Garibaldi redirects here, for other meanings see Garibaldi (disambiguation).

Giuseppe Garibaldi
Garibaldi in 1866.
Born	July 4, 1807 Nice, First French Empire
Died	June 2, 1882 (aged 74) Caprera, Kingdom of Italy
Nationality	French (1807–1814) Sardinian (1814–1861) Italian (1861–1866)
Occupation	Soldier
Known for	Unification of Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi (July 4, 1807 – June 2, 1882) was an Italian military and political leader. Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Caprera is a small Island of 6 square miles (155 km² off the coast of Sardinia, Italy, located in the Maddalena archipelago. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. The Carbonari ("charcoal burners" were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. He then contributed to the independence of Uruguay, leading the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America The Uruguayan Civil War, also known as "Guerra Grande", was a series of armed conflicts that took place between the Colorados at Montevideo Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian

He has been dubbed the "Hero of the Two Worlds" in tribute to his military expeditions in both South America and Europe. ^[1] He is considered an Italian national hero.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 South American adventures 1.3 Return to Italy and second exile 1.3.1 The Americas 1.3.2 Tyneside 1.4 Second Italian War of Independence 1.5 Campaign of 1860 1.6 Aftermath 1.7 Expedition against Rome 1.8 Final struggle with Austria, and other adventures 1.9 Death 2 Writings 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

Biography

Early years

Garibaldi was born on July 4, 1807 in the city of Nice ("Nizza" in Italian), at that time the capital of the French department of Alpes-Maritimes, before it was given back to the Savoys, the rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1814 with Napoleon's defeat. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Alpes-Maritimes ( Occitan: Aups Maritims) is a department in the extreme southeast corner of France. Kingdom of Sardinia, also known as Piedmont-Sardinia or Sardinia-Piedmont, was the name given to the possessions of the House of Savoy in 1720 when the Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. In 1860, however, the Savoys returned the city to France (an action opposed by Garibaldi), in order to get French aid in Italy's unification wars. Garibaldi's family was involved in coastal trade, and he was drawn to a life on the sea. He participated actively in the community of the Nizzardo Italians and was certified in 1832 as a merchant marine captain. Nizzardo Italians were the Italian - and Ligurian -speaking populations of the County of Nice ( Nizza) who formed the majority of the county's

A very influential day in Garibaldi's life came while visiting Taganrog, Russia, in April 1833, where he moored for ten days with the schooner Clorinda and a shipment of oranges. Taganrog (Таганро́г təgʌnˈrok is a seaport city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the north shore of Taganrog In a seaport inn, he met Giovanni Battista Cuneo from Oneglia, a political immigrant from Italy and member of the secret movement La Giovine Italia ("Young Italy"), founded by Giuseppe Mazzini, an impassioned proponent of Italian unification as a liberal republic through political and social reforms. Oneglia was a town in northern Italy on the Ligurian seaside that was joined to Porto Maurizio to form the Commune of Imperia in 1923 Giuseppe Mazzini ( June 22, 1805, Genoa, Italy - March 10, 1872, Pisa, Italy was an Italian Patriot Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Garibaldi joined the society, and took an oath of dedicating his life to struggle for liberation of his homeland from Austrian dominance.

In Geneva in November 1833, Garibaldi met Mazzini himself, starting a relationship which later would become rather troublesome. Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking He joined the Carbonari revolutionary association. The Carbonari ("charcoal burners" were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. In February 1834 he participated in a failed Mazzinian insurrection in Piedmont, was sentenced to death in absentia by a Genoese court, and fled to Marseilles. Piedmont ( Piemonte; Piedmontese and Occitan: Piemont; French: Piémont) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ

South American adventures

Garibaldi first sailed to Tunisia before eventually finding his way to Brazil. Porto Alegre ( is the 10th largest city in Brazil, and the capital city of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld There he took up the cause of independence of the Republic of Rio Grande do Sul (the former Brazilian province of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul), joining the gaucho rebels known as the farrapos (tatters) against the newly independent Brazilian nation (see War of Tatters). (ʁiu ˈgɾɐ̃de do ˈsuɫ lit "Large River of the South" is the southernmost State of Brazil, and the State with the fourth highest Human Development Gaucho ( gaúcho in Portuguese, "gaucho" in Spanish) is a term commonly used to describe residents of the South American Pampas War of the Farrapos or Farroupilha Revolution (in Portuguese: Guerra dos Farrapos, Revolução Farroupilha) was a Republican uprising During this war he encountered a woman, Ana Ribeiro da Silva (best known as "Anita"), when the Tatter Army tried to proclaim another Republic in the Brazilian province of Santa Catarina. Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro da Silva di Garibaldi, best known as Anita Garibaldi (August 30 1821 – August 4 1849 was the Brazilian born wife and comrade-in-arms (ˈsɐ̃ta kataˈɾina is a state in southern Brazil with one of the highest standards of living in the country In October 1839, Anita joined Garibaldi on his ship, the Rio Pardo. A month later, she fought at her lover's side at the battles of Imbituba and Laguna.

In 1841, the couple moved to Montevideo, Uruguay, where Garibaldi worked as a trader and schoolmaster, and married there the following year. Montevideo (monteβi'ðeo is the largest city the capital and chief port of Uruguay. Uruguay.(official full name in República Oriental del Uruguay;, Oriental Republic of Uruguay) is a country located in the southeastern part of South America They had four children, Menotti (born 1840), Rosita (born 1843), Teresita (born 1845) and Ricciotti (born 1847). A skilled horsewoman, Anita is said to have taught Giuseppe about the gaucho culture of southern Brazil and Uruguay. It was about this time he adopted his trademark clothing, the red shirt, cloak, and sombrero (hat) used by the gauchos.

In 1842, Garibaldi took command of the Uruguayan fleet and raised an "Italian Legion" for the Uruguayan Civil War, aligned with the liberal coalition of Uruguayan Colorados of Fructuoso Rivera and Argentine Unitarios (with substantive support of France and United Kingdom) against the conservative forces of former Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe's Blancos and Argentine Federales under the rule of Buenos Aires caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas. The Uruguayan Civil War, also known as "Guerra Grande", was a series of armed conflicts that took place between the Colorados at Montevideo A coalition is an alliance among individuals during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own Self-interest. The Colorado Party (Partido Colorado is a Political party in Uruguay. José Fructuoso Rivera (born ?1789 in Montevideo; died 1854 was an Uruguayan general and patriot who assisted in the efforts to force Brazilians out of the Banda Unitarianists (in Spanish, Unitarios) were the proponents of the liberal concept of a centralised government in Buenos Aires during the civil This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Manuel Oribe ( 26 August 1792 - 12 November 1857) was a Uruguayan Political figure. The National Party ( Partido Nacional in Spanish) also known as the White Party ( Partido Blanco) is a major Right-wing liberal Federales was the name under which the supporters of Federalism in Argentina were known opposing the Unitarios that claimed a centralised government Buenos Aires Province (ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes Spanish: Provincia de Buenos Aires is the most populated province of Argentina. Caudillo is a Spanish ( caudilho in Portuguese word usually used to designate "a political-military leader at the head of an authoritarian power Juan Manuel de Rosas (born Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rozas y López de Osornio in Buenos Aires, March 30, 1793 &ndash Southampton The Legion adopted a black flag representing Italy in mourning, while the volcano at its center symbolized the dormant power in their homeland. Though there is no contemporary mention of them, popular history asserts that it was in Uruguay that the legion first wore the red shirts, said to have been obtained from a factory in Montevideo which had intended to export them to the slaughterhouses of Argentina. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. It was to become the symbol of Garibaldi and his followers. Between 1842 and 1848 Garibaldi defended Montevideo against forces led by Oribe. In 1845 he even managed to occupy Colonia del Sacramento and Isla Martín García and led the controversial sack of Gualeguaychú. Colonia del Sacramento (formerly the Portuguese Colônia do Sacramento) is a City in southwestern Uruguay, by the Río de la Plata, facing Isla Martín García is an Argentine island off the Río de la Plata coast of Uruguay. Gualeguaychú may refer to Gualeguaychú Entre Ríos, a city in the province of Entre Ríos Argentina on the left bank of the Gualeguaychú River Adopting skillful tactics of guerrilla warfare, he achieved two celebrated victories in the battles of Cerro and San Antonio del Santo in 1846.

The fate of his homeland, however, continued to concern Garibaldi. The election of Pope Pius IX in 1846 had caused a sensation among Italian patriots, both at home and in exile. Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 When news of the pope's initial reforms (which seemed to identify him as the liberal pope prophesied by Vincenzo Gioberti, who would provide the leadership for the unification of Italy) reached Montevideo, Garibaldi wrote the following letter:

If these hands, used to fighting, would be acceptable to His Holiness, we most thankfully dedicate them to the service of him who deserves so well of the Church and of the fatherland. Vincenzo Gioberti ( April 5, 1801 – October 26, 1852) was an Italian Philosopher, Publicist and Politician Joyful indeed shall we and our companions in whose name we speak be, if we may be allowed to shed our blood in defence of Pio Nono's work of redemption

—(October 12, 1847)^[2]

Also Mazzini, from his exile, applauded the first reforms of Pius IX. In 1847 Garibaldi offered the apostolic nuncio at Rio de Janeiro, Bedini, the service of his Italian Legion for the liberation of the peninsula. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy News of the outbreak of revolution in Palermo in January 1848, and revolutionary agitation elsewhere in Italy encouraged Garibaldi to lead some 60 members of his legion home. Palermo ( Sicilian: Palermu, Greek: Panormus, al-Madinah during Muslim rule is a historic City in

Return to Italy and second exile

Garibaldi returned to Italy amongst the turmoils of the revolutions of 1848, and offered his services to Charles Albert of Sardinia. The Italian states in 1848 As with Germany there was no " Italy " at the time of the Revolutions of 1848, but a collection of independent Biography He was born in Turin in 1798 to Charles Emmanuel of Savoy 6th Prince of Carignano and Albertina Maria Cristina of Saxony. The monarch displayed some liberal inclinations, but treated Garibaldi with coolness and distrust. Rebuffed by the Piedmontese, he and his followers crossed into Lombardy where they offered assistance to the provisional government of Milan, which had rebelled against the Austrian occupation. In the course of the following, unsuccessful First Italian War of Independence, he led his legion to two minor victories at Luino and Morazzone. The First Italian War of Independence was fought in 1848 between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire. After the crushing Piedmontese defeat at Novara (March 23, 1849), Garibaldi moved to Rome to support the Republic which been proclaimed in the Papal States, but a French force sent by Louis Napoleon (the future Napoleon III) threatened to topple it. The Battle of Novara or Battle of Bicocca (Bicocca is a borough of Novara) was one of the battles fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom Events 1174 - Jocelin, Abbot of Melrose, is elected Bishop of Glasgow. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common See also Roman Republic, Roman Republic (18th century The Roman Republic was a short-lived (four months state established on February 8 The Papal States, State(s of the Church or Pontifical States (in Italian Stato Ecclesiastico, Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President At Mazzini's urging, Garibaldi took up the command of the defence of Rome. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 In a fighting near Velletri, Achille Cantoni saved his life. Velletri is a Comune in the Province of Rome, on the Alban Hills, in Lazio ( Latium) - Italy

On April 30, 1849 the Republican army, under the command of Garibaldi defeated a numerically far superior French army. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Subsequently, additional French reinforcements arrived and the siege of Rome began on June 1. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Despite the resistance of the Republican army, led by Garibaldi, the French prevailed on June 29. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. On June 30 the Roman Assembly met and debated three options: to surrender; to continue fighting in the streets of Rome; to retreat from Rome and continue the resistance from the Appennine mountains. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Garibaldi made a speech in which he favored the third option and then said: Dovunque saremo, colà sarà Roma. ^[3] (Wherever we may be, there will be Rome).

A truce was negotiated on July 1, and on July 2 Garibaldi withdrew from Rome with 4,000 troops. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival The French Army entered Rome on July 3 and reestablished the Holy See's temporal power. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Garibaldi and his forces, hunted by Austrian, French, Spanish, and Neapolitan troops, fled to the north with the intention to reach Venice, where the Venetians were still resisting the Austrian siege. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the After an epic march, Garibaldi took momentary refuge in San Marino, with only 250 men still following him. The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. Anita, who was carrying their fifth child, died near Comacchio during the retreat. Comacchio is a town of Emilia Romagna, Italy, in the Province of Ferrara, 48 km by road from the town of Ferrara, in the centre of the lagoon

The Americas

Garibaldi eventually managed to reach Portovenere, near La Spezia, but the Piedmontese government forced him to emigrate abroad again. La Spezia |istat = 011022--> Portovenere (sometimes in English Porto Venere) is a town and La Spezia ( Spèsa in the local dialect of Ligurian) is a city in the Liguria region of northern Italy, at the head of La Spezia

Abraham Lincoln offered Garibaldi the job of general of the United States union army in the civil war, however he turned the job down saying that Lincoln was not true to his principles. ^[4]

After a stay in Tangier, he moved on to Staten Island^[5], New York. Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish Staten Island (ˌstætənˈaɪlənd is a borough of New York City situated primarily on the island of the same name He arrived on the 30th of July 1850, and stayed in exile in an attempt to avoid publicity and exposure. His host was the inventor Antonio Meucci, where he spent some time working as a candlemaker in his plant on Staten Island, but was dissatisfied by the result. Antonio Meucci ( Florence, April 13, 1808 &ndash October 18, 1889) was an Italian -born inventor who developed a form of Staten Island (ˌstætənˈaɪlənd is a borough of New York City situated primarily on the island of the same name Afterwards he made several voyages as sea captain to the Pacific, the longest of which took two years from April of 1851^[5], during which he visited Andean revolutionary heroine Manuela Sáenz in Peru. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Doña Manuela Sáenz (born December 27, 1797, or possibly 1795 in Quito, Ecuador, died November 23, 1856 in Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America.

Garibaldi left New York City for the last time in November of 1853^[5].

Tyneside

On 21 March 1854, Garibaldi sailed into to the mouth of the River Tyne in north eastern England, as Master of the sailing vessel Commonwealth. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year The River Tyne is a River in England. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers the North Tyne and the South Tyne. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Captain is the traditional customary title given to the person in charge in command of a Ship at sea The ship had sailed from Baltimore and was flying the American flag when it docked and unloaded its cargo in South Shields. South Shields is a coastal town in Tyne and Wear, England, located at the mouth of the River Tyne. Garibaldi, already a popular figure on Tyneside, was welcomed enthusiastically by the local working class, although the Newcastle Courant reported that he refused an invitation to dine with dignitaries in nearby Newcastle. Tyneside is a Conurbation in northern England, which is home to over 80% of the Metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Newcastle upon Tyne ( (often shortened to Newcastle) is a city and Metropolitan borough of Tyne and Wear, England As a memento of his stay in the area, an inscribed sword, paid for through public subscriptions, was presented to Garibaldi. His grandson carried the sword to South Africa with him almost half a century later, when he volunteered to fight for the British Army in the Boer War. Brigadier-General Giuseppe Garibaldi II ( July 29, 1879 - May 19, 1950) was an Italian soldier grandson of Giuseppe The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: In total, Garibaldi stayed in Tyneside for over a month, departing at the end of April 1854. ^[6]

Second Italian War of Independence

Garibaldi returned again to Italy in 1854. Using a small legacy from the death of his brother, he bought half of the Italian island of Caprera (northern Sardinia), devoting himself to agriculture. Caprera is a small Island of 6 square miles (155 km² off the coast of Sardinia, Italy, located in the Maddalena archipelago. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) In 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence (also known as the Austro-Sardinian War) broke out in the midst of internal plots at the Sardinian government. The Second War of Italian Independence, Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War was fought by Napoleon III of France and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia The Second War of Italian Independence, Franco-Austrian War, or Austro-Sardinian War was fought by Napoleon III of France and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia Garibaldi was appointed major general, and formed a volunteer unit named the Hunters of the Alps. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries The Hunters of the Alps (Cacciatori delle Alpi were a special military corps created by Giuseppe Garibaldi in Cuneo on February 20, 1859 Thenceforth, Garibaldi abandoned Mazzini's republican ideal of the liberation of Italy, assuming that only the Piedmontese monarchy could effectively achieve it.

With his volunteers, he won victories over the Austrians at Varese, Como, and other places. See Edgard Varèse for the composer Varese (vaˈreze in Italian Varès in the local Lombard Dialect;

Garibaldi was however very displeased as his home city of Nice (Nizza in Italian) was surrendered to the French, in return for crucial military assistance. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek In April 1860, as deputy for Nice in the Piedmontese parliament at Turin, he vehemently attacked Cavour for ceding Nice and the Nizzardo to Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the French. The County of Nice or Niçard Country ( French: Comté de Nice / Pays Niçois, Italian: Contea di Nizza / Paese Nizzardo, Niçard In the following years Garibaldi (with other passionate Nizzardo Italians) promoted the Irredentism of his Nizza, even with riots (in 1872).

Campaign of 1860

See also: Expedition of the Thousand

On 24 January 1860, Garibaldi married a Lombard noblewoman, Giuseppina Raimondi, but left her immediately after the wedding ceremony due to her infidelities. The Expedition of the Thousand was a military campaign led by the revolutionary general Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860, in which a force of volunteers defeated the Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled

At the beginning of April 1860, uprisings in Messina and Palermo in the absolutist Kingdom of the Two Sicilies provided Garibaldi with an opportunity. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( Regno delle Due Sicilie) commonly known as just the Two Sicilies, was the name of a Kingdom in Europe. He gathered about a thousand volunteers (called i Mille, or, as popularly known, the Redshirts) in two ships, and landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily, on May 11. Redshirts is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy but sometimes Marsala is a seaport city located in the Province of Trapani on the island of Sicily in Italy. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople

Swelling the ranks of his army with scattered bands of local rebels, Garibaldi led 800 of his volunteers to victory over a 1500-strong enemy force on the hill of Calatafimi on May 15. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the He used the counter-intutive tactic of an uphill bayonet charge; however, he had seen that the hill on which the enemy had taken position was terraced, and the terraces gave shelter to his advancing men. Although small by comparison with the coming clashes at Palermo, Milazzo and Volturno, this battle was decisive in terms of establishing Garibaldi's power in the island; an apocryphal but realistic story had him say to his lieutenant Nino Bixio, Qui si fa l'Italia o si muore, that is, Today we'll unite Italy, or die trying. The next day, he declared himself dictator of Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy ( Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of He advanced then to Palermo, the capital of the island, and launched a siege on May 27. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed He had the support of many of the inhabitants, who rose up against the garrison, but before the city could be taken, reinforcements arrived and bombarded the city nearly to ruins. At this time, a British admiral intervened and facilitated an armistice, by which the Neapolitan royal troops and warships surrendered the city and departed.

Garibaldi had won a signal victory. He gained worldwide renown and the adulation of Italians. Faith in his prowess was so strong that doubt, confusion, and dismay seized even the Neapolitan court. Six weeks later, he marched against Messina in the east of the island. There was a ferocious and difficult battle at Milazzo, but Garibaldi won through. By the end of July, only the citadel resisted.

Having finished the conquest of Sicily, he crossed the Strait of Messina, under the nose of the Neapolitan fleet, and marched northward. The Strait of Messina ( Strittu di Missina in Sicilian) is the narrow section of water between the eastern tip of Sicily and the southern Garibaldi's progress was met with more celebration than resistance, and on September 7 he entered the capital city of Naples. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the However, despite taking Naples, he had not to this point defeated the Neapolitan army. Garibaldi's volunteer army of 24,000 was able to defeat the Neapolitan army (50,000 men including large drafts of Bavarian mercenaries) on September 30th at the Battle of Volturno. This was the largest battle he ever fought and a genuine masterpiece of defence and counter-attack; although the final decision was made by the enemy commander, King Francis II, who refused to fight a second day against the advice of all his commanders: a classic case of one commander gaining psychological predominance over another. Following this success, Garibaldi's plans were to march on to Rome, but he was blocked by the Piedmontese, technically his ally but unwilling to risk war with France, whose army protected the Pope. (The Piedmontese themselves had conquered most of the Pope's territories in their march south to meet Garibaldi, but they had deliberately avoided Rome, his capital. ) Garibaldi chose to hand over all his territorial gains in the south to the Piedmontese and withdrew to Caprera and temporary retirement. Some modern historians consider the handover of his gains to the Piedmontese as a political defeat, but he seemed willing to see Italian unity brought about under the Piedmontese crown. The meeting at Teano between Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II is the most important event in modern Italian history, but it is so shrouded in controversy that even the exact site where it took place is in doubt.

Aftermath

Garibaldi deeply disliked the Piedmontese Prime Minister, Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour. Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso Conte di Cavour, Conte di Isolabella e Leri ( August 10 1810 &ndash June To an extent, he simply mistrusted Cavour's pragmatism and realpolitik, but he also bore a personal grudge for trading away his home city of Nice to the French the previous year. Realpolitik ( German: de real “realistic” “practical” or “actual” and de Politik “politics” refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily On the other hand, he felt attracted toward the Piedmontese monarch, who in his opinion had been chosen by Providence for the liberation of Italy. In his famous meeting with Victor Emmanuel II at Teano on October 26, 1860, Garibaldi greeted him as King of Italy and shook his hand. Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy ( Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of Teano is a town of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 30 km north-west of that town on the main line to Rome from Naples Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Garibaldi rode into Naples at the king's side on November 7, then retired to the rocky island of Caprera, refusing to accept any reward for his services. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Caprera is a small Island of 6 square miles (155 km² off the coast of Sardinia, Italy, located in the Maddalena archipelago.

On October 5 Garibaldi set up the International Legion bringing together different national divisions of French, Poles, Swiss, German and other nationalities, with a view not just of finishing the liberation of Italy, but also of their homelands. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople The International Legion was created in Italy on October 5 1860 by Giuseppe Garibaldi. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. With the motto "Free from the Alps to the Adriatic", the unification movement set its gaze on Rome and Venice. Mazzini was discontented with the perpetuation of monarchial government, and continued to agitate for a republic. Garibaldi, frustrated at inaction by the king, and bristling over perceived snubs, organized a new venture. This time, he intended to take on the Papal States.

At the outbreak of the American Civil War (in 1861), Garibaldi volunteered his services to President Abraham Lincoln and was invited to serve as a major general in the Union Army. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Garibaldi then reconsidered saying that he would only serve on two conditions:

• That slavery would definitely be abolished
• That he would be given full command of the army.

These conditions were impossible for Lincoln to accept and so the offer was quietly withdrawn.

Expedition against Rome

A challenge against the Pope's temporal domain was viewed with great distrust by Catholics around the world, and the French emperor Napoleon III had guaranteed the independence of Rome from Italy by stationing a French garrison in Rome. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking the Papal States, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions. Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed he had the secret support of his government.

In June of 1862, he sailed from Genoa and landed at Palermo, seeking to gather volunteers for the impending campaign under the slogan Roma o Morte (Rome or Death). Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English An enthusiastic party quickly joined him, and he turned for Messina, hoping to cross to the mainland there. When he arrived, he had a force of some two thousand, but the garrison proved loyal to the king's instructions and barred his passage. They turned south and set sail from Catania, where Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. Catania ( Greek: &ndash Katánē; Latin: Catăna and Catĭna; Arabic: He landed at Melito on August 14, and marched at once into the Calabrian mountains. Melito di Porto Salvo (Miletos is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Reggio Calabria in the Italian region Calabria, located Calabria ( Latin: Brutium) is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of

Far from supporting this endeavor, the Italian government was quite disapproving. General Cialdini dispatched a division of the regular army, under Colonel Pallavicino, against the volunteer bands. On August 28 the two forces met in the rugged Aspromonte. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Main article Expedition against Rome. The Battle of Aspromonte, named for the mountain near Reggio Calabria in southern Italy Aspromonte is a mountain massif in the Province of Reggio Calabria ( Calabria, southern Italy) One of the regulars fired a chance shot, and several volleys followed, killing a few of the volunteers. The fighting ended quickly, as Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the Kingdom of Italy. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Many of the volunteers were taken prisoner, including Garibaldi, who had been wounded by a shot in the foot.

A government steamer took him to Varignano, where he was held in a sort of honorable imprisonment, and was compelled to undergo a tedious and painful operation for the healing of his wound. Arco is a Comune in the Province of Trento in northeast Italy, with a population of around 16023 His venture had failed, but he was at least consoled by Europe's sympathy and continued interest. After being restored to health, he was released and allowed to return to Caprera.

In 1864 he visited London, where his presence was received with enthusiasm by the population. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He met the British prime minister Henry Palmerston, as well as other revolutionaries then living in exile in the city. "Lord Palmerston" and "Henry Temple" redirect here At that time, his ambitious international project included the liberation of a range of occupied nations, such as Croatia, Greece, Hungary, but none of them turned into reality.

Final struggle with Austria, and other adventures

Garibaldi took up arms again in 1866, this time with the full support of the Italian government. The Austro-Prussian War had broken out, and Italy had allied with Prussia against Austria-Hungary in the hope of taking Venetia from Austrian rule (Third Italian War of Independence). The Austro-Prussian Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The Third Italian War of Independence was a conflict which paralleled the Austro-Prussian War, and was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire Garibaldi gathered again his Hunters of the Alps, now some 40,000 strong, and led them into the Trentino. The Invasion of Trentino was a series of military operation led by Italian and Austrian troops during the Third Italian Independence War of 1866 The Province of Trento (Provincia autonoma di Trento also called Trentino, is an Autonomous province of Italy. He defeated the Austrians at Bezzecca and made for Trento. The Battle of Bezzecca was fought on July 21, 1866 between Italy and Austria, in the course of the Third Italian Independence War Trento (traditional English Trent; Italian: Trento; German: Trient; Latin: Tridentum; Note that many

The Italian regular forces were defeated at Lissa on the sea, and made little progress on land after the disaster of Custoza. The Battle of Custoza took place on 24 June 1866 during the Third Italian Independence War in the Italian unification process An armistice was signed, by which Austria did cede Venetia to Italy, but this result was largely due to Prussia's successes on the northern front. Garibaldi's advance through Trentino was for nought and he was ordered to stop his advance to Trento. Garibaldi answered with a short telegram from the main square of Bezzecca with the famous motto: Obbedisco! ("I obey!").

After the war, Garibaldi led a political party that agitated for the capture of Rome, the peninsula's ancient capital. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral In 1867, he again marched on the city, but the Papal army, supported by a French auxiliary force, proved a match for his badly-armed volunteers. He was taken prisoner, held captive for a time, and then again returned to Caprera.

When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in July 1870, Italian public opinion heavily favored the Prussians, and many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 After the French garrison was recalled from Rome, the Italian Army captured the Papal States without Garibaldi's assistance. Following the wartime collapse of the Second French Empire at the battle of Sedan, Garibaldi, undaunted by the recent hostility shown to him by the men of Napoleon III, switched his support to the newly-declared French Third Republic. The Second French Empire or Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 between the Second The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe

“

On 7 September [1870], within three days of the revolution of 4 September in Paris, he wrote to the Movimento of Genoa: "Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means. "[7]

”

Subsequently, Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, an army of volunteers that was never defeated by the Prussians. The Army of the Vosges was a volunteer regiment in the Franco-Prussian War, famously led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Death

Despite being elected again to the Italian parliament, Garibaldi spent much of his late years in Caprera. He however supported an ambitious project of land reclamation in the marshy areas of southern Lazio. For the football club see SS Lazio Lazio ( Latium in Latin) is a regione of central

In 1879 he founded the "League of Democracy", pushing forward the universal suffrage, the abolition of the ecclesiastical property, and of the standing army. Ill and confined to a bed by arthritis, he made trips to Calabria and Sicily. Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body In 1880 he married Francesca Armosino, with whom he had previously had three children.

On his deathbed, Garibaldi asked that his bed be moved to where he could gaze at the emerald and sapphire sea. Upon his death on June 2, 1882 at the age of almost 75, his wishes for a simple funeral and cremation were not respected. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common ^[8]

Writings

Garibaldi wrote at least two novels, characterized by an anti-clerical tone:

• Clelia or Il governo dei preti (1867) english translation, t. 1 english translation, t. 2
• Cantoni il volontario (1870)
• I Mille (1873)

He also wrote non-fiction:

• Autobiography^[9] (v. 1 1807-1849)
• Memoirs,^[10] co-authored by Alexandre Dumas
• A translation of his memoirs is The life of Garibaldi written by himself (New York: Barnes, 1859)

Legacy

Garibaldi's popularity, his skill at rousing the common people, and his military exploits are all credited with making the unification of Italy possible. He also served as a global exemplar of mid-19th century revolutionary nationalism and liberalism. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal But following the liberation of southern Italy from the Neapolitan monarchy, Garibaldi chose to sacrifice his liberal republican principles for the sake of unification.

Garibaldi subscribed to the anti-clericalism common among Latin liberals and did much to circumscribe the temporal power of the Papacy. Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and His personal religious convictions are unclear to historians; in 1882 he wrote "Man created God, not God created Man" yet in his autobiography he is quoted as saying "I am a Christian, and I speak to Christians- I am a true Christian, and I speak to true Christians. I love and venerate the religion of Christ, because Christ came into the world to deliver humanity from slavery. . . " and "you have the duty to educate the people- educate the people- educate them to be Christians- educate them to be Italians. . . Viva Italia! Viva Christianity!".

An active freemason, Garibaldi had little use for rituals, but thought of masonry as a network to unite progressive men as brothers both within nations and as members of a global community. Progressivism is a term that refers to a broad school of international social and political philosophies. He was eventually elected the grand master of the Grand Orient of Italy. The Grande Oriente d'Italia or Grand Orient of Italy (GOI is a Masonic organization based at Palazzo Giustiniani Rome. ^[11]

Giuseppe Garibaldi died at Caprera in 1882, where he was interred. Five ships of the Italian Navy have been named after him, among which a World War II cruiser and the current flagship, the aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi. Design The Duca degli Abruzzi class cruisers were the final version of the ''Condottieri'' class and were larger and better protected than their predecessors flagship is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels a designation given on account of being either the largest fastest newest most heavily armed or for publicity purposes the most well An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Other ships with the same name Giuseppe Garibaldi (551 is the fourth ship of the Italian Navy named after the 19th century Italian General Giuseppe Garibaldi

Statues of his likeness, as well as the handshake of Teano, stand in many Italian squares, and in other countries around the world. On the top of the Gianicolo hill in Rome, there is a statue of Garibaldi on horse-back. Janiculum ( Gianicolo in Italian) is a hill in western Rome. Although the second-tallest hill (after Monte Mario) in the contemporary city of His face was originally turned in the direction of the Vatican (an allusion to his ambition to conquer the Papal States), but after the Lateran Treaty in 1929 the orientation of the statue was changed upon request of the Vatican. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The Lateran Treaty is one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy

English football team Nottingham Forest designed their home kit after the uniform worn by Garibaldi and his men and have worn a variation of this design since being founded in 1865. Nottingham Forest Football Club is an English professional football club based at the City Ground in West Bridgford, a suburb of Nottingham

In a recent book review in the New Yorker (July 9&16, 2007) of a Garibaldi biography, Tim Parks cites the eminent English historian, A.J.P. Taylor, as saying, "Garibaldi is the only wholly admirable figure in modern history. Alan John Percival Taylor ( March 25, 1906 – September 7, 1990) was a renowned English Historian of the 20th century "

The Garibaldi biscuit was named after him, as was a style of beard. The Garibaldi biscuit consists of currants squashed between two thin rectangular Biscuits - a currant sandwich

The Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy has been awarded annually since 2007 within the Six Nations rugby union framework to the victor of the match between France and Italy, in the memory of Garibaldi. The Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy - also known simply as the Garibaldi Trophy, Trofeo Garibaldi in Italian and Trophée Garibaldi in French Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short

See also

• Vittorio Emanuele II
• Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour
• Italian Wars of Independence
• Jessie White Mario
• Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy
• Italia irredenta
• Georgios Grivas
• Greek War of Independence
• Athanasios Diakos
• Subhas Chandra Bose, was leader in the Indian independence movement, and he was influenced by Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini. Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy ( Vittorio Emanuele II; March 14, 1820 – January 9, 1878) was the King of Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso Conte di Cavour, Conte di Isolabella e Leri ( August 10 1810 &ndash June Jessie White Mario (b 9 May 1832, Hampshire England - d 5 March 1906, Florence Italy) was an English woman of The Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy - also known simply as the Garibaldi Trophy, Trofeo Garibaldi in Italian and Trophée Garibaldi in French Georgios Grivas ( George Grivas; Greek: Γεώργιος Γρίβας) (May 23 1898 - January 27 1974 also known by his nom de guerre The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman Athanasios Diakos ( Greek: Αθανάσιος Διάκος (1788–1821 a Greek military commander during the Greek War of Independence and a Subhas Chandra Bose (সুভাষ চন্দ্র বসু (born January 23, 1897; presumed to have died August 18, 1945
• Mount Garibaldi

Notes

References

• Hughes-Hallett, Lucy (2004). Heroes: A History of Hero Worship. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4399-9.  
• (1902) Young People's History of the World for the Past One Hundred Years.  
• Ridley, Jasper (1976). Garibaldi. New York: Viking Press.  
• Werner, A. (1971). Autobiography of Giuseppe Garibaldi Vol. I, II, III. New York: Howard Fertig.  
• G.M. Trevelyan, Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic and Garibaldi and the Thousand

External links

• Works by Giuseppe Garibaldi at Project Gutenberg
• Garibaldi & the Risorgimento
• 1867 Caricature of Garibaldi by André Gill
• i Mille Garibaldini
• il Patriota dei Mille: Paolo Bovi Campeggi
• A recent review of Lucy Riall's “Garibaldi: The Invention of a Hero” (Yale, 2007) that appeared in the New Yorker. George Macaulay Trevelyan CBE OM ( February 16, 1876 Welcombe House, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works It contains an interesting description of the character.
• "Mio Padre" by Clelia Garibaldi Book's web site
• Brown University Library Original water-color panorama 273 feet in length painted around 1860 depicting the life and campaigns of Garibaldi

Persondata
NAME	Garibaldi, Giuseppe
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Italian general and patriot
DATE OF BIRTH	July 4, 1807
PLACE OF BIRTH	Nice, now in France
DATE OF DEATH	June 2, 1882
PLACE OF DEATH	Caprera, Italy

Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

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