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Glass Frogs
Hyalinobatrachium ruedai
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Suborder: Neobatrachia
Family: Centrolenidae
Taylor, 1951
Distribution of Centrolenidae (in black)
Distribution of Centrolenidae (in black)
Genera

Centrolene
 Cochranella
 Hyalinobatrachium
 Nymphargus

Glass frog (or Glassfrogs) is the common/popular name for the frogs of the amphibian family Centrolenidae (order Anura). UserPolbot. --> Hyalinobatrachium ruedai is a species of Frog in the Centrolenidae family Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. Neobatrachia are a suborder of order Anura, ie of frogs or toads Edward Harrison Taylor ( April 23, 1889 – June 16 1978) was an American Herpetologist from Kansas. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Centrolene is a Genus of Glass frogs in the family Centrolenidae Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver Hyalinobatrachium is a genus of Glassfrogs characterized by having a bulbous liver covered by white pigment a transparent parietal peritoneum extensive membrane Nymphargus is a newly-established Genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking webbing among the outer fingers lacking humeral spines in adult males This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and In Biological classification, family ( Latin This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. While the general background coloration of most glassfrogs is primarily lime green; the ventral skin of some members of this family is transparent (species of the genus Hyalinobatrachium). In Biological classification, family ( Latin A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Hyalinobatrachium is a genus of Glassfrogs characterized by having a bulbous liver covered by white pigment a transparent parietal peritoneum extensive membrane The internal viscera, including the heart, liver, and digestive tract can be seen due to the translucency of the ventral skin. In Anatomy, a viscus (ˈvɪskəs ( Plural: viscera /ˈvɪsərə/ is an internal organ of an animal (including humans in particular an internal The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals This particular characteristic is the origin of their common name (Glass Frogs or Glassfrogs).

Contents

Historical Account of Taxonomy

The first described species of Centrolenidae was the "giant" Centrolene geckoideum, named by the notable scientist Marcos Jiménez de la Espada in 1872, based on a specimen collected in northeastern Ecuador. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Centrolene is a Genus of Glass frogs in the family Centrolenidae Marcos Jiménez de la Espada (1831 - 1898 was a Spanish Zoologist, explorer and Writer, born in Cartagena Spain, although he spent most of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Several species were described in subsequent years by different herpetologists (including G. A. Boulenger, G. Boulenger is a Surname, and may refer to George Albert Boulenger (1858–1937 Belgian-British zoologist Marcel Jacques Boulenger K. Noble, and E. H. Taylor) but usually placed together with the treefrogs in the genera Hylella or Hyla. Edward Harrison Taylor ( April 23, 1889 – June 16 1978) was an American Herpetologist from Kansas. A tree frog or tree toad is any Frog that spends a major portion of its lifespan in an Arboreal state A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The Genus Hyla is one of approximately 38 genera in the New World family of Tree frogs ( Hylidae)

The family Centrolenidae was proposed by Edward H. Taylor in 1951. Edward Harrison Taylor ( April 23, 1889 – June 16 1978) was an American Herpetologist from Kansas. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Between the 50s and 70s, most species of Glassfrogs were known from Central America, particularly from Costa Rica and Panama, where E. H. Taylor and Jay M. Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Edward Harrison Taylor ( April 23, 1889 – June 16 1978) was an American Herpetologist from Kansas. Savage extensively worked, and just a few species where know to occur in South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a In 1973, John D. Lynch and William E. Duellman, published a large revision of the Glassfrogs from Ecuador showing that the species richness of Centrolenidae was particularly concentrated in the Andes. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Later contributions by authors like Juan Rivero, Jay Savage, William Duellman, John D. Lynch, Pedro Ruiz-Carranza and José Ayarzagüena increased the number of described taxa especially from Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.

The taxonomical classification of the Glassfrogs was problematic during those years. Although four genera had been described for Centrolenidae (Centrolene, Centrolenella, Cochranella, Teratohyla), the taxonomical arrangements were always incomplete, and not valid for all species. Centrolene is a Genus of Glass frogs in the family Centrolenidae Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver In 1991, after a major revision of the species and taxonomic characters, the herpetologists Pedro Ruiz-Carranza and John D. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos Herpetology (from Greek: ἑρπετόν herpeton, "creeping animal" and λόγος logos, "knowledge" is the branch of Zoology Lynch published a new proposal for a taxonomic classification of the Centrolenidae based on cladistic principles and defining monophyletic groups [1]. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor That paper was the first of a series of contributions dealing with the Glassfrogs from Colombia that lead them to described almost 50 species of Glassfrogs. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The genus Centrolene was proposed to include the species with a humeral spine in adult males, and the genus Hyalinobatrachium to include the species with a bulbous liver[1]. Centrolene is a Genus of Glass frogs in the family Centrolenidae Humeral spines are ventrolateral extensions of the humeral crista ventralis Hyalinobatrachium is a genus of Glassfrogs characterized by having a bulbous liver covered by white pigment a transparent parietal peritoneum extensive membrane However, there was an heterogeneous group of species that they left in the genus Cochranella, defined just by lacking a humeral spine and a bulbous liver[1]. Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver Humeral spines are ventrolateral extensions of the humeral crista ventralis Since the publication of the extensive revision of the Colombian Glassfrogs, several other publications have dealt with the Glassfrogs from Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Ecuador.

Recent molecular studies [2] have found that the three genera of Glassfrogs are non-monophyletic units, although taxon sampling was limited. In Chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable electrically neutral group of at least two Atoms in a definite arrangement held together by A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor The genus Centrolene is paraphyletic towards the genus Cochranella, and some species of Hyalinobatrachium were apparently more related to Cochranella. Centrolene is a Genus of Glass frogs in the family Centrolenidae Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver Hyalinobatrachium is a genus of Glassfrogs characterized by having a bulbous liver covered by white pigment a transparent parietal peritoneum extensive membrane Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver Furthermore, they included the genus Allophryne in the family Centrolenidae, dividing the family into two subfamilies: (1) the subfamily Allophryninae for the genus Allophryne, and (2) the subfamily Centroleninae for the genera Centrolene, Cochranella, and Hyalinobatrachium. A reanalysis of morphological traits suggested a polyphyletic Centrolene and Cochranella, and supported the monophyly of the Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni group [3] Other studies have addressed the same problem; e. g. , in 2006 a scientific paper describing a new species of Centrolene from Ecuador [4] removed the species "pulveratum" and "antisthenesi" from Hyalinobatrachium and placed them inside the genus Cochranella as Cochranella pulverata and Cochranella antisthenesi. Centrolene is a Genus of Glass frogs in the family Centrolenidae Hyalinobatrachium is a genus of Glassfrogs characterized by having a bulbous liver covered by white pigment a transparent parietal peritoneum extensive membrane Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver Although these changes kept Cochranella paraphyletic, they "clean" Hyalinobatrachium in order to define a monophyletic group. Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver Hyalinobatrachium is a genus of Glassfrogs characterized by having a bulbous liver covered by white pigment a transparent parietal peritoneum extensive membrane A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor A recent review of the family [5] has recognized a new genus, Nymphargus, for the species with basal webbing among outer fingers (part of the previous ocellata species group). Nymphargus is a newly-established Genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking webbing among the outer fingers lacking humeral spines in adult males In that review, all species-groups were found to be non-monophyletic, and it was suggested that they should not be used anymore until a phylogenetic hypothesis for the entire family is available.

Taxonomic classification

The family Centrolenidae is a clade of anurans. In Biological classification, family ( Latin A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. Previously, the family Centrolenidae was considered closely related to the family Hylidae (tree frog); however, recent phylogenetic studies[2] have placed the Centrolenidae (and its sister taxon the family Allophrynidae) closer to the family Leptodactylidae. In Biological classification, family ( Latin Hylidae are a family of Frogs with tree dwelling adaptations and include several species commonly called " Treefrogs and their allies" A tree frog or tree toad is any Frog that spends a major portion of its lifespan in an Arboreal state A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to The Tukeit Hill Frog ( Allophryne ruthveni) is the only described species in the genus Allophryne and the only member of the subfamily Allophryninae Leptodactylidae are a diverse Family of Frogs that probably diverged from other hyloids during the Cenozoic era or possibly at the end of

The monophyly of Centrolenidae (excluding Allophryne) is supported by morphological and behavioral characters including[2] [4]: (1) presence of a dilated process on the medial side of the third metacarpal (an apparently unique synapomorphy); (2) ventral origin of the musculus flexor teres digiti III relative to the musculus transversi metacarpi I; (3) terminal phalanges T-shaped; (4) exotroph, lotic, burrower/fossorial tadpoles with a vermiform body and dorsal C-shaped eyes, that live buried within leaf packs in still or flowing water systems; (5) eggs clutches deposited outside of water on vegetation or rocks above still or flowing water systems. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor The Tukeit Hill Frog ( Allophryne ruthveni) is the only described species in the genus Allophryne and the only member of the subfamily Allophryninae The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the Hand Skeleton that is located between the Phalanges (bones of the fingers Distally and the In Evolutionary biology, a synapomorphy is a derived Character state shared by two or more terminal groups ( taxa included in a Cladistic analysis Several molecular synapomorphies also support the monophyly of the clade [2].

The taxonomic classification of Centrolenidae is still controversial, but currently five genera of Glassfrogs are recognized:


Subfamily Allophryninae




Subfamily Centroleninae

Centrolene prosoblepon Centrolene prosoblepon from Ecuador

Cochranella cf. albomaculata Cochranella cf. Cochranella is a genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking humeral spines in males and having a lobed liver albomaculata from Costa Rica

Hyalinobatrachium ruedai Hyalinobatrachium ruedai from Ecuador

Nymphargus truebae Nymphargus truebae from Peru


Eleutherodactylus, note the form of the head and the snout, and the position of the eyes.
Eleutherodactylus, note the form of the head and the snout, and the position of the eyes. Nymphargus is a newly-established Genus of Glass frogs characterized by lacking webbing among the outer fingers lacking humeral spines in adult males Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.

Diagnosis from other anurans

The Glassfrogs occur only in the continent of America (see below Distribution), across the Neotropical region. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America In Biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical refers to one of the world's eight terrestrial Ecozones This ecozone includes South and Central America the They can be confused just with the greencolor members of the genus Eleutherodactylus or with Treefrogs of the family Hylidae. Eleutherodactylus is a diverse Genus of leptodactylid Frogs This is typically described as the largest Vertebrate genus on Earth A tree frog or tree toad is any Frog that spends a major portion of its lifespan in an Arboreal state Hylidae are a family of Frogs with tree dwelling adaptations and include several species commonly called " Treefrogs and their allies"

However, hylids or Treefrogs have usually the eyes laterally directed whilst the Glassfrogs have them forward directed. A tree frog or tree toad is any Frog that spends a major portion of its lifespan in an Arboreal state Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Some species of green Treefrogs (especially juveniles) like Hyloscirtus palmeri and Hypsiboas pellucens have the ventral skin transparent but also have calcars on the heels, a character not present in any species of the family Centrolenidae. A tree frog or tree toad is any Frog that spends a major portion of its lifespan in an Arboreal state Hyloscirtus is a genus of Frogs in the Hylidae family This genus was resurrected in 2005 following a major revision of the Hylidae family. Hypsiboas is a genus of Frogs in the Hylidae family This genus was resurrected in 2005 following a major revision of the Hylidae family The calcar, also known as the Calcaneum, is the name given to a Spur of Cartilage arising from inner side of ankle and running along part of outer

Eleutherodactylus have the eyes laterally directed, the toes without membrane, and the snout is usually subovoid or subacuminate in dorsal view and the head is longer than wider. Eleutherodactylus is a diverse Genus of leptodactylid Frogs This is typically described as the largest Vertebrate genus on Earth Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Toes are the digits of the Foot of an animal Many animal species such as Cats walk on their toes and are described as being Digitigrade A snout is the protruding portion of an animal's face consisting of its nose mouth and jaw In Anatomy, the head of an Animal is the Rostral part (from Anatomical position that usually comprises the Brain, Eyes

Distribution

Centrolenidae is a diverse clade of anurans distributed in the continent of America, from southern Mexico to Panama, and through the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, with some species in the Amazonas and Orinoco River basins, the Guiana Shield region, southeastern Brazil, and northern Argentina. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers ORiNOCO is the brand name that was used for a family of wireless networking solutions by Proxim (previously Lucent) |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.

Biology and Natural History

Members of the family Centrolenidae are mostly arboreal frogs that live along rivers and streams (during the breeding season), and are particularly diverse in montane cloud forests of South America, although some species occur also in Amazonian and Chocoan rainforest and semi-deciduous forests. Arboreal is a word meaning "related to or resembling trees" This article is about the block cipher algorithm For the ultrafast laser pulse measurement technique see Frequency-resolved optical gating. Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced A cloud forest, also called a fog forest, is a generally Tropical or Subtropical evergreen Montane moist forest characterized by a South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Choco languages (also Chocoan, Chocó, Chokó) are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches Semi-deciduous is a botanical term which refers to Plants that lose their Foliage. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria The eggs are usually deposited on leaves of tree or shrubs hanging over the running water of mountain streams, creeks, and small rivers, or over stones close to waterfalls. The method of egg-laying on the leaf is species-specific. The males usually call from leaves close to their egg clutches. A clutch of eggs refers to all the eggs produced by one Bird or Reptile at a single time particularly The eggs are much less vulnerable to predators than those laid within water, however there is a large risk of parasitism caused by a fly laying its larvae into the egg, so some species show parental care. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. After they hatch, the tadpoles fall into the waters below. The tadpoles are elongate, with powerful tails and low fins, suited for fast flowing water. A tadpole or polliwog (also pollywog, polliwig, polewig, or polwig) is the wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of During the non-breeding season some species live in the canopy. The canopy is one of the uppermost levels of a Forest, below the emergent layer, formed by the Tree crowns Canopy trees refers to the trees

References

  1. ^ a b c Ruíz-Carranza, P. M. and J. D. Lynch. 1991. Ranas Centrolenidae de Colombia I: propuesta de una nueva clasificación genérica. Lozania, 57, 1–30.
  2. ^ a b c d Frost D. R. , Grant, T. , Faivovich, J. , Bain, R. H. , Haas, A. , Haddad, C. F. B. , de Sa, R. O. , Channing, A. , Wilkinson, M. , Donnellan, S. C. , Raxworthy, C. J. , Campbell, J. A. , Blotto, B. L. , Moler, P. , Drewes, R. C. , Nussbaum, R. A. , Lynch, J. D. , Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The Amphibian Tree of Life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1–370. (PDF available by clicking here)
  3. ^ Guayasamin, J. M. , M. R. Bustamante, D. Almeida-Reinoso, and W. C. Funk. 2006. Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 147:489–513.
  4. ^ a b Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. & McDiarmid, R. W. (2006). A new species of the genus Centrolene (Amphibia: Anura: Centrolenidae) from Ecuador with comments on the taxonomy and biogeography of Glassfrogs. Zootaxa 1244: 1-32 - Description of Centrolene mariaelenae. A Species of Centrolene described in 2006 from the southeastern Andean slopes of Ecuador. (PDF of the abstract available by clicking here)
  5. ^ Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. and R. W. McDiarmid. 2007. Revision of the characters of Centrolenidae (Amphibia: Anura: Athesphatanura), with comments on its taxonomy and the description of new taxa of glassfrogs. Zootaxa 1572: 1-82. PDF Available by clicking here


External links

Accounts for Glass frogs in other languages

Dictionary

glass frog

-noun

  1. A group of frogs in the Centrolenidae family, with distinctive light-coloured ot translucent skin.
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