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Glioma
Classification and external resources
ICD-10 C71.
ICD-9 191
ICD-O: 9380/0-9460/3
DiseasesDB 31468
MeSH D005910

A glioma is a type of cancer (tumor) that starts in the brain or spine (the central nervous system or CNS). The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O is a domain specific extension of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled See also Cancer A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. It is called a glioma because it arises from glial cells. Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia (Greek for "glue" are non- Neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition The most common site of involvement of gliomas is the brain, but gliomas can also affect the spinal cord or any other part of the CNS, such as the optic nerves. A brain tumor is any intracranial Tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the Brain itself ( Neurons [1]

Contents

Classification

Gliomas are classified by cell type, by grade, and by location.

By type of cell

Gliomas are named according to the specific type of cell they most closely resemble. The main types of gliomas are:

By grade

Gliomas are further categorized according to their grade, which is determined by pathologic evaluation of the tumor. Pathology (from Greek grc πάθος pathos, "fate harm" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study and

Low-grade brain glioma in a 28 year-old male. (Taken on 2007-07-10)
Low-grade brain glioma in a 28 year-old male. (Taken on 2007-07-10)

Of numerous grading systems in use, the most common is the World Health Organization (WHO) grading system for astrocytoma. The WHO system assigns a grade from 1 to 4, with 1 being the least aggressive and 4 being the most aggressive. Various types of astrocytomas are given corresponding WHO grades.

WHO grading system for astrocytomas
  • WHO Grade 1 — e. g. , pilocytic astrocytoma
  • WHO Grade 2 — e. Pilocytic astrocytoma, or juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, is a brain tumor that occurs predominantly in children and involves the midline basal and posterior Fossa g. , diffuse or low-grade astrocytoma
  • WHO Grade 3 — e. g. , anaplastic (malignant) astrocytoma
  • WHO Grade 4 — glioblastoma multiforme (most common glioma in adults)

The prognosis is the worst for grade 4 gliomas, with an average survival time of 12 months. Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Carcinoma Sarcoma Hyperplasia an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue which usually leads to an increase in the size of the tissue or organ Hypertrophy Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Glioblastoma multiforme ( GBM) is the most common and most aggressive type of primary Brain Tumor, accounting for 52% of all primary brain tumor Overall, few patients survive beyond 3 years. [1] [2]

By location

Gliomas can be classified according to whether they are above or below a membrane in the brain called the tentorium. The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium ( Latin: "tent of the Cerebellum " is an extension of the Dura mater that separates The tentorium separates the cerebrum, above, from the cerebellum, below. The telencephalon (tɛlɛnˈsɛfəlɒn cerebrum, or forebrain is the most Anterior or especially in humans most Dorsal region of the The cerebellum ( Latin: "little brain" is a region of the Brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception

Symptoms

Symptoms of gliomas depend on which part of the central nervous system is affected. In Anatomy the supratentorial region of the brain is the part located above the Tentorium cerebelli; the part of the brain below it is the infratentorial A brain glioma can cause headaches, nausea and vomiting, seizures, and cranial nerve disorders as a result of increased intracranial pressure. A brain tumor is any intracranial Tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the Brain itself ( Neurons A headache ( cephalalgia in medical terminology is a condition of pain in the Head; sometimes Neck or upper back pain may also be interpreted Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the An epileptic seizure is caused by excessive and/or hypersynchronous electrical Neuronal activity and is usually self-limiting Cranial nerves are Nerves that emerge directly from the Brain stem in contrast to Spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the Spinal cord. A glioma of the optic nerve can cause visual loss. The optic nerve, also called cranial nerve II, is the Nerve that transmits visual information from the Retina to the Brain. Spinal cord gliomas can cause pain, weakness, or numbness in the extremities. Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm Paresthesia (pron /ˌpɛɹɪsˈθiʒə/ paraesthesia in British English, pron Gliomas do not metastasize by the bloodstream, but they can spread via the cerebrospinal fluid and cause "drop metastases" to the spinal cord. Metastasis ( Greek: displacement μετά=next + στάσις=placement, plural metastases) sometimes abbreviated mets, Cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF) Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear Bodily fluid that occupies the Subarachnoid space and the Ventricular system

Pathology

High-grade gliomas are highly-vascular tumors and have a tendency to infiltrate. They have extensive areas of necrosis and hypoxia. Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. Chronic Hypoxia is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole ( generalized hypoxia) or region of the body ( tissue hypoxia) is deprived of adequate Often tumor growth causes a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier in the vicinity of the tumor. The blood-brain barrier (BBB is a metabolic or cellular structure in the Central nervous system (CNS that restricts the passage of various chemical substances and microscopic As a rule, high-grade gliomas almost always grow back even after complete surgical excision.

On the other hand, low-grade gliomas grow slowly, often over many years, and can be followed without treatment unless they grow and cause symptoms.

Prognosis

Gliomas cannot be cured. The prognosis for patients with high-grade gliomas is generally poor, and is especially so for older patients. Of 10,000 Americans diagnosed each year with malignant gliomas, about half are alive 1 year after diagnosis, and 25% after two years. Those with anaplastic astrocytoma survive about three years. Glioblastoma multiforme has a worse prognosis. [3]

Treatment

Standard therapy

Treatment for brain gliomas depends on the location, the cell type and the grade of malignancy. A brain tumor is any intracranial Tumor created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division, normally either in the Brain itself ( Neurons Often, treatment is a combined approach, using surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of Ionizing radiation as part of Cancer treatment to control Malignant Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. The radiation therapy is in the form of external beam radiation or the stereotactic approach using radiosurgery. Stereotactic surgery or stereotaxy is a Minimally-invasive form of surgical intervention which makes use of a three-dimensional Coordinates system Radiosurgery, also known as stereotactic radiotherapy is a Medical procedure which allows non-invasive treatment of benign and malignant conditions avascular malformations Spinal cord tumors can be treated by surgery and radiation. Temozolomide is a chemotherapeutic drug that is able to cross the blood-brain barrier effectively and is being used in therapy. Temozolomide (brand names Temodar and Temodal Schering-Plough Corporation) is an oral alkylating agent used for the treatment of refractory anaplastic The blood-brain barrier (BBB is a metabolic or cellular structure in the Central nervous system (CNS that restricts the passage of various chemical substances and microscopic

Refractory disease

For recurrent high-grade glioblastoma, recent studies have taken advantage of angiogenic blockers such as bevacizumab in combination with conventional chemotherapy, with encouraging results. Angiogenesis is a physiological process involving the growth of new Blood vessels from pre-existing vessels Bevacizumab (Avastin Genentech/Roche is a Monoclonal antibody against Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF [4]

Experimental therapies

The use of oncolytic viruses or gene therapy using prodrug converting retroviruses and adenoviruses is being studied for the treatment of gliomas. An oncolytic virus is a Virus that is able to infect and Lyse cancer cells while leaving normal cells unharmed making them potentially useful in cancer therapy Gene therapy is the insertion of Genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a Disease, and Hereditary diseases in which a Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90–100 nm) Nonenveloped (naked Icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and a double-stranded linear DNA [5][6]

The experimental cancer medicine "Ukrain" has been used for solid cancers. There are case reports of efficacy on gliomas. [7]

Boron neutron capture therapy. Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT is an experimental form of Radiotherapy that utilizes a Neutron beam that interacts with Boron injected to a patient

Notable cases

References

  1. ^ Mamelak A. Fred Conlon (1943&ndash2005 was an Irish sculptor. Born in Killeenduff, Easky, County Sligo, where he was schooled Conlon won Daniel Wayne Hardy ( November 9, 1930 - November 15, 2007) was an ordained Anglican Theologian Charles Joseph Whitman (June 24 1941 – August 1 1966 was a student at the University of Texas at Austin who killed 14 people and wounded 31 others as part of a Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22 1932 is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Charles Michael "Chuck" Schuldiner ( May 13 1967, Long Island, New York &ndash December 13 2001) was an Kimberly Anne Walker ( June 19, 1968 - March 6, 2001) was an American actress, perhaps best-known for playing the role N. , and Jacoby, D. B. Targeted delivery of antitumoral therapy to glioma and other malignancies with synthetic chlorotoxin (TM-601) Expert Opin. Drug Drliv. (2007) 4(2):175-186.
  2. ^ Prognosis Usually Bleak for Condition, a Glioma, By LAWRENCE K. ALTMAN and ANAHAD O’CONNOR, New York Times, May 21, 2008
  3. ^ Malignant Gliomas Affect About 10,000 Americans Annually, By Rob Stein, Washington Post, May 20, 2008
  4. ^ Wong ET, Brem S (2007). "Taming glioblastoma: targeting angiogenesis". J. Clin. Oncol. 25 (30): 4705–6. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.13.1037. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 17947716.  
  5. ^ Gromeier M, Wimmer E (2001). "Viruses for the treatment of malignant glioma". Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 3 (5): 503-8. PMID 11699896.  
  6. ^ Rainov N, Ren H (2003). "Gene therapy for human malignant brain tumors". Cancer journal (Sudbury, Mass. ) 9 (3): 180-8. PMID 12952303.  
  7. ^ Aschhoff, B. (2000). "Retrospective study of Ukrain treatment in 203 patients with advanced-stage tumors". Drugs Exp Clin Res 26 (5-6): 249-252.  

External links

GPnotebook is a British medical database for General practitioners (GPs

Dictionary

glioma

-noun

  1. (pathology) A tumour that arises from glial cells in the brain or spinal cord.
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