City, Mumbai, New Delhi, Shanghai. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū Singapore Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Abidjan is the largest city and former Capital of Côte d'Ivoire ( Ivory Coast) Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority Amharic "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States Harare (həˈrɑreɪ or /həˈrɑri/ formerly Salisbury) is the Capital of Zimbabwe. ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. The City of Manila Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million

Other criteria

The GaWC list is based on specific criteria and, thus, may not include other cities of global significance or elsewhere on the spectrum. For example, cities with the following:

Large populations, proper and agglomerated Diverse demographic constituencies[9] Based on various indicators:[10] Population, habitat,[11] mobility,[12] and urbanisation[13] Significant financial capacity/output: city/regional[14] GDP[15] Stock market indices[16]/market capitalisation Headquarters for multinational corporations Financial service provision;[17] e. The question of which are the World's largest cities is a complex one to which there is no single correct answer simply because there are many different ways of defining a "city" A stock market, or (equity market is a private or public market for the trading of company Stock and derivatives of company Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers g. , banks, accountancy Employment Based on quality of life[18] or city development[19] Based on costs of living[20] Based on personal wealth; e. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Accountancy or accounting is the measurement statement or provision of assurance about financial information primarily used by Lenders managers, g. , number of billionaires[21] Significant transport infrastructure: Airports with significant passenger traffic[22] or cargo movements Extensive and popular[23] mass transit systems Prominent rail usage[24] Road vehicle usage[25] Major seaports[26] Significant technological capabilities/infrastructure: Prominent skylines/skyscrapers[27]

Significant institutions: Educational institutions; e. World's busiest airport is a claim that is fiercely fought over by the owners of the world's largest Airports The definition of busiest has been specified by the Airports Council The thirty world's busiest airports by passenger traffic are measured by number of total passengers (data provided by Airports Council International) The thirty world's busiest airports by cargo traffic for various periods (data provided by Airports Council International) g. , universities,[28] international student attendance[29] Research facilities Health facilities; e. g. hospitals, medical laboratories Sites of pilgrimage for world religions Hosting headquarters for international organizations Cities containing World Heritage Sites of historical and cultural significance[30] High endowments of cultural facilities: Notable museums and galleries Notable opera Notable orchestras Notable film centres and film festivals Notable theatre centres Sites of major international sports events; e. The world's principal Religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups or world religions'. International Organization is a peer-reviewed Academic journal that covers the entire field of International affairs. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex This list of museums is defined for this context as institutions (including Nonprofit organizations government entities and private Businesses that collect and care This list of opera companies lists the most important opera companies in the world by virtue of their long history and size An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Here is a list of cities that have Film studios or significant film industries Europe Berlin, Germany Buftea, Romania A film festival is the presentation or showcasing of Films in one or more Movie theaters or screening venues g. , Olympic Games sites[31] Tourism throughput: Visitors Economy Events Site or subject in Arts and Media TV, Film, Video Games, Music Literature, Magazines, Articles, Documentary Historic Reference, Showcase

Selected criteria

Rank	Population of city (proper)	Population of metropolitan area	Percentage foreign born[9]	Expatriate cost of living[20]	Metro systems by annual passenger ridership	Top 10 rail systems by length	Annual passenger air traffic in a single airport [32]	Number of billionaires (US Dollars)[33][34][35]	Gross Metropolitan Product at PPPs (Total output; not per capita) [36]
1	Mumbai	Tokyo	Miami	Moscow	Tokyo	New York City	Atlanta	Moscow	Tokyo
2	Karachi	Mexico City	Toronto	London	Moscow	London	Chicago	New York City	New York City
3	Delhi	Seoul	Los Angeles	Seoul	New York City	Tokyo	London	London	Los Angeles
4	São Paulo	New York City	Vancouver	Tokyo	Seoul	Seoul	Tokyo	Istanbul	Chicago
5	Shanghai	São Paulo	New York City	Hong Kong	Mexico City	Madrid	Los Angeles	Hong Kong	Paris
6	Moscow	Mumbai	Singapore	Copenhagen	Paris	Moscow	Dallas	Los Angeles	London
7	Seoul	Delhi	Sydney	Geneva	London	Paris	Paris	Mumbai	Greater Osaka Metropolitan Region
8	Istanbul	Shanghai	Abidjan	Osaka	Hong Kong	Mexico City	Frankfurt	San Francisco	Mexico City
9	Mexico City	Jakarta	London	Zürich	Osaka	Hong Kong	Beijing	Dallas	Philadelphia
10	Tokyo	Moscow	Paris	Oslo	São Paulo	Chicago	Denver	Tokyo	Washington, D.C.

See also

• Financial Centre
• List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees
• Megalopolis
• Metropolis
• Primate city

References

External links

• Repository of Links Relating to Urban Places
• World Cities article by Jennifer Curtis of Charles Sturt University
• The World-System’s City System: A Research Agenda by Jeffrey Kentor and Michael Timberlake of the University of Utah and David Smith of University of California, Irvine
• The State of the World's Cities, 2001, UN Human Settlements Programme
• "U.S. Cities in the 'World City Network'", by Peter J. Taylor and Robert E. Lang, February 2005 (Full Report in PDF)

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