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Character from J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium
Name Gimli
Other names Elf-friend, Lockbearer
Titles Lord of the Glittering Caves, Dwarf of Lonely Mountain
Race Dwarves
Culture Durin's Folk, House of Durin
Date of birth 2879 Third Age
Date of departure to Aman 120 Fourth Age
Realm Lonely Mountain
Book(s) The Lord of the Rings

Gimli is a fictional character from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium, featured in The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien's Legendarium (ISBN 0-313-30530-7 is a collection of scholarly essays edited by Verlyn Flieger and Carl F A title is a prefix or suffix added to a person's name to signify either veneration an official position or a professional or academic qualification In J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium, the Lonely Mountain ( Sindarin Erebor) is a Mountain in the northeast This is a list of all animals that appear in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth legendarium Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Durin's folk or the Longbeards, were the most important folk of Dwarves. This article is about characters in JRR Tolkien's legendarium The Third Age is a time period from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth fantasy writings The Fourth Age and the later ages that followed it are time periods from J This is a list of the known realms of Arda in J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium. In J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium, the Lonely Mountain ( Sindarin Erebor) is a Mountain in the northeast The Lord of the Rings is an epic Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J Tolkien's Legendarium (ISBN 0-313-30530-7 is a collection of scholarly essays edited by Verlyn Flieger and Carl F The Lord of the Rings is an epic

Contents

Character overview

Gimli was a Dwarf of Durin's Folk who volunteered to accompany Frodo Baggins as a member of the Fellowship of the Ring on the quest to destroy the One Ring. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Durin's folk or the Longbeards, were the most important folk of Dwarves. The Fellowship of the Ring, or Company of the Ring, as described in the first volume of The Lord of the Rings, which bears the same name is He was an honourable, wise, and stalwart warrior, favouring the axe as his weapon.

Gimli became deeply enamoured upon meeting the Elf-lady Galadriel, and forged a friendship with the Elf Legolas; these relationships aided greatly in the rehabilitation of the long-weak relationship between the Eldar and the Dwarves of Middle-earth. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. Appearances Literature Stories of Galadriel's life prior to The Lord of the Rings are collected in the Unfinished Tales. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. Appearances Literature Legolas was the son of Thranduil, King of the Woodland Realm of Northern Mirkwood, who appears as "the Elvenking" In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, an Elf is an individual member of one of the races that inhabit the lands of Arda. Middle-earth refers to the fictional lands where most of the stories of author J

Appearances

Literature

Gimli was the son of Glóin, one of the former companions of the hobbit Bilbo Baggins (Tolkien's chief hero in his first fantasy novel, The Hobbit). This is a list of Dwarves from J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth. In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, Hobbits are a diminutive race that inhabit the lands of Middle-earth. Bilbo Baggins is the protagonist of The Hobbit and also makes an appearance in The Lord of the Rings, two of the most well-known of Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting The Hobbit or There and Back Again is an award-winning fantasy

He was a remote descendant of Durin the Deathless, chief of the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves and ancestor to the Dwarven people to which Gimli belonged, the Longbeards. This article is about characters in JRR Tolkien's legendarium Gimli was of the royal line, but not close to the succession; he was the third cousin once removed of Dáin II Ironfoot, king of Durin's Folk, and the first cousin once removed of Balin, also one of Bilbo's former companions, and later Lord of Moria for a short time. Dáin II Ironfoot was a Dwarven king of Erebor from J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy legendarium concerning Middle-earth In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Durin's folk or the Longbeards, were the most important folk of Dwarves. Balin is a fictional character in J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Moria was the name given by the Eldar to what had once been an enormous underground complex in north-western Middle-earth

Gimli was introduced in the first volume of The Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring, at the Council of Elrond Half-elven, which he attended together with his father to bring news of his home, Erebor (the Lonely Mountain). The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings by the English author J Character overview Elrond was Lord of Rivendell, one of the mighty rulers of old that remained in Middle-earth in its Third Age. In J R R Tolkien 's fictional universe of Middle-earth, the Half-elven ( Sindarin singular Peredhil, plural Peredhel, Quenya In J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium, the Lonely Mountain ( Sindarin Erebor) is a Mountain in the northeast There they learned that Bilbo's kinsman Frodo now owned the One Ring, a Ring of Power forged and then lost by the Dark Lord Sauron. The Rings of Power are fictional artifacts of J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium. Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy The Council decided to have it destroyed by casting it into the volcanic Mount Doom in Sauron's domain of Mordor. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Mordor (from Sindarin Black Land and Quenya Land of Shadow Frodo volunteered for the task, and Elrond chose eight people of varying races to aid him in his task — including Gimli. Thus, the Fellowship of the Ring was formed. The Fellowship of the Ring, or Company of the Ring, as described in the first volume of The Lord of the Rings, which bears the same name is

Within the Fellowship there was initially friction between Gimli and the Elf Legolas, for various reasons: their races bore an old grudge against each other over the ancient matter of the Necklace of the Dwarves and the destruction of Doriath, and more recently Thranduil, Legolas' father, once imprisoned Gimli's father Glóin (as described in The Hobbit). Appearances Literature Legolas was the son of Thranduil, King of the Woodland Realm of Northern Mirkwood, who appears as "the Elvenking" "Arkenstone" redirects here For the composer of electronic and new age music see David Arkenstone. In literature Thranduil first appears in The Hobbit as the Elvenking, when Bilbo and the Dwarves enter his relm in the northern part

When the company was forced to enter an ancient underground Dwarf-realm, the Mines of Moria, Gimli was at first enthusiastic and hoped to find a recently established colony of his people there, led by Balin. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Moria was the name given by the Eldar to what had once been an enormous underground complex in north-western Middle-earth However, Moria was still inhabited by a huge number of Orcs and several Cave Trolls, as well as a Balrog, and Balin and his folk were all dead. In J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy writings Orcs or Orks are a race of creatures who are used as soldiers and henchmen by both the greater and lesser villains In J R R Tolkien 's world of Middle-earth, Trolls are very large (twelve feet tall or more humanoids of great strength and poor intellect This article deals with J R R Tolkien's Balrogs For other uses see Balrog (disambiguation. The Fellowship found his tomb in the chamber of Records, together with a chronicle of events, but Orcs had discovered their presence and they had to fight their way out. In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, Moria was the name given by the Eldar to what had once been an enormous underground complex in north-western Middle-earth "Arkenstone" redirects here For the composer of electronic and new age music see David Arkenstone.

After their leader Gandalf the Wizard fell into a chasm during a heated battle with the Balrog, the Fellowship finally escaped the Mines. Concept and creation Humphrey Carpenter in his 1977 biography relates that Tolkien owned a Postcard entitled Der Berggeist ("the mountain In the fiction of J R R Tolkien, the Wizards of Middle-earth are a group of five beings outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical This article deals with J R R Tolkien's Balrogs For other uses see Balrog (disambiguation. Aragorn, a Man and a Ranger, then led them to the forest of Lothlórien, populated by Elves who were not friendly to Dwarves. Aragorn II is a fictional character from J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth Legendarium. The race of Men in J R R Tolkien 's Middle-earth books such as The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, refers to In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, the Rangers of the North, also known as the Dúnedain of the North, were the descendants of the Dúnedain In J R R Tolkien 's fiction Lothlórien is a Welsh -sounding name given to the fairest forest realm of the Elves remaining in Middle-earth Gimli was told he had to be blindfolded if he was to enter the forest, and his refusal nearly led to a violent situation, which was defused only when Aragorn proposed that the entire Fellowship be blindfolded, which was done.

Gimli's opinion of Elves drastically changed when he met Galadriel, co-ruler of Lothlórien: her beauty, kindness, and understanding impressed Gimli so much that, when given the opportunity to ask for whatever he wished, he asked not for treasures or magical items, but rather for one of Galadriel's silver-gold hairs. Appearances Literature Stories of Galadriel's life prior to The Lord of the Rings are collected in the Unfinished Tales. He was given three, which he would treasure forever. Gimli was subsequently given the nickname Lockbearer by Galadriel as a result. [1] By the end of the sojourn in Lothlórien, Gimli had formed his unlikely friendship with Legolas.

At Amon Hen, the company was sundered, for the Man Boromir, son of the lord of Gondor, tried to take the Ring from Frodo and use it for Gondor and his own gain in their ongoing war against Sauron. Boromir is a supporting character in J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium. Frodo fled at this and went ahead, accompanied only by his servant Sam Gamgee. Samwise Gamgee, later known as Samwise Gardner and commonly known as Sam, is a Fictional character in J

In the second volume, The Two Towers, the other members of the Fellowship were scattered while looking for Frodo, and by ill-chance the two other hobbits of the party, Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took, were captured by Orcs who were stalking them. The Two Towers is the second volume of J R R Tolkien 's High fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. Meriadoc Brandybuck, usually referred to as Merry, is a Fictional character from J Biography Pippin was the only hobbit who had not yet reached his 'coming of age' when the Fellowship set out (being eight years younger than Merry while Frodo himself was 50 Boromir was mortally wounded defending them, and it fell to Gimli, Aragorn and Legolas to set him on a funeral boat. They decided to go after Merry and Pippin, for Frodo was out of their hands.

After running a great distance in a few days and thus entering the land of Rohan, they met the Marshal Éomer and his riders, who had slain the Orc-band. Rohan, is a fictional realm in J R R Tolkien 's Fantasy era of Middle-earth. Appearances Literature Éomer of the House of Eorl, was the son of Théodwyn and Éomund, a Chief Marshal of the Riddermark. When Éomer spoke ill of the name Galadriel, having been told false rumours about her, Gimli responded with overtly harsh words, leading to a hostile situation that again had to be defused by Aragorn. Continuing their search for the hobbits, they came across a resurrected Gandalf in Fangorn forest, who assured them that the hobbits were now safe. Fangorn ( Sindarin:; "Beardtree") in JRR Tolkien's Legendarium, is a forest located in the fictional world of Middle-earth Gandalf led them to Rohan's capital, Edoras, where he roused King Théoden, Éomer's uncle, out of inaction and exposed his counsellor Gríma as a spy. Early life Théoden was the only son of King Thengel and Morwen of Lossarnach (a region of Gondor) Gríma, called (the Wormtongue, is a fictional character in J

Gimli proved his valour in combat in the ensuing Battle of the Hornburg against the forces of the evil Wizard Saruman. The Battle of the Hornburg is a fictional Battle in J R R Tolkien 's novel The Lord of the Rings. Concept and creation Saruman first appears in 1954's The Fellowship of the Ring, the first volume of the Fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings In that battle, he and Legolas engaged in an Orc-slaying contest (Gimli won by one; he killed 42 to Legolas' 41), although he received a minor head injury and his axe was notched on the iron collar of the forty-second orc or Uruk. Appearances Literature Legolas was the son of Thranduil, King of the Woodland Realm of Northern Mirkwood, who appears as "the Elvenking" Later, Gimli's vivid description of the Glittering Caves of Aglarond moved the Elf to promise to come back and visit when the War was over. In the fictional Fantasy -world of J R R Tolkien, the War of the Ring was fought between Sauron and the free peoples of Middle-earth (They eventually fulfilled this promise, with Gimli also consenting to visit Fangorn forest. ) Their friendship was a model for overcoming prejudice; they even rode together on the same horse. After their victory, Gimli and the others went to Saruman's stronghold of Isengard, where Gandalf cast Saruman out of the Order of Wizards and broke his staff. For the assault on Isengard by the Ents see Destruction of Isengard.

In the third volume, The Return of the King, Gimli accompanied Aragorn, Legolas, a company of Rangers of the North, and Elrond's sons on the Paths of the Dead, where at the stone of Erech Aragorn summoned the Dead Men of Dunharrow, shades bound to fight for the king of Gondor, which Aragorn rightfully was. The Return of the King is the third and final volume of J R R Appearances Literature They were born in TA 130 and they have a younger sister Arwen. In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, the Paths of the Dead were a haunted pass through the White Mountains. Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J R R Tolkien 's writings described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth by the end of the In J R R Tolkien 's High fantasy world of Middle-earth, the Dead Men of Dunharrow (also referred as the Shadow Host, the Grey Host Gimli witnessed the Dead Men rout enemy invaders at Pelargir in south Gondor by the power of fear alone. Gondor is a fictional kingdom in J R R Tolkien 's writings described as the greatest realm of Men in the west of Middle-earth by the end of the After Aragorn dismissed the shades, the menfolk of south Gondor gathered to his banner, and they all sailed in the enemy's abandoned ships to Gondor's capital Minas Tirith, which was then under siege. This article is about the city in the Third Age. For the First Age tower of the same name see Minas Tirith (First Age. Their arrival eventually led to victory in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. In J R R Tolkien 's fantasy fiction, the Battle of the Pelennor Fields is the battle for the city of Minas Tirith between the forces of Gondor Gimli alone represented the Dwarves in the final battle against Sauron at the Black Gate of Mordor. In J R R Tolkien 's Legendarium, the Battle of the Morannon or Battle of the Black Gate is a fictional event that took place at the end of the He also recognized Peregrin Took's feet underneath a troll and saved the young hobbit's life. Before the host of Gondor could be overwhelmed, the Ring was destroyed, and Sauron was defeated.

After the War, Gimli led a large number of Durin's folk south to establish a new Dwarf-realm at Aglarond, and he became the first Lord of the Glittering Caves. In J R R Tolkien 's Fictional universe of Middle-earth, Durin's folk or the Longbeards, were the most important folk of Dwarves. The Dwarves of the Glittering Caves, led by their lord, repaired much of the physical damage incurred during the War. Most notably, they replaced the ruined Great Gate of Minas Tirith with a new one made of mithril and steel, as well as improving upon the existing layout of the entire city.

According to the Red Book of Westmarch, after Aragorn's death as King of the Reunited Kingdom in Fourth Age 120 Gimli (then very old) travelled with Legolas into the West, becoming the first Dwarf to visit the Undying Lands. The Red Book of Westmarch (sometimes Red Book of the Periannath, and The Downfall of the Lord of the Rings, also known as the Thain's Book after its principal The Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor is a Fictional realm from J This stemmed from his love for both Legolas and Lady Galadriel.

Adaptations

Film

Gimli in the 1978 cartoon adaptation of The Lord of the Rings.
Gimli in the 1978 cartoon adaptation of The Lord of the Rings. JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated Fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi.
Gimli (John Rhys-Davies) in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.
Gimli (John Rhys-Davies) in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. John Rhys-Davies (born May 5, 1944) is a British Actor and vocal actor born in England The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 Fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the similarly titled first

Gimli was voiced by David Buck in Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of The Lord of the Rings. Ralph Bakshi (born October 29 1938 is an American director of animated and occasionally live-action films The year 1978 in film involved some significant events Top grossing films (U JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated Fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi. Here he is drawn as being almost as tall as the rest of the non-hobbit members of the Fellowship.

Gimli does not appear in the the 1980 animated version of The Return of the King. The Return of the King is an animated adaptation of the novel by J

In Peter Jackson's movie trilogy (20012003) Gimli is played by John Rhys-Davies, who happened to be taller than the actors playing the Hobbits, who were only 1. Peter Robert Jackson, CNZM (born 31 October 1961 is a three-time Academy Award -winning New Zealand director producer and writer best known for directing The Lord of the Rings film trilogy consists of three Live action Fantasy Epic films The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 The year 2001 in film involved some significant events (For more about non-English films check sources in those languages The year 2003 in film involved some significant events Releases of sequels took place with movies like 2 Fast 2 Furious, The Lord of the Rings The Return John Rhys-Davies (born May 5, 1944) is a British Actor and vocal actor born in England In J R R Tolkien 's legendarium, Hobbits are a diminutive race that inhabit the lands of Middle-earth. 67 m (5'6") and 1. 70 (5'7") while Rhys-Davies is 1. 85 m (6'1"). Thus in scenes where Gimli and the Hobbits appear together, their respective sizes remain in proportion, whereas in scenes where they have to interact with human-sized characters, tricks of scale had to be employed, especially since John Rhys-Davies is also taller than Viggo Mortensen and Orlando Bloom (who played Aragorn and Legolas respectively), both of whom are 1. Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr (born October 20 1958 is a Golden Globe - and Academy Award -nominated Danish American Theater and movie Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom (born 13 January 1977) is an English Actor. 80 m (5'11").

Also, Gimli is given a heavy helmet and many axes of different shapes and uses. In the 3 movies, Gimli wields 4 axes:

In the book, he bears only one axe and a "short corslet of steel rings" of superlative quality, being made by Dwarves. Gimli uses this axe both one and two-handed during various affrays, his martial prowess creating a profound impression on those fighting by his side, especially during the siege of the Hornburg. Aglarond Aglarond and Angrenost (later Isengard) were the two fortresses built by Gondor guarding the Fords of Isen. Tolkien's Gimli also wears a hood, following the custom of his folk; he only replaces his hood with a helm (and a green shield) from the armoury of Meduseld before setting off to the Hornburg. This helm is later lost during the battle, where he is wounded in the head; the green shield is not mentioned again.

In the movies, Gimli's more prosaic and blunt style compared to Aragorn and Legolas is somewhat exaggerated, and he sometimes provides the defusing comic relief, which some readers found distasteful due to it being untrue to the source material and unfair to the character. Comic relief is the inclusion of a humorous character or scene or witty dialogue in an otherwise serious work often to relieve tension [2][3][4] It is also inconsistent with the nature of the Dwarvish race, described in just about every print source as "grim and plain-speaking", or variations thereof. A cinematic defence to this is that Merry and Pippin provide the comic relief initially, but as the saga unfolds the War forces them to mature, so Gimli becomes the sole source of comic relief in order to pace dramatic tension. Meriadoc Brandybuck, usually referred to as Merry, is a Fictional character from J Biography Pippin was the only hobbit who had not yet reached his 'coming of age' when the Fellowship set out (being eight years younger than Merry while Frodo himself was 50

Stage

Gimli (Elizabeth Harris) (left) in the 2003 Cincinnati stage production of The Return of the King.
Gimli (Elizabeth Harris) (left) in the 2003 Cincinnati stage production of The Return of the King.
See also: The Lord of the Rings (musical)

In the United States, Gimli was portrayed by Elizabeth Harris in the Cincinnati stage productions of The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002), and The Return of the King (2003) for Clear Stage Cincinnati. This article is about the theatrical productions For other uses see The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation. Founded in 2003 Clear Stage Cincinnati is a professional theatre company in Cincinnati Ohio, United States, dedicated to developing and showcasing fresh new theatrical At Chicago's Lifeline Theatre, Gimli was played on-stage by Brooks Darrah in The Two Towers (1999).

In Canada, Gimli was portrayed by Ross Williams in the 3-hour Toronto stage production of The Lord of the Rings, which opened in 2006.

Radio

Gimli was voiced by Douglas Livingstone in the 1981 BBC Radio adaptation. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 BBC Radio is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal Charter since 1927 In 1981 the UK radio station BBC Radio 4 broadcast a dramatisation of J

Concept and creation

The name Gimli first appeared in Tolkien's works in The Tale of Tinúviel, the earliest version of the story of Beren and Lúthien Tinúviel, found in the second volume of The Book of Lost Tales. Character overview He was the son of Emeldir and Barahir, a Man of the royal House of Bëor of Dorthonion. Character overview Lúthien was the only child of Elu Thingol, king of Doriath, and his queen Melian the Maia. The Book of Lost Tales is the title of a collection of early stories by J Here, the name belongs to an aged Elf, a prisoner along with Beren in the kitchens of Tevildo, Prince of Cats (forerunner of Sauron). Sauron (ˈsaʊrɒn Quenya: /sawrɔn/ literal meaning "Abhorred") is the title character and the principal Antagonist of the Fantasy During the writing of The Lord of the Rings, as told in The Return of the Shadow, Gimli's character was first named Frar, then Burin, and he was the son of Balin. Contents The volumes include (HoME 6 The Return of the Shadow ( 1988) (HoME 7 The Treason of Isengard ( Later, Tolkien may have considered having Gimli die in Moria, but changed his mind.

Notes

  1. ^ According to "The History of Galadriel and Celeborn" in Unfinished Tales, this same request was made, thousands of years previously, by Galadriel's uncle Fëanor, greatest of the Noldorin Elves (whose creation of the Silmarils may have been inspired by that same silver-gold hair). Appearances Literature Celeborn's ancestry is not exactly certain Unfinished Tales (full title Unfinished Tales of Númenor and Middle-earth) is a collection of stories and essays by J Fëanor is a character from J R R Tolkien 's fictional history The Silmarillion. In the works of J R R Tolkien, the Noldor (meaning those with knowledge) were those of the second clan of the Elves, the Tatyar, who came The Silmarils ( Quenya pl Silmarilli, radiance of pure light) are three brilliant jewels which contained the unmarred light of the Two Trees Galadriel refused Fëanor's request, but she granted Gimli's, perhaps because of his humility.
  2. ^ Croft, Janet B. The Mines of Moria: "Anticipation" and "Flattening" in Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring. From http://faculty-staff.ou.edu, last retrieved on 21 August 2006
  3. ^ Chance, Jane. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Is there a text in this Hobbit? Peter Jackson's The Fellowship of the Ring. Originally for Literature Film Quarterly, 2002. Last retrieved on 25 August 2006
  4. ^ Kirst, Sean. "Tolkien Scholar Stings "Rings" Films. " Review of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. First published in the Syracuse Post-Standard, 4 February 2003. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. May be accessed here in full, last retrieved 15 September 2006

External links


Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
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