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Western Philosophy
20th-century philosophy
Name
Gilles Deleuze
Birth January 18, 1925
Paris, France
Death November 4, 1995 (aged 70)
Paris, France
School/tradition Continental philosophy · Empiricism
Main interests Aesthetics
History of Western philosophy
Metaphilosophy · Metaphysics
Notable ideas Affect · Assemblage
Body without organs
Deterritorialization · Line of flight
Plane of immanence · Rhizome
Schizoanalysis
Influenced by Bergson · Nietzsche · Spinoza · Kant · Félix Guattari · Michel Foucault
Influenced Eric Alliez · Alexander Bard · Manuel de Landa · Michael Hardt · Pierre Klossowski · Slavoj Žižek · Jean-Jacques Lecercle · Brian Massumi · Antonio Negri · Michel Foucault · Lewis Call · Félix Guattari

Gilles Deleuze (IPA: [ʒil dəløz]), (January 18, 1925 – November 4, 1995) was a French philosopher of the late 20th century. Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies See also [[Analytic philosophy]] and [[Continental philosophy]] The 20th century brought with it upheavals that produced a series of conflicting developments within Philosophy Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Metaphilosophy (from Greek Meta + Philosophy) is the study of the subject and matter methods and aims of Philosophy Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science " Affect " ( Latin affectus or adfectus) is a Concept used in Philosophy by Spinoza, Deleuze and A New Philosophy of Society Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity (hereafter referred to as ANPS is a short 2006 book by Manuel De Landa. Gilles Deleuze introduced the notion of the " Body without Organs " (or "BwO" in The Logic of Sense (1969 but it was not until his Deterritorialization is a Concept created by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in Anti-Oedipus (1972 which in accordance to Deleuze's A line of flight or line of escape is a concept developed by Gilles Deleuze and used extensively in his work with Felix Guattari. Plane of immanence is a founding concept in the Metaphysics or Ontology of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Rhizome is a philosophical concept developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1972-1980 project Schizoanalysis was first introduced in 1972 by philosopher Gilles Deleuze and psychoanalyst Felix Guattari in their book Anti-Oedipus Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Alexander Bengt Magnus Bard (born 17 March 1961 is a Swedish artist music producer and philosopher Manuel DeLanda, (born 1952 in Mexico City) is a Writer, Artist and Philosopher who has lived in New York since 1975 Michael Hardt (born 1960 is an American literary theorist and political philosopher based at Duke University. Pierre Klossowski ( August 9, 1905 — August 12, 2001) was a French writer translator and artist Slavoj Žižek (ˈslavoj ˈʒiʒɛk (born 21 March 1949) is a Post-Marxist Sociologist, Philosopher, and Cultural critic Brian Massumi is a philosopher writer and political theorist His work focuses on perception affect and the virtual Antonio ("Toni" Negri (born August 1, 1933) is an Italian Marxist political philosopher. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Lewis Call is an American academic notable for being a central post-anarchist thinker Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French philosophy, here taken to mean Philosophy in French language, has been extremely diverse and has influenced both the analytic and continental From the early 1960s until his death, Deleuze wrote many influential works on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Fine art is any Art form developed primarily for Aesthetics rather than Utility. His most popular books were the two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia: Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980), both co-written with Félix Guattari. Capitalism and Schizophrenia is a two-volume theoretical work by the French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Anti-Œdipus (1972 is a book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze and Psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus ( Mille Plateaux) (1980 is a book by the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the psychoanalyst Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist His books Difference and Repetition (1968) and The Logic of Sense (1969) led Michel Foucault to declare that "one day, perhaps, this century will be called Deleuzian. Difference and Repetition (French Différence et répétition) is a 1968 book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze which concerns The Logic of Sense (French Logique du sens) a book released by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze in 1969, is an exploration Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. "[1] (Deleuze, for his part, said Foucault's comment was "a joke meant to make people who like us laugh, and make everyone else livid. "[2])

Contents

Life

Deleuze was born in Paris and lived there for most his life. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city His initial schooling was undertaken during World War II, during which time he attended the Lycée Carnot. The Lycée Carnot is a public secondary and Higher education school located at 145 Boulevard Malesherbes in Paris, France, in the He also spent a year in khâgne at the Lycée Henri IV. Khâgne is an informal term used by French students for classes préparatoires littéraires, the two year cycle of classes taken after The Lycée Henri-IV (sometimes called HIV, H4, or Henri-Quatre) is a public Secondary school located in Paris. In 1944 Deleuze went to study at the Sorbonne. The historic University of Paris (Université de Paris first appeared in the second half of the 13th century His teachers there included several noted specialists in the history of philosophy, such as Georges Canguilhem, Jean Hyppolite, Ferdinand Alquié, and Maurice de Gandillac, and Deleuze's lifelong interest in the canonical figures of modern philosophy owed much to these teachers. Georges Canguilhem ( Castelnaudary, June 4, 1904 &ndash September 11, 1995 in Marly-le-Roi) was a French Jean Hyppolite ( Jonzac 1907 - Paris 1968 was a French Philosopher known for championing the work of Hegel, and other German philosophers and Ferdinand Alquié (born Carcassonne 1906 died Montpellier 1985 was a French philosopher and member of the Académie française. Nonetheless, Deleuze also found the work of non-academic thinkers such as Jean-Paul Sartre strongly attractive. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French [3] He agrégated in philosophy in 1948. In France, the agrégation is a civil service Competitive examination for some positions in the Public education system

Deleuze taught at various lycées (Amiens, Orléans, Louis le Grand) until 1957, when he took up a position at the Sorbonne. The Lycée Louis-le-Grand (sometimes nicknamed LLG) is a public Secondary school located in Paris, widely regarded as one of the most demanding in In 1953, he published his first monograph, Empiricism and Subjectivity, on Hume. David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy He married Denise Paul "Fanny" Grandjouan in 1956. From 1960 to 1964 he held a position at the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique. During this time he published the seminal Nietzsche and Philosophy (1962) and befriended Michel Foucault. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. From 1964 to 1969 he was a professor at the University of Lyon. The University of Lyon ( Université de Lyon) located in Lyon, France, is a center for higher education and research comprising 16 institutions of higher In 1968 he published his two dissertations, Difference and Repetition (supervised by Gandillac) and Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza (supervised by Alquié). Difference and Repetition (French Différence et répétition) is a 1968 book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze which concerns

In 1969 he was appointed to the University of Paris VIII at Vincennes/St. The University of Paris VIII or University of Vincennes in Saint-Denis (french Université de Vincennes à Saint-Denis) was founded in 1969 as a direct Denis, an experimental school organized to implement educational reform. This new university drew a number of talented scholars, including Foucault (who suggested Deleuze's hiring), and the psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. Pierre-Félix Guattari ( April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French Militant, institutional Psychotherapist Deleuze taught at Vincennes until his retirement in 1987.

Deleuze, a heavy smoker, suffered from lung cancer. Lung cancer is a Disease of uncontrolled Cell growth in tissues of the Lung. [4] Although he had a lung removed, the disease had spread throughout his pulmonary system. Deleuze underwent a tracheotomy, lost the power of speech[5] and considered himself 'chained like a dog' to an oxygen machine. Tracheotomy and tracheostomy are Surgical procedures on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (the windpipe [6] By the last years of his life, simple tasks such as handwriting required laborious effort. In 1995, he committed suicide, throwing himself from the window of his apartment.

Upon Deleuze's death, his colleague Jean-François Lyotard sent a fax to Le Monde, in which he wrote of his friend:

"He was too tough to experience disappointments and resentments — negative affections. Jean-François Lyotard (ʒɑ̃ fʀɑ̃swa ljɔˈtaʀ August 10 1924 April 21 1998) was a French philosopher and literary Le Monde (The World is a In this nihilist fin de siècle, he was affirmation. Right through to illness and death. Why did I speak of him in the past? He laughed, he is laughing, he is here. It's your sadness, idiot, he'd say. "[7]

The novelist Michel Tournier, who knew Deleuze when both were students at the Sorbonne, described him thus:

"The ideas we threw about like cottonwool or rubber balls he returned to us transformed into hard and heavy iron or steel cannonballs. Michel Tournier (1924 -) is a French writer His works are highly considered and have won important awards such as the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie Française We quickly learnt to be in awe of his gift for catching us red-handed in the act of cliché-mongering, talking rubbish, or loose thinking. He had the knack of translating, transposing. As it passed through him, the whole of worn-out academic philosophy re-emerged unrecognisable, totally refreshed, as if it has not been properly digested before. It was all fiercely new, completely disconcerting, and it acted as a goad to our feeble minds and our slothfulness. "[8]

Deleuze himself almost entirely demurred from autobiography. When once asked to talk about his life, he replied: "Academics' lives are seldom interesting. "[9] When a critic seized upon Deleuze's unusually long, uncut fingernails as a revealing eccentricity, he drily noted a more obvious explanation: "I haven't got the normal protective whorls, so that touching anything, especially fabric, causes such irritation that I need long nails to protect them. "[10] Deleuze concludes his reply to this critic thus:

"What do you know about me, given that I believe in secrecy? . . . If I stick where I am, if I don't travel around, like anyone else I make my inner journeys that I can only measure by my emotions, and express very obliquely and circuitously in what I write. . . . Arguments from one's own privileged experience are bad and reactionary arguments. "[11]

Philosophy

Deleuze's work falls into two groups: on one hand, monographs interpreting modern philosophers (Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, Bergson, Foucault) and artists (Proust, Kafka, Francis Bacon); on the other, eclectic philosophical tomes organized by concept (e. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic Francis Bacon' (28 October 1909 – 28 April 1992 was an Irish-born British figurative painter. g. , difference, sense, events, schizophrenia, cinema, philosophy). Regardless of topic, however, Deleuze consistently develops variations on similar ideas.

Metaphysics

Deleuze's main philosophical project in his early works (i. e. , those prior to his collaborations with Guattari) can be baldly summarized as a systematic inversion of the traditional metaphysical relationship between identity and difference. Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science In Philosophy, identity (also called sameness) is whatever makes an entity definable and recognizable in terms of possessing a set of qualities or characteristics Difference is a key Concept of Continental philosophy, opposed to Identity. Traditionally, difference is seen as derivative from identity: e. g. , to say that "X is different from Y" assumes some X and Y with at least relatively stable identities. To the contrary, Deleuze claims that all identities are effects of difference. Identities are not logically or metaphysically prior to difference, Deleuze argues, "given that there exist differences of nature between things of the same genus. "[12] That is, not only are no two things ever the same, the categories we use to identify individuals in the first place derive from differences. Apparent identities such as "X" are composed of endless series of differences, where "X" = "the difference between x and x'", and "x" = "the difference between. . . ", and so forth. Difference goes all the way down. To confront reality honestly, Deleuze claims, we must grasp beings exactly as they are, and concepts of identity (forms, categories, resemblances, unities of apperception, predicates, etc. ) fail to attain difference in itself. "If philosophy has a positive and direct relation to things, it is only insofar as philosophy claims to grasp the thing itself, according to what it is, in its difference from everything it is not, in other words, in its internal difference. "[13]

Like Kant and Bergson, Deleuze considers traditional notions of space and time as unifying categories imposed by the subject, that is, he considers them to be forms of identity. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Not to be confused with the subiectum or Hypokeimenon in Aristotelianism Therefore he concludes that pure difference is non-spatio-temporal; it is an idea, what he calls "the virtual". (The coinage refers not to the "virtual reality" of the computer age, but to Proust's definition of the past: "real without being actual, ideal without being abstract. Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic "[14]) While Deleuze's virtual ideas superficially resemble Plato's forms and Kant's ideas of pure reason, they are not originals or models, nor do they transcend possible experience; instead they are the conditions of actual experience, the internal difference in itself. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece "The concept they [the conditions] form is identical to its object. "[15] A Deleuzean idea or concept of difference is not a wraith-like abstraction of an experienced thing, it is a real system of differential relations that creates actual spaces, times, and sensations. [16]

Thus Deleuze, alluding to Kant and Schelling, at times refers to his philosophy as a transcendental empiricism. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling ( January 27, 1775 – August 20, 1854) later von Schelling, was a German Philosopher In Kant's transcendental idealism, experience only makes sense when organized by intellectual categories (such as space, time, and causality). Transcendental idealism is a doctrine founded by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in the eighteenth century. Taking such intellectual concepts out of the context of experience, according to Kant, spawns seductive but senseless metaphysical beliefs. (For example, extending the concept of causality beyond possible experience results in unverifiable speculation about a first cause. ) Deleuze inverts the Kantian arrangement: experience exceeds our concepts by presenting novelty, and this raw experience of difference actualizes an idea, unfettered by our prior categories, forcing us to invent new ways of thinking (see below, Epistemology).

Simultaneously, Deleuze claims that being is univocal, i. e. , that all of its senses are affirmed in one voice. Deleuze borrows the doctrine of ontological univocity from the medieval philosopher John Duns Scotus. In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part In medieval disputes over the nature of God, many eminent theologians and philosophers (such as Thomas Aquinas) held that when one says that "God is good", God's goodness is only analogous to human goodness. Scotus argued to the contrary that when one says that "God is good", the goodness in question is the exact same sort of goodness that is meant when one says "Jane is good". That is, God only differs from us in degree, and properties such as goodness, power, reason, and so forth are univocally applied, regardless of whether one is talking about God, a man, or a flea.

Deleuze adapts the doctrine of univocity to claim that being is, univocally, difference. "With univocity, however, it is not the differences which are and must be: it is being which is Difference, in the sense that it is said of difference. Moreover, it is not we who are univocal in a Being which is not; it is we and our individuality which remains equivocal in and for a univocal Being. "[17] Here Deleuze at once echoes and inverts Spinoza, who maintained that everything that exists is a modification of the one substance, God or Nature. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Substance theory, or substance attribute theory, is an ontological theory about objecthood, positing that a substance is distinct from its God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. For Deleuze, there is no one substance, only an always-differentiating process, an origami cosmos, always folding, unfolding, refolding. Process philosophy (or Ontology of Becoming) identifies metaphysical Reality with Change and Dynamism. Deleuze summarizes this ontology in the paradoxical formula "pluralism = monism". Pluralism is the name of entirely unrelated positions in Metaphysics and Epistemology. Monism is the metaphysical and Theological view that all is one that all reality is subsumed under the most fundamental category of being or existence [18]

Difference and Repetition is Deleuze's most sustained and systematic attempt to work out the details of such a metaphysics, but his other works develop similar ideas. In Nietzsche and Philosophy (1962), for example, reality is a play of forces; in Anti-Oedipus (1972), a "body without organs"; in What Is Philosophy? (1991), a "plane of immanence" or "chaosmos". Anti-Œdipus (1972 is a book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze and Psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. Gilles Deleuze introduced the notion of the " Body without Organs " (or "BwO" in The Logic of Sense (1969 but it was not until his

See also: Plane of immanence

Epistemology

Deleuze's unusual metaphysics entails an equally atypical epistemology, or what he calls a transformation of "the image of thought". Plane of immanence is a founding concept in the Metaphysics or Ontology of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge According to Deleuze, the traditional image of thought, found in philosophers such as Aristotle, Descartes, and Husserl, misconceives of thinking as a mostly unproblematic business. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (ˈhʊsɛrl April 8 1859 – April 26 1938) was a philosopher, known as the father of Truth may be hard to discover—it may require a life of pure theorizing, or rigorous computation, or systematic doubt—but thinking is able, at least in principle, to correctly grasp facts, forms, ideas, etc. It may be practically impossible to attain a God's-eye, neutral point of view, but that is the ideal to approximate: a disinterested pursuit that results in a determinate, fixed truth; an orderly extension of common sense. Objectivity is both an important and very difficult concept to pin down in philosophy Deleuze rejects this view as papering over the metaphysical flux, instead claiming that genuine thinking is a violent confrontation with reality, an involuntary rupture of established categories. Truth changes what we think; it alters what we think is possible. By setting aside the assumption that thinking has a natural ability to recognize the truth, Deleuze says, we attain a "thought without image", a thought always determined by problems rather than solving them. "All this, however, presupposes codes or axioms which do not result by chance, but which do not have an intrinsic rationality either. It's just like theology: everything about it is quite rational if you accept sin, the immaculate conception, and the incarnation. Reason is always a region carved out of the irrational—not sheltered from the irrational at all, but traversed by it and only defined by a particular kind of relationship among irrational factors. Underneath all reason lies delirium, and drift. "[19]

Deleuze's peculiar readings of the history of philosophy stem from this unusual epistemological perspective. To read a philosopher is no longer to aim at finding a single, correct interpretation, but is instead to present a philosopher's attempt to grapple with the problematic nature of reality. "Philosophers introduce new concepts, they explain them, but they don't tell us, not completely anyway, the problems to which those concepts are a response. [. . . ] The history of philosophy, rather than repeating what a philosopher says, has to say what he must have taken for granted, what he didn't say but is nonetheless present in what he did say. "[20] (See below, Deleuze's interpretations. )

Likewise, rather than seeing philosophy as a timeless pursuit of truth, reason, or universals, Deleuze defines philosophy as the creation of concepts. The term "concept" is traced back to 1554–60 ( l conceptum - something conceived but what is today termed "the classical theory of concepts" is the theory of Aristotle For Deleuze, concepts are not identity conditions or propositions, but metaphysical constructions that define a range of thinking, such as Plato's ideas, Descartes's cogito, or Kant's doctrine of the faculties. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece A philosophical concept "posits itself and its object at the same time as it is created. "[21] In Deleuze's view, then, philosophy more closely resembles practical or artistic production than it does an adjunct to a definitive scientific description of a pre-existing world (as in the tradition of Locke or Quine). John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Willard Van Orman Quine (June 25 1908 Akron, Ohio &ndash December 25 2000 (known to intimates as "Van"

In his later work (from roughly 1981 onward), Deleuze sharply distinguishes art, philosophy, and science as three distinct disciplines, each analyzing reality in different ways. While philosophy creates concepts, the arts create new qualitative combinations of sensation and feeling (what Deleuze calls "percepts" and "affects"), and the sciences create quantitative theories based on fixed points of reference such as the speed of light or absolute zero (which Deleuze calls "functives"). Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body more than they are required to by a quantum mechanical effect called Zero-point According to Deleuze, none of these disciplines enjoy primacy over the others[22]: they are different ways of organizing the metaphysical flux, "separate melodic lines in constant interplay with one another. "[23] For example, Deleuze does not treat cinema as an art representing an external reality, but as an ontological practice that creates different ways of organizing movement and time. In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part Philosophy, science, and art are equally, and essentially, creative and practical. Hence, instead of asking traditional questions of identity such as "is it true?" or "what is it?", Deleuze proposes that inquiries should be functional or practical: "what does it do?" or "how does it work?"[24]

Values

In ethics and politics, Deleuze again echoes Spinoza, albeit in a sharply Nietzschean key. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist In a classical liberal model of society, morality begins from individuals, who bear abstract natural rights or duties set by themselves or a God. Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world Following his rejection of any metaphysics based on identity, Deleuze criticizes the notion of an individual as an arresting or halting of differentiation (as the etymology of the word "individual" suggests). Guided by the ethical naturalism of Spinoza and Nietzsche, Deleuze instead seeks to understand individuals and their moralities as products of the organization of pre-individual desires and powers. Ethical naturalism (also called moral naturalism or naturalistic cognitivistic definism) is the meta-ethical view which claims that Ethical In the two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Deleuze and Guattari describe history as a congealing and regimentation of "desiring-production" (a concept combining features of Freudian drives and Marxist labor) into the modern individual (typically neurotic and repressed), the nation-state (a society of continuous control), and capitalism (an anarchy domesticated into infantilizing commodification). Capitalism and Schizophrenia is a two-volume theoretical work by the French authors Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. Desiring-production is a term coined by the French thinkers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their book Anti-Œdipus ( 1972) Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Deleuze, following Marx, welcomes capitalism's destruction of traditional social hierarchies as liberating, but inveighs against its homogenization of all values to the aims of the market.

But how does Deleuze square his pessimistic diagnoses with his ethical naturalism? Deleuze claims that standards of value are internal or immanent: to live well is to fully express one's power, to go to the limits of one's potential, rather than to judge what exists by non-empirical, transcendent standards. Immanence, derived from the Latin in manere "to remain within" refers to philosophical and metaphysical theories of the divine as existing and acting within the mind Modern society still suppresses difference and alienates persons from what they can do. To affirm reality, which is a flux of change and difference, we must overturn established identities and so become all that we can become—though we cannot know what that is in advance. The pinnacle of Deleuzean practice, then, is creativity. "Herein, perhaps, lies the secret: to bring into existence and not to judge. If it is so disgusting to judge, it is not because everything is of equal value, but on the contrary because what has value can be made or distinguished only by defying judgment. What expert judgment, in art, could ever bear on the work to come?" [25]

Deleuze was a profound anti-authoritarian, freely wielding the term "fascism" as an all-purpose epithet. He was critical of the racist repression of immigrant workers, repression in factories, repression in education, police repression, and the general repression of youth. He notes how children are treated like prisoners and prisoners are treated like children. He worried that teachers and psychologists were increasingly wielding powers traditionally given to the police.

Also, Deleuze was a critic of the Vietnam War and war in general. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia He was highly critical of authority and the economics of capitalism. Deleuze allied himself to the workers' struggle and movements for the overthrow of all kinds and varieties of domination, exploitation, and repression.

Deleuze's interpretations

Deleuze's studies of individual philosophers and artists are purposely heterodox. In Nietzsche and Philosophy, for example, Deleuze claims that Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morality is an attempt to rewrite Kant's Critique of Pure Reason,[26] even though Nietzsche nowhere mentions the First Critique in the Genealogy, and the Genealogy's moral topics are far removed from the epistemological focus of Kant's book. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist On the Genealogy of Morality, or On the Genealogy of Morals (German Zur Genealogie der Moral) subtitled "A Polemic " ( Eine Streitschrift Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg The Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft by Immanuel Kant, first published in 1781, second edition 1787, is one Likewise, Deleuze claims that univocity is the organizing principle of Spinoza's philosophy, despite the total absence of the term from any of Spinoza's works. In an oft-cited comment, Deleuze described his method of interpreting philosophers as "buggery (enculage)", as sneaking behind an author and producing an offspring which is recognizably his, yet also monstrous and different. The English term Buggery is very close in meaning to the term Sodomy, and is often used interchangeably in law and popular speech [27] The various monographs are thus best understood not as attempts to faithfully represent "what Nietzsche (or whoever) meant" but as Deleuze extracting and illuminating concepts he finds useful. His method of freely re-directing the ideas of other thinkers is not misinterpretation, then, so much as it is an example of the creativity that Deleuze believes is the essence of philosophical practice. [28] A parallel in painting Deleuze points to is Francis Bacon's Study after Velázquez—it is quite beside the point to say that Bacon 'gets Velázquez wrong': Deleuze argues that Bacon has "let loose" latent "presences" that were already there. Study after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X 1953 is a painting by the Irish-born artist Francis Bacon. [29] Similar considerations apply, in Deleuze's view, to his uses of mathematical and scientific terms: "I'm not saying that Resnais and Prigogine, or Godard and Thom, are doing the same thing. Alain Resnais (born June 3 1922 in Vannes, France) is a French Film director whose early works are often grouped within the New Wave or Ilya Viscount Prigogine (Илья́ Рома́нович Приго́жин ( January 25, 1917 &ndash May 28, 2003) was a Russian Jean-Luc Godard (French ʒɑ̃lyk gɔˈdaʀ (born on December 3 1930 is a French and Swiss Filmmaker and one of the founding members of the Nouvelle Vague René Thom ( September 2, 1923 – October 25, 2002) was a French Mathematician. I'm pointing out, rather, that there are remarkable similarities between scientific creators of functions and cinematic creators of images. And the same goes for philosophical concepts, since there are distinct concepts of these spaces. "[30]

Reception

Deleuze's ideas have not spawned a school, as Lacan's did. Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst But his major collaborations with Guattari (Anti-Oedipus, A Thousand Plateaus, and What Is Philosophy?) were best-sellers in France, and remain heavily cited in English-speaking academe. Anti-Œdipus (1972 is a book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze and Psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus ( Mille Plateaux) (1980 is a book by the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the psychoanalyst In 1994 and 1995, L'Abécédaire de Gilles Deleuze, an eight-hour series of interviews between Deleuze and Claire Parnet, aired on France's Arte Channel (a still from the program appears in the infobox above). Arte (Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne is a Franco-German TV network. [31]

In the 1960s, Deleuze's portrayal of Nietzsche as a metaphysician of difference rather than a reactionary mystic contributed greatly to the plausibility of "left-wing Nietzscheanism" as an intellectual stance. [32] In the 1970s, the Anti-Oedipus, written in a style by turns vulgar and esoteric,[33] offering a sweeping analysis of the family, language, capitalism, and history via eclectic borrowings from Freud, Marx, Nietzsche, and dozens of other writers, was received as a theoretical embodiment of the anarchic spirit of May 1968. Anti-Œdipus (1972 is a book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze and Psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist For other events in May 1968 see 1968.

Like his contemporaries Foucault, Derrida, and Lyotard, Deleuze's influence has been most strongly felt in North American humanities departments, particularly in circles associated with literary theory. Jean-François Lyotard (ʒɑ̃ fʀɑ̃swa ljɔˈtaʀ August 10 1924 April 21 1998) was a French philosopher and literary Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of Literature and of the methods for analyzing literature There, Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus came to be seen as major statements of post-structuralism and postmodernism[34] (though neither Deleuze nor Guattari described their work in those terms). Anti-Œdipus (1972 is a book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze and Psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus ( Mille Plateaux) (1980 is a book by the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the psychoanalyst Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism In the 1980s and 1990s, almost all of Deleuze's books were translated into English, where they have become comfortably ensconced in the canon of "continental philosophy". Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe

Naturally, Deleuze has attracted many critics as well. The following list is not exhaustive, and gives only the briefest of summaries.

In Modern French Philosophy (1979), Vincent Descombes argues that Deleuze's account of a difference that is not derived from identity (in Nietzsche and Philosophy) is incoherent, and that his analysis of history in Anti-Oedipus is 'utter idealism', criticizing reality for falling short of a non-existent ideal of schizophrenic becoming. Vincent Descombes (born 1943 is a contemporary French Philosopher. Anti-Œdipus (1972 is a book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze and Psychoanalyst Félix Guattari.

In What Is Neostructuralism? (1984), Manfred Frank claims that Deleuze's theory of individuation as a process of bottomless differentiation fails to explain the unity of consciousness. Manfred Frank (born March 22, 1945) is a German Philosopher, currently professor of philosophy at the University of Tubingen.

In "The Decline and Fall of French Nietzscheo-Structuralism" (1994), Pascal Engel presents a global condemnation of Deleuze's thought. Pascal Engel is a French Philosopher, working on the Philosophy of language, Philosophy of mind, Epistemology and Philosophy According to Engel, Deleuze's metaphilosophical approach makes it impossible to reasonably disagree with a philosophical system, and so destroys meaning, truth, and philosophy itself. Engel summarizes Deleuze's metaphilosophy thus: "When faced with a beautiful philosophical concept you should just sit back and admire it. You should not question it. "[35]

In Deleuze: The Clamor of Being (1997), Alain Badiou claims that Deleuze's metaphysics only apparently embraces plurality and diversity, remaining at bottom relentlessly monist. Alain Badiou (born January 17, 1937 in Rabat, Morocco) is a prominent French Marxist Philosopher, formerly chair Monism is the metaphysical and Theological view that all is one that all reality is subsumed under the most fundamental category of being or existence Badiou further argues that, in practical matters, Deleuze's monism entails an ascetic, aristocratic fatalism akin to ancient Stoicism. Fatalism is a Philosophical doctrine emphasizing the subjugation of all events or actions to fate or inevitable predetermination Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC

In Reconsidering Difference (1997), Todd May argues that Deleuze's claim that difference is ontologically primary ultimately contradicts his embrace of immanence, i. Todd May is a political philosopher notable for his role in developing alongside Saul Newman and Lewis Call, the theory of Postanarchism. e. , his monism. However, May believes that Deleuze can discard the primacy-of-difference thesis, and accept a Wittgensteinian holism without significantly altering (what May believes is) Deleuze's practical philosophy. Distinguish from the suffix -holism, which describes addictions

In Fashionable Nonsense (1997), Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont accuse Deleuze of abusing mathematical and scientific terms, particularly by sliding between accepted technical meanings and his own idiosyncratic use of those terms in his philosophical system. Fashionable Nonsense Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science (ISBN 0-312-20407-8 French: Impostures Intellectuelles; published in the UK Alan David Sokal (born 1955) is a professor of Physics and faculty member of the physics department at New York University. Jean Bricmont is a Belgian theoretical physicist, Philosopher of Science and a Professor at the Université catholique de Louvain. Deleuze's writings on subjects such as calculus and quantum mechanics are, according to Sokal and Bricmont, vague, meaningless, or unjustified. Calculus ( Latin, calculus, a small stone used for counting is a branch of Mathematics that includes the study of limits, Derivatives Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons However, by Sokal and Bricmont's own admission, they suspend judgment about Deleuze's philosophical theories and terminology.

In Organs without Bodies (2003), Slavoj Žižek claims that Deleuze's ontology oscillates between materialism and idealism,[36] and that the Deleuze of Anti-Oedipus ("arguably Deleuze's worst book"),[37] the "political" Deleuze under the "'bad' influence" of Guattari, ends up, despite protestations to the contrary, as "the ideologist of late capitalism". Slavoj Žižek (ˈslavoj ˈʒiʒɛk (born 21 March 1949) is a Post-Marxist Sociologist, Philosopher, and Cultural critic Anti-Œdipus (1972 is a book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze and Psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. [38] Žižek also calls Deleuze to task for allegedly reducing the subject to "just another" substance and thereby failing to grasp the nothingness that, according to Lacan and Žižek, defines subjectivity. [39] What remains worthwhile in Deleuze's oeuvre, Žižek finds, are precisely those concepts closest to Žižek's own ideas.

In Out of this World: Deleuze and the Philosophy of Creation (2006), Peter Hallward argues that Deleuze's insistence that being is necessarily creative and always-differentiating entails that his philosophy can offer no insight into, and is supremely indifferent to, the material, actual conditions of existence. Peter Hallward is a philosopher best known for his work on Alain Badiou and Gilles Deleuze. Thus Hallward claims that Deleuze's thought is literally other-worldly, aiming only at a passive contemplation of the dissolution of all identity into the theophanic self-creation of nature. Theophany, from the Greek, theophaneia (meaning "appearance/showing of God" refers to the appearance of a Deity to a human or to a divine disclosure

Endnotes

  1. ^ Foucault, "Theatrum Philosophicum", Critique 282, p. 885.
  2. ^ Negotiations, p. 4. However, in a later interview, Deleuze commented: "I don't know what Foucault meant, I never asked him" (Negotiations, p. 88).
  3. ^ Dialogues, p. 12: "At the Liberation we were still strangely stuck in the history of philosophy. We simply plunged into Hegel, Husserl and Heidegger; we threw ourselves like puppies into a scholasticism worse than that of the Middle Ages. Fortunately there was Sartre. Sartre was our Outside, he was really the breath of fresh air from the backyard. "
  4. ^ Another source mentions lung tuberculosis: [1]
  5. ^ A. P. Colombat, "November 4, 1995: Deleuze's death as an event", Continental Philosophy Review 29. 3 (July 1996): 235-249.
  6. ^ Philip Goodchild, Deleuze and Guattari: An Introduction to the Politics of Desire (Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996).
  7. ^ J. -F. Lyotard, Misère de la philosophie (Paris: Galilée, 2000), p. 194.
  8. ^ Mary Bryden (ed. ), Deleuze and Religion (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 201.
  9. ^ Negotiations, p. 137.
  10. ^ Ibid., p. Ibid ( Latin, short for ibidem, "the same place" is the term used to provide an Endnote or Footnote Citation or 5.
  11. ^ Ibid. , pp. 11-12.
  12. ^ "Bergson's Conception of Difference", in Desert Islands, p. 33.
  13. ^ Ibid. , p. 32.
  14. ^ Proust, Le Temps Retrouvé, ch. III: see the fourth line from the bottom of this page, or, in English translation, the thirteenth paragraph here.
  15. ^ Desert Islands, p. 36.
  16. ^ See "The Method of Dramatization" in Desert Islands, and "Actual and Virtual" in Dialogues.
  17. ^ Difference and Repetition, p. Difference and Repetition (French Différence et répétition) is a 1968 book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze which concerns 39.
  18. ^ A Thousand Plateaus, p. 20.
  19. ^ Desert Islands, p. 262.
  20. ^ Negotiations, p. 136.
  21. ^ What Is Philosophy?, p. 22.
  22. ^ Negotiations, p. 123.
  23. ^ Negotiations, p. 125. Cf. Spinoza's claim that the mind and the body are different modes expressing the same substance.
  24. ^ Negotiations, p. 21: "We're strict functionalists: what we're interested in is how something works".
  25. ^ Essays Critical and Clinical, p. 135.
  26. ^ Nietzsche and Philosophy, p. 88.
  27. ^ Negotiations, p. 6. This passage is cited by, among others, Brian Massumi, A User's Guide to Capitalism and Schizophrenia (MIT Press, 1992), p. 2; Ian Buchanan, A Deleuzian Century? (Duke UP, 1999), p. 8; Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Deleuze and Language (Macmillan, 2002), p. 37; Gregg Lambert, The Non-Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze (Continuum, 2002), p. x; Claire Colebrook, Understanding Deleuze (Allen & Unwin, 2003), p. 73; Slavoj Žižek, Organs without Bodies (Routledge, 2003), p. 48; and Charles Stivale, Gilles Deleuze: Key Concepts (McGill-Queen's, 2005), p. 3.
  28. ^ Desert Islands, p. 144.
  29. ^ Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation, pp. 46f. Cf. the passage cited above, from Negotiations, p. 136: "The history of philosophy, rather than repeating what a philosopher says, has to say what he must have taken for granted, what he didn't say but is nonetheless present in what he did say. "
  30. ^ Negotiations, pp. 124-125.
  31. ^ An English language summary can be found here: [2]
  32. ^ See, e. g. , the approving reference to Deleuze's Nietzsche study in Jacques Derrida's essay "Différance", or Pierre Klossowski's monograph Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle, dedicated to Deleuze. Pierre Klossowski ( August 9, 1905 — August 12, 2001) was a French writer translator and artist More generally, see D. Allison (ed. ), The New Nietzsche (MIT Press, 1985), and L. Ferry and A. Renaut (eds. ), Why We Are Not Nietzscheans (University of Chicago Press, 1997).
  33. ^ Sometimes in the same sentence: "one is thus traversed, broken, fucked by the socius" (Anti-Oedipus, p. Anti-Œdipus (1972 is a book by the French Philosopher Gilles Deleuze and Psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. 347).
  34. ^ See, e. g. , Steven Best and Douglas Kellner, Postmodern Theory (Guilford Press, 1991), which devotes a chapter to Deleuze and Guattari. Steven Best (born December 1955 is an American Animal rights activist author talk-show host and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso Douglas Kellner, born in 1943 is a “third generation” critical theorist in the tradition of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research or Frankfurt School.
  35. ^ Barry Smith (ed. ), European Philosophy and the American Academy, p. 34.
  36. ^ Slavoj Žižek, Organs without Bodies, pp. 19-32, esp. p. 21: "Is this opposition not, yet again, that of materialism versus idealism? In Deleuze, this means The Logic of Sense versus Anti-Oedipus. " See also p. 28 for "Deleuze's oscillation between the two models" of becoming.
  37. ^ Ibid. , p. 21
  38. ^ Ibid. , pp. 32, 20, and 184.
  39. ^ Ibid. , p. 68: "This brings us to the topic of the subject that, according to Lacan, emerges in the interstice of the 'minimal difference,' in the minimal gap between two signifiers. In this sense, the subject is 'a nothingness, a void, which exists. ' . . . This, then, is what Deleuze seems to get wrong in his reduction of the subject to (just another) substance. Far from belonging to the level of actualization, of distinct entities in the order of constituted reality, the dimension of the 'subject' designates the reemergence of the virtual within the order of actuality. 'Subject' names the unique space of the explosion of virtuality within constituted reality. "

Bibliography

(Near complete bibliography, including various translations)

By Gilles Deleuze
In collaboration with Félix Guattari

Most of Deleuze's courses are available, in several languages, here.

Select secondary sources

Documentary

See also

External links

Alain Badiou (born January 17, 1937 in Rabat, Morocco) is a prominent French Marxist Philosopher, formerly chair
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