"Gimli Glider" incident

Summary
Date	1983-07-23
Type	Fuel exhaustion
Site	over Ontario and Manitoba, Canada
Passengers	61
Crew	8
Injuries	10
Fatalities	0
Aircraft type	Boeing 767-233
Operator	Air Canada
Tail number	C-GAUN
Flight origin	Montreal-Dorval International Airport
Stopover	Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport
Destination	Edmonton International Airport

"Gimli Glider" is the nickname of an Air Canada aircraft which was involved in an infamous aviation incident. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Fuel starvation and fuel exhaustion (sometimes referred to as fuel depletion) are problems that can affect Internal combustion engines fuelled by either Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Air Canada () is Canada 's largest Airline and Flag carrier. The airline founded in 1937 has had its corporate headquarters in Montreal An aircraft registration is a unique Alphanumeric string that identifies an Aircraft, in similar fashion to a licence plate on an automobile Air Canada () is Canada 's largest Airline and Flag carrier. The airline founded in 1937 has had its corporate headquarters in Montreal Aviation refers to activities involving man-made flying devices ( Aircraft) including the people organizations and regulatory bodies involved with them On 23 July 1983, a Boeing 767-200 jet, Air Canada Flight 143, ran completely out of fuel at 41,000 feet (12,500 m) altitude, about halfway through its flight from Montreal to Edmonton. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. The crew was able to glide the aircraft safely to an emergency landing at Gimli Industrial Park Airport, a former airbase at Gimli, Manitoba. Gliding is a Recreational activity and competitive Sport in which pilots fly un-powered aircraft known as Gliders or sailplanes An emergency landing is an unplanned Landing made by an Aircraft in response to a crisis which either interferes with the operation of the aircraft or involves Gimli Industrial Park Airport,, is a former military field located west of Gimli, Manitoba, Canada. Gimli is a Rural municipality and the town of the same name located within it in south-central Manitoba, Canada. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America ^[1]

The subsequent investigation revealed corporate failures and a chain of minor human errors which combined to defeat built-in safeguards. In addition, fuel loading was miscalculated through misunderstanding of the recently adopted metric system. The metric system is a decimalised system of measurement. It exists in several variations with different choices of base units, though the choice of base units does

Contents 1 History 1.1 Running out of fuel 1.2 Landing at Gimli 2 Investigation 2.1 Fuel Quantity Indicator System 2.2 Refueling 3 Aftermath 4 Retirement 5 Similar incidents 6 References 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 External links

History

On 22 July 1983, the day before the incident flight, Air Canada's Boeing 767 (registration C-GAUN) flew from Toronto to Edmonton where it underwent routine checks. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario The next day it was flown to Montreal. Following a crew change, it departed Montreal as Flight 143 for the return trip to Edmonton via Ottawa, with Captain Robert (Bob) Pearson and First Officer Maurice Quintal at the controls. Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality.

Running out of fuel

At 12,500 m (41,000 feet), over Red Lake, Ontario, the aircraft's cockpit warning system sounded, indicating a fuel pressure problem on the aircraft's left side. Red Lake is a municipality and census subdivision in the Canadian province of Ontario, located northwest of Thunder Bay and less than from the Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Assuming that a fuel pump had failed, the pilots turned it off, as gravity would still feed fuel to the aircraft's two engines. The aircraft's computer indicated that there was still sufficient fuel for the flight, but, as subsequently realized, the calculation was based on incorrect settings (see Refuelling below). A few moments later, a second fuel pressure alarm sounded, prompting the pilots to divert to Winnipeg. Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Within seconds, the left engine failed and they began preparing for a single-engine landing.

As they communicated their intentions to controllers in Winnipeg and tried to restart the left engine, the cockpit warning system sounded again, this time with a long "bong" that no one present could recall having heard before. This was the "all engines out" sound, an event that had never been simulated during training. ^[2] Seconds later, most of the instrument panels in the cockpit went blank as the right-side engine also stopped and the 767 lost all power.

The 767 was one of the first airliners to include an Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS), a system that required the electricity generated by the aircraft's jet engines in order to operate. An electronic flight instrument system, or EFIS is a flight deck instrument display system in which the display technology used is electronic rather than electromechanical With both engines stopped, therefore, the system went dead, leaving only a few basic battery-powered emergency flight instruments. While these provided basic but sufficient information with which to land the aircraft, a vertical speed indicator – which would indicate the rate at which the aircraft was sinking and therefore how far it could glide unpowered – was not among them. The term Variometer also refers to a type of tunable Electrical Transformer A variometer (also known as a rate-of-climb indicator

In airliners the size of the 767, the engines also supply power for the hydraulic systems without which the aircraft cannot be controlled. A hydraulic or hydrostatic drive system or hydraulic power transmission is a drive- or transmission system that makes use of a hydraulic fluid under pressure to drive Such aircraft are therefore required to accommodate this kind of power failure. As with the 767, this is usually achieved through the automated deployment of a ram air turbine, a generator driven by a small propeller, which in turn is driven by the forward motion of the aircraft. A ram air turbine (RAT is a small Turbine and connected hydraulic pump or Electrical generator used as power source for Aircraft. As the Gimli pilots were to experience on their landing approach, a decrease in this forward motion means a decrease in the power available to control the aircraft.

Landing at Gimli

In line with their planned diversion to Winnipeg, the pilots were already descending through 28,000 feet (8500 m) when the second of their two engines stopped. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International They immediately searched their emergency checklist for the section on flying the aircraft with both engines stopped, only to find that no such section existed. ^[3] Captain Pearson, however, was an experienced glider pilot, which gave him familiarity with some flying techniques almost never used by commercial pilots. Terminology A "glider" is an unpowered Aircraft. The most common types of glider are today used for sporting purposes In order to have the maximum range and therefore the largest choice of possible landing site, he needed to fly the 767 at a speed known as the "best glide ratio speed". Glide ratio, also called Lift-to-drag ratio, glide number or finesse is an Aviation term that refers to the distance an Aircraft will move forward for Making his best guess as to this speed for the 767, he flew the aircraft at 220 knots (407 km/h). (For the South African airport with IATA code "KMH" see Johan Pienaar Airport. First Officer Maurice Quintal began making calculations to see if they could reach Winnipeg. He used the altitude from one of the mechanical backup instruments, while the distance traveled was supplied by the air traffic controllers in Winnipeg, measuring the distance the aircraft's echo moved on their radar screens. Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range altitude direction or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as Aircraft, ships The aircraft had lost 5,000 ft in 10 nautical miles (1. A nautical mile or sea mile is a unit of Length. It corresponds approximately to one minute of Latitude along any meridian. 5 km in 18½ km), giving a glide ratio of approximately 12:1. The controllers and Quintal both calculated that Flight 143 would not make it to Winnipeg.

At this point, Quintal proposed his former airforce base at Gimli as a landing site. RCAF Station Gimli was an air station of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF located near Gimli, Manitoba, Canada. Unknown to him, however, the base had become a drag strip and had decommissioned one of its runways. Furthermore, a "Family Day" was underway at the dragstrip that particular day and the area around the decommissioned runway was covered with cars and campers. The decommissioned runway itself was being used to stage a race.

Without power, the pilots had to try lowering the aircraft's main landing gear via a gravity drop, but, due to the airflow, the nose wheel failed to lock into position. In Aviation, the undercarriage or landing gear is the structure (usually wheels that supports an Aircraft on the ground and allows it to taxi Gravity drop refers to the use of Gravity to deploy Landing gear on an airplane in the event of hydraulic engine or power failure The decreasing forward motion of the aircraft also reduced the effectiveness of the ram air turbine, making the aircraft increasingly difficult to control. As the runway drew nearer, it became apparent that the aircraft was too high, prompting Pearson to execute a maneuver known as a forward slip to increase their drag and reduce their altitude. At the time Pearson executed the slip, the aircraft was flying over a golf course, and one passenger reportedly said "Christ. . . I can almost see what clubs they're using!". ^[3] A slip is commonly used with gliders and light aircraft, either to lose height quickly or to execute a cross-wind landing.

As soon as the wheels touched the runway, Pearson "stood on the brakes", blowing out two of the aircraft's tires. The unlocked nose wheel collapsed and was forced back into its housing, causing the aircraft's nose to scrape along the ground. The aircraft came to rest only a few hundred feet from the crowd of families gathered at the end of the runway.

None of the 61 passengers were hurt during the landing. A minor fire in the nose area was soon put out by racers and course workers armed with fire extinguishers. As the aircraft's nose had collapsed onto the ground, its tail was elevated and there were some minor injuries when passengers exited the aircraft via the rear slides. These were tended by a doctor who had been about to take off in an aircraft on Gimli's remaining runway.

Ironically, the mechanics sent out to Gimli from Winnipeg Airport were left stranded when their van ran out of fuel. ^[4] Another was sent to pick them up.

Investigation

The incident was the subject of an immediate investigation by Air Canada, which concluded that the pilots and mechanics were at fault. It was also subsequently investigated by the predecessor of the modern Transportation Safety Board of Canada; while concluding that Air Canada management was responsible for "corporate and equipment deficiencies", the report praised the flight and cabin crews for their "professionalism and skill". The Transportation Safety Board of Canada ( French Bureau de la sécurité des transports du Canada, officially the Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety ^[5] It noted that Air Canada "… neglected to assign clearly and specifically the responsibility for calculating the fuel load in an abnormal situation"^[6], finding that the airline had failed to reallocate the task of checking fuel load that had been the responsibility of the flight engineer on older (three-crew) aircraft.

Fuel Quantity Indicator System

Information about the amount of fuel in the tanks of a Boeing 767 is computed by the Fuel Quantity Indicator System (FQIS) and displayed on gauges in the cockpit. The FQIS on the incident aircraft was a dual processor channel, each calculating the fuel independently and cross-checking with the other. In the event of one failing the other could still operate alone, but under these circumstances the indicated quantity was required to be cross-checked against a dripstick measurement before departure. A dripstick is a thin hollow tube installed vertically in the bottoms of Fuel tanks of many large Aircraft, used to check fuel levels In the event of both channels failing there would be no fuel display in the cockpit, and the aircraft would be considered unserviceable and not authorized to fly.

After inconsistencies were found with the FQIS in other 767s, Boeing issued a service bulletin for the routine checking of this system. An engineer in Edmonton duly did so when the aircraft arrived from Toronto following a trouble-free flight the day before the incident. It was whilst conducting this check that the FQIS failed completely and the cockpit fuel gauges went blank. The engineer had previously encountered the same problem earlier in the month when the same aircraft had arrived, again from Toronto, with an FQIS fault. He found then that disabling the second channel by pulling the circuit breaker in the cockpit restored the fuel gauges to working order albeit with only the single FQIS channel operative. A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical Switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or In the absence of any spares he simply repeated this temporary fix by pulling and tagging the circuit breaker.

On the day of the incident the aircraft flew from Edmonton to Montreal. Before departure the engineer informed the pilot of the problem and confirmed that the tanks would have to be checked with the dripstick. In a misunderstanding however the pilot believed that the aircraft had been flown with the fault from Toronto the previous afternoon. The flight proceeded uneventfully with fuel gauges operating correctly on the single channel.

On arrival at Montreal there was to be a crew change for the return flight back to Edmonton. The outgoing pilot informed Captain Pearson and First Officer Maurice Quintal of the problem with the FQIS and passed on his mistaken belief that the aircraft had flown the previous day with this problem. In a further misunderstanding Captain Pearson believed that he was also being told that the FQIS had been completely unserviceable since then.

Whilst the aircraft was being prepared for its return to Edmonton, a maintenance worker decided to investigate the problem with the faulty FQIS. In order to test the system he re-enabled the second channel, at which point the fuel gauges in the cockpit went blank. He was then called away to perform a dripstick measurement of fuel remaining in the tanks. Distracted, he failed to disable the second channel, leaving the circuit breaker tagged (which masked the fact that it was no longer pulled). The FQIS was now completely unserviceable and the fuel gauges were blank.

A record of all actions and findings was made in the maintenance log, including the entry; “SERVICE CHK – FOUND FUEL QTY IND BLANK – FUEL QTY #2 C/B PULLED & TAGGED. . . ”. ^[7] This reports that the fuel gauges were blank and that the second FQIS channel was disabled, but does not make clear that the latter fixed the former.

On entering the cockpit Captain Pearson saw what he was expecting to see; blank fuel gauges and a tagged circuit breaker. He consulted the aircraft’s Minimum Equipment List (MEL) which told him that the aircraft could not be flown in this condition. In aviation a minimum equipment list (abbreviated MEL provides for the operation of an aircraft in airworthy conditions although certain instruments or equipment are inoperative However, the 767 was still a very new aircraft, having flown its maiden flight in September 1981. The maiden flight of an Aircraft is the first occasion on which an aircraft leaves the ground of its own accord C-GAUN was the 47th Boeing 767 off the production line, delivered to Air Canada less than 4 months previously. ^[8] In that time there had already been 55 changes to the MEL, and some pages were still blank pending development of procedures. As a result of this unreliability it had become practice for flights to be authorised by maintenance personnel. To add to his own misconceptions about the condition the aircraft had been flying in since the previous day, reinforced by what he saw in the cockpit, he now had a signed off maintenance log that it had become custom to prefer above the Minimum Equipment List.

Refueling

At the time of the incident, Canada was converting to the metric system. As part of this process, the new 767s being acquired by Air Canada were the first to be calibrated for the new system, using litres and kilograms instead of gallons and pounds. The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of Volume. A gallon is a measure of Volume. It is in current use in the United States and still has limited use in many other English-speaking countries The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass All other aircraft were still operating with United States customary units. US customary units, also known in the United States as English units or Imperial units (in reference to the British Empire) (but see English For the trip to Edmonton, the pilot calculated a fuel requirement of 22,300 kg. Edmonton (ˈɛdmɨntɨn is the capital of the Canadian province of Alberta. A dripstick check indicated that there were 7,682 litres already in the tanks. A dripstick is a thin hollow tube installed vertically in the bottoms of Fuel tanks of many large Aircraft, used to check fuel levels In order to calculate how much more fuel had to be uplifted the crew needed to convert the quantity in the tanks to a weight, subtract that figure from 22,300 and convert the result back into a quantity. (In previous times, this task would have been completed by a Flight Engineer, but the 767 was the first of a new generation of airliners operated by two flight crew where this position was redundant. In Aviation, a flight engineer is a member of the aircrew of some Aircraft. )

A litre of jet fuel weighs 0. 803 kg, so the correct calculation was:

7682 litres x 0. 803 = 6169 kg
22300 kg – 6169 kg = 16131 kg
16131 kg ÷ 0. 803 = 20163 litres

Between the ground crew and flight crew, however, they arrived at an incorrect conversion factor of 1. 77, the weight of a litre of fuel in pounds. This was the conversion factor provided on the refueller’s paperwork and which had always been used for the rest of the airline’s imperial calibrated fleet. Their calculation produced:

7682 litres x 1. 77 = 13597 ‘kg’
22300 kg – 13597 ‘kg’ = 8703 kg
8703 kg ÷ 1. 77 = 4916 litres

Instead of 22,300 kg of fuel, they had 22,300 pounds on board — only a little over 10,000 kg, or less than half the amount required to reach their destination. Knowing the problems with the FQIS, the Captain double-checked their calculations but was given the same incorrect conversion factor. All he did was check their arithmetic, inevitably coming up with the same erroneous figures.

The Flight Management Computer (FMC) measures fuel consumption, allowing the crew to keep track of fuel burned as the flight progresses. It is normally updated automatically by the FQIS, but in the absence of this facility it can be updated manually. Believing he had 22,300 kg of fuel on board, this is the figure the Captain entered.

Because the FMC would reset during the stopover in Ottawa the Captain had the fuel tanks measured again with the dripstick whilst there. In converting the quantity to kilograms, the same incorrect conversion factor was used. Believing they now had 20,400 kg of fuel, they still only had less than half the amount they actually needed.

Aftermath

It has been reported that, following Air Canada's internal investigation, Captain Pearson was demoted for six months, and First Officer Quintal was suspended for two weeks. Three maintenance workers were also suspended. ^[9] Nevertheless, in 1985 the pilots were awarded the first ever Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Diploma for Outstanding Airmanship. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI is the world governing body for Air sports and Aeronautics and Astronautics world records ^[10] Pearson retired in 1993. ^[11]

C-GAUN, fin 604, was patched at Gimli and flown out two days later. It remained in service with Air Canada until almost a quarter century later; it flew its last revenue flight (AC951 from Port-au-Prince, Haiti to Montreal, Canada) on 1 January 2008. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common

On 24 January 2008, the Gimli Glider took its final voyage, AC7067, from Montreal Trudeau to Mojave Airport before its retirement in the desert where it will be used for parts. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[11] An Air Canada newsletter, "The Daily" states:^[12]

The Gimli Glider retires to the desert. On Thursday, January 24th, fin 604, the Boeing 767-200 better known as the Gimli Glider, will undertake its final voyage from Montreal to Mojave Airport (MHV) before it is retired to the desert. Employees and retirees (bring valid employee ID) are invited to come and say goodbye to the aircraft which has now become part of Canadian aviation history. Fin 604 is set to depart as flight AC7067, at 9 a. m. from the Montreal Line Maintenance hangar - Air Canada Base, 750 Côte Vertu West; Building 7, Bay 8/13 (West end), Gate entrance 5. Captain Robert Pearson and First Officer Maurice Quintal, the flight crew who landed the aircraft to safety in Gimli on July 23, 1983 are expected to be on hand for the aircraft's departure. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) The hangar will be open to well-wishers from 8:00 a. m.

Flight AC7067 was captained by Jean-Marc Bélanger, a former head of the Air Canada Pilots Association, while Captain Robert Pearson and Maurice Quintal were onboard to oversee the flight from Montreal to California's Mojave Airport, its final resting place. Also on board were three of the six original flight attendants who were on Flight 143. ^[13]

Flight tracking services FlightAware and FlightView indicated on January 24, 2008 that 604's initial flight was from Montreal (CYUL) to Tucson International airport (KTUS), having a planned cruise altitude of FL400. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common According to FlightAware, 604 landed at 12:53 P. M. (MST) at Tucson International airport (KTUS). The Gimli Glider was then scheduled (but delayed) to depart Tucson and make the final flight to the Mojave Airport (KMHV) for retirement.

Retirement

The Gimli Glider was retired in January 2008. The crew from the incident in 1983 reunited to fly the airplane from Montreal to storage at the Mojave Air & Space Port in California. ^[14]

Similar incidents

In 2000, Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378 landed in a powerless glide 500 metres short of the runway at Vienna International Airport in Wien-Schwechat, the airport of Vienna. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Hapag-Lloyd Flight 3378 (HF-3378 registered as D-AHLB was a commercial Hapag-Lloyd Airlines Airbus A310 -304 flight on July 12, 2000. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. All aboard survived; again the cause was misleading information from the Flight Management System.

In 2001, Flight 236 of Air Transat, a Canadian charter airline, safely made an emergency landing in the Azores without fuel; in this case the cause was a fuel leak. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Air Transat Flight 236 was an Air Transat route between Toronto, Canada and Lisbon, Portugal flown by Captain Robert Air Transat AT Inc is an Airline based in Montreal Quebec Canada, operating scheduled and Charter flights and serving 90 destinations in 25 countries The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from The aircraft involved was an Airbus A330-243 (reg. C-GITS, cn 271), and it was the first fly-by-wire commercial aircraft in the world to make a successful "all engines out" landing.

References

Further reading

• Emergency, Crisis on the Flight Deck, Stanley Stewart, Airlife Publishing Ltd. The Globe and Mail is a Canadian English language nationally distributed Newspaper, based in Toronto and printed in six cities , 1992, ISBN 1 85310 348 9
• Freefall: From 41,000 feet to zero - a true story, William and Marilyn Hoffer, Simon & Schuster, 1989 ISBN 978-0671696894

See also

• Falling from the Sky: Flight 174, TV movie loosely based on this event
• Mayday (TV Series), incident covered in season 5 episode 3. Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L Falling from the Sky Flight 174 (also known as Freefall Flight 174) is a 1995 Television movie based on the story of the Gimli Glider Mayday (also known as Air Emergency in the United States Air Crash Investigation in the United Kingdom Australia and other This is an episode list for the documentary television program Mayday (also called Air Crash Investigation'' or Air Emergency in markets
• Mars Climate Orbiter, which was lost due to a navigation error when a subcontractor used Imperial units (pound-seconds) instead of the metric units (newton-seconds) as specified by NASA. The Mars Climate Orbiter (formerly the Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter was one of two spacecraft in the Mars Surveyor '98 program, the other being the Mars Polar Lander

External links

• Photos of the retired Gimli Glider at Mojave
• Video of retirement fly-by
• Retirement photos of Gimli Glider at CYUL (www.contrailsphotography.com)
• Gimli Glider write-up with links
• CBC Story and Video
• Photo of C-GAUN after the landing
• Pictures (airliners.net)
• GIMLI Detailed recollections on the Alt.Disasters.Aviation FAQ

Coordinates: 50°37′44″N 97°02′38″W / 50.62889, -97.04389

A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.

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