"Glasses" can also be the plural of "glass".

Glasses, also called eyeglasses or spectacles, are frames bearing lenses worn in front of the eyes, normally for vision correction, eye protection, or for protection from UV rays. A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate Axial symmetry which transmits and refracts Light, converging or diverging Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain A corrective lens is a lens worn in front of the Eye, mainly used to treat Myopia, Hyperopia, astigmatism, and adjustable focus Eye protection is Protective clothing for the Eyes which comes in many types depending upon the threat that is to be reduced The term "UV coating" has various meanings Ultra-violet coating of paper Ultra-violet cured coatings can be applied over ink printed on paper and dried by exposure

Modern glasses are typically supported by pads on the bridge of the nose and by temples placed over the ears. Anatomically a nose is a protuberance in Vertebrates that houses the Nostrils or nares which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the The ear is the sense organ that detects Sounds The Vertebrate ear shows a common biology from Fish to Humans with variations Historical types include the pince-nez, monocle, and lorgnette. Pince-nez (ˈpænsneɪ /ˈpɪnsneɪ/ or as French pɛ̃sˈne are a style of Spectacles, popular in the nineteenth century which are supported without earpieces by pinching A monocle is a type of Corrective lens used to correct the vision in only one Eye. A lorgnette is a pair of spectacles with a handle used to hold them in place rather than fitting over the ears

Eyeglass frames are commonly made from metal or plastic. Lenses were originally made from glass, but many are now made from various types of plastic, including CR-39 and polycarbonate. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products CR-39, or allyl diglycol carbonate, is a plastic polymer commonly used in the manufacture of Eyeglass lenses. These materials reduce the danger of breakage and weigh less than glass lenses. Some plastics also have more advantageous optical properties than glass, such as better transmission of visible light and greater absorption of ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays ^[1] Some plastics have a greater index of refraction than most types of glass; this is useful in the making of corrective lenses shaped to correct various vision abnormalities such as myopia, allowing thinner lenses for a given prescription. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium This is a partial list of human Eye diseases and disorders. The World Health Organization publishes a classification of known diseases and injuries called the Myopia (from Greek: μυωπία myopia "near-sightedness" also called near- or short-sightedness, is a refractive defect An eyeglass prescription is a written order by an Optometrist or Ophthalmologist to an Optician for Eyeglasses.

Scratch-resistant coatings can be applied to most plastic lenses giving them similar scratch resistance to glass. Hydrophobic coatings designed to ease cleaning are also available, as are anti-reflective coatings intended to improve night vision and make the wearer's eyes more visible. In Chemistry, hydrophobicity (from the combining form of water in Attic Greek hydro- and for fear phobos) refers to the physical property of Anti-reflective or antireflection (AR coatings are a type of Optical coating applied to the surface of lenses and other optical devices to reduce ^[2]

CR-39 lenses are the most common plastic lenses due to their low weight, high scratch resistance, and low transparency for ultra violet and infrared radiation. Polycarbonate lenses are the lightest and most shatter-resistant, making them the best for impact protection,^[1] yet offer poor optics due to high dispersion, and having a low Abbe number of 31. In Physics and Optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material is a measure

Not all glasses are designed solely for vision correction but are worn for protection, viewing visual information (such as stereoscopy) or simply just for aesthetic or fashion values. Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional imaging is any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual Safety glasses are a kind of eye protection against flying debris or against visible and near visible light or radiation. Eye protection is Protective clothing for the Eyes which comes in many types depending upon the threat that is to be reduced Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy Sunglasses allow better vision in bright daylight, and may protect against damage from high levels of ultraviolet light. Sunglasses or sun glasses are a visual aid variously termed Spectacles or Glasses, which feature lenses that are coloured or darkened to prevent strong Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays

Contents 1 History 1.1 Precursors 1.2 Invention of eyeglasses 1.3 Later developments 2 Types 2.1 Corrective 2.2 Safety 2.3 Sunglasses 2.4 Special 3 Variations 3.1 Rimless 3.2 Glazing 4 Fashion 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

History

Precursors

The first suspected recorded use of a corrective lens may have been by the emperor Nero in the 1st century, who was known to watch the gladiatorial games using an emerald. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Gladiators (gladiatores "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword" from la ''gladius'' "sword" were professional fighters in Ancient Rome who fought Emeralds are a variety of the Mineral Beryl (Be3Al2(SiO36 colored Green by trace amounts ^[3]

Corrective lenses were said to be used by Abbas Ibn Firnas in the 9th century. Abbas Ibn Firnas (810 &ndash 887 AD) was also known as Abbas Qasim Ibn Firnas and العباس بن فرناس ( Arabic language) ^[4] He had devised a way to finish sand into glass, which until this time was secret to the Egyptians. This article is about the contemporary North African ethnic group These glasses could be shaped and polished into round rocks used for viewing and were known as reading stones. A reading stone was an approximately hemispherical transparent object placed on top of text to magnify the letters so that people with Presbyopia could read the text Sunglasses, in the form of flat panes of smoky quartz, protected the eyes from glare and were used in China in the 12th century or possibly earlier. Sunglasses or sun glasses are a visual aid variously termed Spectacles or Glasses, which feature lenses that are coloured or darkened to prevent strong China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National However, they did not offer any corrective powers. ^[5]

Invention of eyeglasses

Around 1284 in Italy, Salvino D'Armate is credited with inventing the first wearable eye glasses. Conrad von Soest, also Konrad, or in Middle High German Conrad van Sost, (born around 1370 in Dortmund; died after 1422 was a Gothic Salvino D'Amato (or "son of Armato" of Florence is credited with inventing Eyeglasses sometime in the Thirteenth century, perhaps around 1284 ^[6] The earliest pictorial evidence for the use of eyeglasses, however, is Tomaso da Modena's 1352 portrait of the cardinal Hugh de Provence reading in a scriptorium. Scriptorium, literally "a place for writing" is commonly used to refer to a room in medieval European Monasteries devoted to the copying of manuscripts by monastic Another early example would be a depiction of eyeglasses found north of the Alpes in an altarpiece of the church of Bad Wildungen, Germany, in 1403. Bad Wildungen is a state-run spa and a small town in Waldeck-Frankenberg district in Hesse, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.

Many theories abound for who should be credited for the invention of traditional eyeglasses. In 1676, Francesco Redi, a professor of medicine at the University of Pisa, wrote that he possessed a 1289 manuscript whose author complains that he would be unable to read or write were it not for the recent invention of glasses. Francesco Redi (February 18/19 1626&ndash March 1, 1697) was an Italian Physician. The University of Pisa ( Italian Università di Pisa) is one of the most renowned Italian universities He also produced a record of a sermon given in 1305, in which the speaker, a Dominican monk named Fra Giordano da Rivalto, remarked that glasses had been invented less than twenty years previously, and that he had met the inventor. A sermon is an oration by a Prophet or member of the Clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, or religious topic The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is Based on this evidence, Redi credited another Dominican monk, Fra Alessandro da Spina of Pisa, with the re-invention of glasses after their original inventor kept them a secret, a claim contained in da Spina's obituary record. ^[7]

Other stories, possibly legendary, credit Roger Bacon with the invention. For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon (politician. Roger Bacon, O Bacon is known to have made the first recorded reference to the magnifying properties of lenses in 1262. ^[8] His treatise De iride ("On the Rainbow"), which was written while he was a student of Robert Grosseteste, no later than 1235, mentions using optics to "read the smallest letters at incredible distances". Robert Grosseteste (c 1175 &ndash October 9, 1253) English statesman scholastic philosopher, Theologian and Bishop of While the exact date and inventor may be forever disputed, it is almost certainly clear that spectacles were invented between 1280 and 1300 in Italy. [1]

These early spectacles had convex lenses that could correct both hyperopia (farsightedness), and the presbyopia that commonly develops as a symptom of aging. A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate Axial symmetry which transmits and refracts Light, converging or diverging Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a Defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the Eye (often when Presbyopia (Greek word "presbys" (πρέσβυς meaning "old person" describes the condition where the Eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability Ageing or aging (American English is the accumulation of changes in an organism Nicholas of Cusa is believed to have discovered the benefits of concave lens in the treatment of myopia (nearsightedness). A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate Axial symmetry which transmits and refracts Light, converging or diverging Myopia (from Greek: μυωπία myopia "near-sightedness" also called near- or short-sightedness, is a refractive defect However, it was not until 1604 that Johannes Kepler published in his treatise on optics and astronomy, the first correct explanation as to why convex and concave lenses could correct presbyopia and myopia. Johannes Kepler (ˈkɛplɚ ( December 27 1571 &ndash November 15 1630) was a German Mathematician, Astronomer Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study

Later developments

The American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who suffered from both myopia and presbyopia, invented bifocals in 1784 to avoid having to regularly switch between two pairs of glasses. Francisco Gómez de Quevedo y Santibáñez Villegas ( Madrid, September 14, 1580 &ndash Villanueva de los Infantes, September 8, The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. Myopia (from Greek: μυωπία myopia "near-sightedness" also called near- or short-sightedness, is a refractive defect Presbyopia (Greek word "presbys" (πρέσβυς meaning "old person" describes the condition where the Eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability Bifocals are Eyeglasses whose Corrective lenses each contain regions with two distinct Optical powers Bifocals are most commonly prescribed to people with ^[9] The first lenses for correcting astigmatism were constructed by the British astronomer George Airy in 1825. Astigmatism is an optical defect whereby vision is blurred due to the inability of the optics of the eye to focus a point object into a sharp focused image on the retina The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Sir George Biddell Airy FRS (27 July 1801&ndash2 January 1892 was an English Mathematician and Astronomer, Astronomer Royal Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common ^[9]

Over time, the construction of spectacle frames also evolved. Early eyepieces were designed to be either held in place by hand or by exerting pressure on the nose (pince-nez). Pince-nez (ˈpænsneɪ /ˈpɪnsneɪ/ or as French pɛ̃sˈne are a style of Spectacles, popular in the nineteenth century which are supported without earpieces by pinching Girolamo Savonarola suggested that eyepieces could be held in place by a ribbon passed over the wearer's head, this in turn secured by the weight of a hat. Girolamo Savonarola ( September 21, 1452 &ndash May 23, 1498) was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from A hat is a headcovering It may be worn for protection against the elements for religious reasons for safety or as a Fashion accessory. The modern style of glasses, held by temples passing over the ears, was developed in 1727 by the British optician Edward Scarlett. These designs were not immediately successful, however, and various styles with attached handles such as "scissors-glasses" and lorgnettes remained fashionable throughout the 18th and into the early 19th century. Scissors-glasses are Eyeglasses, normally used to correct distance-vision mounted on scissoring stems rather than on temple stems as modern eyeglasses are

In the early 20th century, Moritz von Rohr at Zeiss (with the assistance of H. Moritz von Rohr (1868&ndash1940 was an optical scientist at Carl Zeiss in Jena. Boegehold and A. Sonnefeld^[10]), developed the Zeiss Punktal spherical point-focus lenses that dominated the eyeglass lens field for many years.

Despite the increasing popularity of contact lenses and laser corrective eye surgery, glasses remain very common as their technology has improved. A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the Cornea A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Refractive eye surgery is any Eye surgery used to improve the refractive state of the Eye and decrease or eliminate dependency on Glasses or Contact For instance, it is now possible to purchase frames made of special memory metal alloys that return to their correct shape after being bent. A shape memory alloy (SMA also known as a smart alloy, memory metal, or muscle wire) is an Alloy that "remembers" its shape Other frames have spring-loaded hinges. Either of these designs offers dramatically better ability to withstand the stresses of daily wear and the occasional accident. Modern frames are also often made from strong, light-weight materials such as titanium alloys, which were not available in earlier times. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22

On May 1, 1992 the United States Federal Trade Commission declared (section 456. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) 2) that optometrists be required to provide the patient with a complete prescription immediately following an eye exam, effectively giving the patient the choice of where to purchase their glasses. ^[11] The result was greater competition between the glasses manufacturers and thus lower prices for consumers. This trend has been accelerated by the proliferation of Internet technology, giving consumers the chance to bypass traditional distribution channels and buy glasses directly from the manufacturers. ^[12]

Types

Corrective

Main articles: Corrective lens and Refraction error

Corrective lenses modify the focal length of the eye to alleviate the effects of nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia) or astigmatism. A corrective lens is a lens worn in front of the Eye, mainly used to treat Myopia, Hyperopia, astigmatism, and adjustable focus A refractive error, or refraction error, is an error in the focusing of Light by the Eye and a frequent reason for reduced Visual acuity Myopia (from Greek: μυωπία myopia "near-sightedness" also called near- or short-sightedness, is a refractive defect Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a Defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the Eye (often when Astigmatism is an optical defect whereby vision is blurred due to the inability of the optics of the eye to focus a point object into a sharp focused image on the retina As people age, the eye's crystalline lens loses elasticity, resulting in presbyopia, which limits their ability to change focus. The lens is a transparent biconvex structure in the Eye that along with the Cornea, helps to Refract Light to be focused Presbyopia (Greek word "presbys" (πρέσβυς meaning "old person" describes the condition where the Eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability Accommodation is the process by which the:eye increases Optical power to maintain a clear image ( focus) on an object as it draws near the eye

The power of a lens is generally measured in diopters. A dioptre, or diopter, is a Unit of measurement of the Optical power of a lens or curved Mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal Over-the-counter reading glasses are typically rated at +1. 00 to +4. 00 diopters. Glasses correcting for myopia will have negative diopter strengths. Lenses made to conform to the prescription of an ophthalmologist or optometrist are called prescription lenses and are used to make prescription glasses. Ophthalmology is the branch of Medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways including the Eye, Brain Optometry is a health care profession concerned with Eyes and related structures as well as vision, Visual systems and vision information An eyeglass prescription is a written order by an Optometrist or Ophthalmologist to an Optician for Eyeglasses.

Safety

Main article: Eye protection

Safety glasses are usually made with shatter-resistant plastic lenses to protect the eye from flying debris. Eye protection is Protective clothing for the Eyes which comes in many types depending upon the threat that is to be reduced Although safety lenses may be constructed from a variety of materials of various impact resistance, certain standards suggest that they maintain a minimum 1 millimeter thickness at the thinnest point, regardless of material. Safety glasses can vary in the level of protection they provide. For example, those used in medicine may be expected to protect against blood splatter while safety glasses in a factory might have stronger lenses and a stronger frame with additional shields at the temples. The lenses of safety glasses can also be shaped for correction.

The American National Standards Institute has established standard ANSI Z87.1 for safety glasses in the United States, and similar standards have been established elsewhere.

OSHA provides guidance on the type of safety eyewear that should be used for a particular application.

Some safety glasses are designed to fit over corrective glasses or sunglasses. They may provide less eye protection than goggles or other forms of eye protection, but their light weight increases the likelihood that they will actually be used. Goggles or safety glasses are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the eye area in order to prevent particulates water or chemicals from Modern safety glasses tend to be given a more stylish design in order to encourage their use. Corrective glasses with plastic lenses can be used in the place of safety glasses in many environments; this is one advantage that they have over contact lenses. A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the Cornea

There are also safety glasses for welding, which are styled like wraparound sunglasses, but with much darker lenses, for use in welding where a full sized welding helmet is inconvenient or uncomfortable. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. These are often called "flash goggles", because they provide protection from welding flash.

Worker safety eyewear is available in various lens colors and/or with coatings to protect or enable eyesight in different lighting conditions, particularly when outdoors.

Nylon frames are usually used for protection eyewear for sports because of their lightweight and flexible properties. They are able to bend slightly and return to their original shape instead of breaking when pressure is applied to them. Nylon frames can become very brittle with age and they can be difficult to adjust.

Sunglasses

Main article: Sunglasses

Sunglasses may be made with either prescription or non-prescription lenses that are darkened to provide protection against bright visible and possibly ultraviolet light. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Sunglasses or sun glasses are a visual aid variously termed Spectacles or Glasses, which feature lenses that are coloured or darkened to prevent strong Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays

Glasses with photosensitive lenses, called photochromic lenses, become darker in the presence of UV light. Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving Photons especially Visible light. Photochromic lenses are lenses that darken on exposure to UV radiation Unfortunately, many car windshields block the passage of UV light, making photochromic lenses less effective whilst driving on bright days. Still, they offer the convenience of not having to carry both clear glasses and sunglasses to those who frequently go indoors and outdoors during the course of a day.

Light polarization is an added feature that can be applied to sunglass lenses. Polarization ( ''Brit'' polarisation) is a property of Waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations Polarization filters remove horizontally polarized rays of light, which can cause glare. Popular among fishermen and hunters, polarized sunglasses allow wearers to see into water when normally glare or reflected light would be seen. Polarized sunglasses may present some difficulties for pilots since reflections from water and other structures often used to gauge altitude may be removed, or instrument readings on liquid crystal displays may be blocked.

Yellow lenses are commonly used by golfers and shooters for their contrast enhancement and depth perception properties. Brown lenses are also common among golfers, but cause color distortion. Blue, purple, and green lenses offer no real benefits to vision enhancement and are mainly cosmetic. Some sunglasses with interchangeable lenses have optional clear lenses to protect the eyes during low light or night time activities and a colored lens with UV protection for times where sun protection is needed. Debate exists as to whether "blue blocking" or amber tinted lenses have a protective effect.

Sunglasses are often worn just for aesthetic purposes, or simply to hide the eyes. Examples of sunglasses that were popular for these reasons include teashades and mirrorshades.

Special

The illusion of three dimensions on a two dimensional surface can be created by providing each eye with different visual information. Stereogram may also refer to an integrated High fidelity system or Music centre. Classic 3D glasses create the illusion of three dimensions when viewing specially prepared images. The classic 3D glasses have one red lens and one blue lens. 3D glasses made of cardboard and plastic are distributed at 3D movies. See also [[stereoscopy]] In film the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images Another kind of 3D glasses uses polarized filters, with one lens polarized vertically and the other horizontally, with the two images required for stereo vision polarized the same way. Polarized 3D glasses allow for color 3D, while the red-blue lenses produce a dull black-and-white picture with red and blue fringes.

One kind of electronic 3D spectacles uses electronic shutters, while virtual reality glasses and helmets have separate video screens for each eye. In Photography, a shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period of time for the purpose of exposing Photographic film or a light-sensitive Virtual reality ( VR) is a technology which allows a user to interact with a Computer-simulated environment be it a real or imagined one

Variations

Glasses can be very simple, such as magnifying lenses which are used to treat mild hyperopia and presbyopia can be bought off the shelf, normally referred to as reading glasses. Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a Defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the Eye (often when Presbyopia (Greek word "presbys" (πρέσβυς meaning "old person" describes the condition where the Eye exhibits a progressively diminished ability Most glasses are made to a particular prescription, based on degree of myopia or hyperopia combined with astigmatism. See also Aberration in optical systems, Astigmatism (eye An Optical system with astigmatism is one where rays that propagate Lenses can be ground to specific prescriptions, but in some cases standard off-the-shelf prescriptions suffice, but require custom fitting to particular frames.

As people age, their ability to focus is lessened and many decide to use multiple-focus lenses, bifocal or even trifocal to cover all the situations in which they use their sight. Bifocals are Eyeglasses whose Corrective lenses each contain regions with two distinct Optical powers Bifocals are most commonly prescribed to people with Trifocals are Eyeglasses where the lenses have 3 regions to correct for distance intermediate (arm's length and near vision Traditional multifocal lenses have two or three distinct viewing areas, each requiring a conscious effort of refocusing. Some modern multifocal lenses, such as Progressive lenses (known as "no-line bifocals"), give a smooth transition between these different focal points and is unnoticeable by most wearers, while others have lenses specifically intended for use with computer monitors at a fixed distance. Progressive lenses, also called progressive addition lenses (PAL, progressive power lenses, graduated lenses, no-line Bifocals People may have several pairs of glasses, one for each task or distance, with specific glasses for reading, computer use, television watching, and writing.

Rimless

Three-piece rimless and semi-rimless glasses are common variations that differ from regular glasses in that their frames do not completely encircle the lenses. Three-piece rimless glasses have no frame around the lenses, and the bridge and temples are mounted directly onto the lenses. Semi-rimless (or half-rimless) glasses have a frame that only partially encircles the lenses (commonly the top portion), which are held in place most often by high strength nylon wire. ^[13] A rare and currently non commercial variation are rimless and frameless glasses attached to a piercing at the bridge of a wearers nose. A bridge piercing is a Body piercing through the skin on the bridge of the Nose, usually directly between the eyes of the wearer ^[14] Such glasses have the visual look of the pince-nez. Pince-nez (ˈpænsneɪ /ˈpɪnsneɪ/ or as French pɛ̃sˈne are a style of Spectacles, popular in the nineteenth century which are supported without earpieces by pinching

Glazing

Spectacle lenses are edged into the frame's rim using glazing machines operated by ophthalmic technicians. The edging process begins with a trace being taken of the frame's eye shape. In earlier days the trace was replicated onto a plastic pattern called a Former. Nowadays the process is patternless and the shape is sent to the edger electronically.

The lens, in the form of a round uncut, is positioned in the correct manner to match the prescription and a block is stuck to the lens and that block fits into a chuck in the edging machine. A diamond coated wheel spins as the edger replicates the frame's eye-shape to the uncut lens. A 'v' bevel is applied to allow the edge of the lens to fit into the frame rim.

Fashion

Glasses can be a major part of personal expression, from the extravagance of Elton John and Dame Edna Everage, to Groucho Marx and Buddy Holly. Sir Elton Hercules John CBE (born Reginald Kenneth Dwight on 25 March 1947 is an English pop / rock Singer, Composer Dame Edna Everage is a character played by Australian Comedian Barry Humphries. Charles Hardin "Buddy" Holley (September 7 1936 – February 3 1959 was an American Singer-songwriter and a pioneer of Rock and roll.

For some celebrities, glasses form part of their identity. American Senator Barry Goldwater continued to wear lensless horn-rimmed spectacles after being fitted with contact lenses because he was not recognizable without his trademark glasses. British soap star Anne Kirkbride had the same problem: her character on Coronation Street, Deirdre Barlow, became so well-known for her big frames that she was expected to wear them at social gatherings and in international tours, even though Kirkbride has always worn contact lenses. Anne Kirkbride (born June 21, 1954 in Oldham, Lancashire) is an English Soap opera actress. Coronation Street (commonly known as 'Corrie' is an award-winning Soap opera created by Tony Warren Deirdre Anne Barlow (née Hunt, previously Langton and Rachid) is a long-running Fictional character on the British Soap opera Drew Carey continued to wear glasses for the same reason after getting corrective laser eye surgery. Drew Allison Carey (born May 23 1958 is an American Comedian, Actor and Game show host. LASIK or Lasik ( Laser -assisted In situ Keratomileusis) is a type British comedic actor Eric Sykes, who became profoundly deaf as an adult, wears glasses that contain no lenses; they are actually a bone-conducting hearing aid. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Eric Sykes, CBE (born 4 May 1923 is an English comedy writer and actor A hearing aid is an electroacoustic body-worn apparatus which typically fits in or behind the wearer's Ear, and is designed to amplify and modulate sounds Masaharu Morimoto wears glasses to separate his professional persona as a chef from his stage persona as Iron Chef Japanese. is a well-known Japanese chef best-known as the third Iron Chef Japanese on the TV cooking show Iron Chef, and an Iron Chef on its spinoff Iron Chef America A chef is a person who cooks professionally In a professional kitchen setting the term is used only for the one person in charge of everyone else in the kitchen the executive Iron Chef is a Japanese television program produced by FujiTV. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. John Lennon wore his round-lens 'Windsor' spectacles from some of his time with the Beatles to his murder in 1980. John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born The Beatles were a pop and rock band from Liverpool, England formed in 1960 The rock band Weezer is known for some of the members wearing thick-rimmed glasses. Weezer (ˈwizɚ is an American Alternative rock band from Los Angeles California formed in 1992

In popular culture, glasses were all the disguise Superman and Wonder Woman needed to hide in plain view as alter egos Clark Kent and Diana Prince, respectively. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — Superman is a fictional Comic book Superhero widely considered to be one of the most recognized of such characters and an American Cultural icon An alter ego ( Latin, "the other I" is a second self, a second Personality or Persona within a Person Clark Joseph Kent (middle name is also Jerome according to some versions is a Fictional character created by Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel. An example of halo effect is seen in the stereotype that those who wear glasses are intelligent or, especially in teen culture, even geeks and nerds. The halo effect refers to a Cognitive bias whereby the perception of a particular trait is influenced by the perception of the former traits in a sequence of interpretations A stereotype (from Greek: stereo + týpos = "solid impression" is a generalized perception of first impressions behaviors presumed by a group The word geek is a Slang term noting individuals as "a peculiar or otherwise odd person especially one who is perceived to be overly obsessed with one or more things Nerd is a term often bearing a derogatory connotation or Stereotype, that refers to a person who passionately pursues Intellectual activities Esoteric Some people who find that wearing glasses may look nerdy turn to contact lenses or laser eye surgery, especially under peer pressure. Eye surgery, also known as orogolomistician surgery or ocular surgery, is Surgery performed on the Eye or its Adnexa, typically by Peer Pressure is a term describing the pressure exerted by a Peer group in encouraging a person to change their Attitude, Behavior and/or Morals

Another unpopular aspect of glasses is their inconvenience. Even through the creation of light frames, such as those made of titanium, very flexible frames, and new lens materials and optical coatings, glasses can still cause problems during rigorous sports. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 An optical coating is a thin layer of material deposited on an optical component such as a lens or Mirror, which alters the way in which the optic The lenses can become greasy or trap vapour when eating hot food, swimming, walking in rain or rapid temperature changes (such as walking into a warm building from cold temperatures outside), reducing visibility significantly. Scraping, fracturing, or breakage of the lenses require time-consuming and costly professional repair, though modern plastic lenses are almost indestructible and very scratch-resistant.

Apple, Inc. co-founder Steve Wozniak had a pair of eyeglasses made with lenses in the shape of the well-known Apple logo. Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics A logo ( Greek el λογότυπος = el-Latn logotypos is a graphical element ( Ideogram, Symbol, Emblem, Icon, Sign) The lenses were made from a block of acrylic, laminated from layers in the usual rainbow colors, and machined into the appropriate outline, with a custom-made frame in the same shape. Poly(methyl methacrylate ( PMMA) or poly(methyl 2-methylpropenoate is a Thermoplastic and transparent Plastic. They were made by a Silicon Valley optician.

See also

• Eye examination
• Eyeglass prescription
• Corrective lens
• Geek chic
• History of optics
• Meganekko
• X-ray vision
• Stereoscopy

References

1. ^ ^{a b} DeFranco, Liz (April 2007). An eye examination is a battery of tests performed by an Optometrist or Ophthalmologist assessing vision and ability to focus on and discern An eyeglass prescription is a written order by an Optometrist or Ophthalmologist to an Optician for Eyeglasses. A corrective lens is a lens worn in front of the Eye, mainly used to treat Myopia, Hyperopia, astigmatism, and adjustable focus Optics began with the development of lenses by the Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians followed by theories on Light and vision developed by ancient (メガネ (めがね and 眼鏡 meaning the same thing are also used megane for "glasses" and 娘 ko for "girl" is Japanese slang which translates In Science fiction stories X-ray vision has generally been portrayed as the ability to see through layers of objects at the discretion of the holder of this superpower Stereoscopy, stereoscopic imaging or 3-D (three-dimensional imaging is any technique capable of recording three-dimensional visual Polycarbonate Lenses: Tough as Nails. All About Vision. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
2. ^ DeFranco, Liz (May 2006). Do You Need Lens Coatings?. All About Vision. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
3. ^ Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Retrieved on 2008-04-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
4. ^ Dr. Kasem Ajram (1992). Miracle of Islamic Science, Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers. ISBN 0911119434.
5. ^ Ament, Phil (2006-12-04). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Sunglasses History - The Invention of Sunglasses. The Great Idea Finder. Vaunt Design Group. Retrieved on 2007-06-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul.
6. ^ Bellis, Mary. The History of Eye Glasses or Spectacles. About. com:Inventors. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
7. ^ Famous Historical Statements up to 1600. Antique Spectacles. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
8. ^ ....Optics Highlights: II. Spectacles. University of Maryland, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
9. ^ ^{a b} Bellis, Mary. The Inventions and Scientific Achievements of Benjamin Franklin. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
10. ^ Eyeglass Lenses and Visual Aids from Industrial Production. Zeiss. com. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
11. ^ § 456.2 Separation of examination and dispensing (PDF). Federal Trade Commission 453. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
12. ^ Darlin, Damon (May 5, 2007). Do-It-Yourself Eyeglass Shopping on the Internet. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-09-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle.
13. ^ O’Keefe, Jackie (July/August 2003). The Newest Technologies in Rimless Eyewear. Vision Care Product News. Retrieved on 2006-01-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
14. ^ Pierced Glasses. Retrieved on 2007-08-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great.

External links

• Antique Spectacles, extensive history and pictures of spectacles.
• British Optical Association Museum, Spectacles Gallery
• History of Eye Glasses, Teagle Optometry

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