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Lieutenant General & National Guard Commander-in-Chief Lafayette in 1792 at ~35yrs. by Joseph Désiré Court, at Musée de Versailles
Lieutenant General & National Guard Commander-in-Chief Lafayette in 1792 at ~35yrs. by Joseph Désiré Court, at Musée de Versailles

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de la Fayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), commonly known in English as Marquis de Lafayette, was a French military officer and aristocrat who participated in both the American and French revolutions. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an He permanently renounced the nobility and the title "Marquis"[1] before the French National Assembly on 19 June 1790. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [2] Lafayette served in the American Revolutionary War both as a general and as a diplomat. He served entirely without pay in both roles, which he was able to do due to his family's immense wealth as feudal landowners. Later, he was to prove a key figure in the early phases of the French Revolution, serving in the Estates General and the subsequent National Constituent Assembly. In France under the Ancien Regime, the States-General or Estates-General (French états généraux) was a Legislative assembly The National Constituent Assembly (Assemblée nationale constituante was formed from the National Assembly on 9 July 1789, during the first stages of the He was a leading figure among the Feuillants, who tried to turn France into a constitutional monarchy, and commander of the French National Guard. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is The National Guard ( la Garde nationale) was the name given at the time of the French Revolution to the Militias formed in each city in imitation of Accused by Jean-Paul Marat of responsibility for the "Massacre of the Champ de Mars" (before which Lafayette was nearly assassinated), he subsequently was forced out of a leading role in the Revolution by Jacobin-Terror anarchists. The Champ de Mars (ʃɑ̃ də maʁs is a large public green-space in Paris, France, located in the 7th ''arrondissement'', between the Eiffel [2] On 19 August 1792 the Jacobin party seized control of Paris and the National Assembly, ordering Lafayette's arrest. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The National Assembly is either a Legislature, or the Lower house of a Bicameral legislature in some countries He fled France and was arrested by the Austrian army in Rochefort, Belgium. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Thereafter, he spent five years in various Prussian / Austrian prisons allied with the British Empire. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state After a strenuous effort by his wife, that was aided by the French Directory that forced Napoleon's Army toward Austria, he was released in 1797; however, Napoleon did not want Lafayette to return to France and hoped he would leave forever to the United States. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. After three years in exile he quietly returned (aided again by his wife) and continued to be active in French and European politics until his death in 1834. [2][3]

Contents

Name and family

The name "La Fayette" is derived from an estate in Aix that belonged to the Motier family in the 13th century but this recent branch of the family changed to the one word form of the name. Aix (ɛks or Aix-en-Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Ais de Provença in classical norm or Ais de Prouvènço in Mistralian norm to distinguish The original Gilbert Lafayette, Marshal of France, (from whom Lafayette drew his motto, "CUR NON?" - Latin for "WHY NOT?") fought, successfully, at the Battle of Baugé (also called Battle of Beauge) and nine years later for Joan of Arc. The Battle of Baugé, fought between the English and the Franco - Scots on March 21, 1421 in Baugé, France Joan of Arc (c 1412 Joan asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' Lafayette's full name is seldom used in the United States, where he is usually known as "General Lafayette" or simply "Lafayette" (his preferences and as written on his birth certificate), but sometimes is called "the Marquis de Lafayette" (mistakenly or maliciously if used in post 1790 references, since he permanently renounced the nobility title on 19 June 1790)[1][2]. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year After 1790 and especially after the Bourbon Restoration, Lafayette's enemies viciously taunted him in the press by continually referring to him as "Marquis"[4] The name Lafayette may be written as one word or as two; one word is more typical in American usage and was Lafayette's preference (appearing on his birth certificate, all signatures to his letters and his grave stone) while the two-word form is preferred in contemporary British and French sources. Many places in the United States are named Lafayette, Fayette, or Fayetteville in his honor. Fayette is the name of a number of places in the United States of America. Fayetteville may refer to Fayetteville Alabama Fayetteville Arkansas Fayetteville Georgia

He was the father of one son and three daughters, of whom two survived.

Children:

  1. Henriette (1775-1775)
  2. George Washington Lafayette (1779–1849), whose godfather was Lafayette's close friend George Washington; like his father, George permanently disavowed the title[2] and served only in the lower House of the National Assembly. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the He married in 1802 Françoise Emilie Destutt de Tracy, and they had two sons and three daughters including:
    1. Oscar Gilbert Lafayette (1815–1881), liberal politician.
    2. Edmond Lafayette, (1818-1891)
  3. Anastasie Lafayette (1 July, 1777-1863), who married Charles Fay de LaTour-Maubourg (1774-1824), the youngest of the three LaTour-Maubourg brothers. (His eldest brother César (1756-1831) was a French general, one of Lafayette's closest, loyal friends and who was imprisoned, in isolation, the same as Lafayette, and is buried at the head of Lafayette's grave at Picpus/Paris. ). They had a daughter:
    1. Jenny Fay de LaTour-Maubourg (6 September 1812 La Grange-Bleneau-15 April 1897 Turin) [5], who was matrilineal ancestress (great-great-grandmother) of Belgium's Queen Paola. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1812 ( MDCCCXII) a leap year started on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Titles Donna Paola Princess Ruffo di Calabria ( 1937 - 1959) Her Royal Highness The Princess of Liège ( 1959
  4. Virginie (1782-1849), who married Louis de Lasteyrie du Saillant (1781-1826) (who permanently disavowed the aristocratic "Marquis" title[2] and had descendants surviving until date. ) They had several children including two daughters listed here, one of whom was ancestress of the Pineton de Chambrun family. Another son was Jules, Marquis de Lasteyrie (1810-1884)

Early life

Lafayette was born at the Château de Chavaniac, near Le Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, in the remote, volcanic-mountainous, Province of Auvergne, also known as the "Appalachia of France. The Château de Chavaniac is a fortified Manor house of eighteen rooms furnished in the Louis XIII style located in Chavaniac-Lafayette, Haute-Loire Le Puy-en-Velay ( Lo Puèi de Velai in Occitan, pronounced ˈpœj də ˈvəlaj is a commune of south-central France Haute-Loire ( Occitan: Naut Léger) is a department in south-central France named after the Loire River. Auvergne ( Occitan: Auvèrnhe/Auvèrnha) was the name of an historically independent county in the center of France, as well as later a Province of " His father was killed at the Battle of Minden in 1759 by a British cannon ball, and his mother and grandfather died in 1770. In the Battle of Minden, a Prussian - Hanoverian - British army under Prince Ferdinand defeated a French army under the Marquis He was educated by his aunt and two priests (the second was the Abbe Fayon, Curé de Saint-Roch de Chavaniac), and at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. The Lycée Louis-le-Grand (sometimes nicknamed LLG) is a public Secondary school located in Paris, widely regarded as one of the most demanding in At the age of 16, Lafayette chose to follow the career of his father and grandfather, entering the French army on 9 April 1771. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1771 ( MDCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a At the age of 16 he married Marie-Adrienne de Noailles, daughter of Jean-Paul-François, 5th duc de Noailles. Jean-Louis-Paul-François 5th duc de Noailles ( October 26, 1739 - October 20, 1824) was a French scientist Known as "Adrienne" or "Noailles Lafayette," she was famous for her simplicity, extraordinary charity, and bravery.

Departure from France

At 19, he was a captain of dragoons when the British colonies in America proclaimed their independence. A dragoon is a soldier intended primarily to fight on foot but trained also in Horse riding and cavalry combat especially The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then He later wrote in his memoirs, "my heart was enrolled in it. " Charles-François, comte de Broglie, whom he consulted, tried to discourage him from getting involved in the conflict. Charles-François de Broglie marquis de Ruffec ( 19 August 1719 &ndash Saint-Jean-d'Angély, 16 August 1781) second son of Broglie eventually presented him to Johann Kalb, who was also seeking service in America. Johann von Robaii Baron de Kalb (born Johann Kalb ( June 19, 1721 &ndash August 19, 1780) was a German soldier and volunteer who On 7 December 1776 Lafayette made an arrangement through Silas Deane, an American agent in Paris, to enter the American service as a major general. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Silas Deane ( December 24 1737 &ndash September 23 1789) was a delegate to the American Continental Congress and Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city At this moment, news arrived of grave disasters to the American cause. Lafayette's friends "officially" advised him to give up. Even the king had to "officially" forbid his leaving after British spies discovered his plan (and other clandestine aid to Americans). At the insistence of the British ambassador, orders were issued to seize the ship Lafayette was fitting out at Bordeaux and to have Lafayette arrested. ( Gascon: Bordèu) is a port city in southwest France, with one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area at a 2008 estimate He eluded capture disguised as a courier and sailed for America with 11 companions. [6] Although pursued by two British ships, he landed safely on North Island near Georgetown, South Carolina, on 13 June 1777 after a voyage of nearly two months. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

American Revolution

Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge
Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge
Lafayette and Washington at Mt. Vernon, 1784
Lafayette and Washington at Mt. Vernon, 1784

Lafayette's introduction to America came at a dinner on 8 August 1775, when he met the Duke of Gloucester (brother of George III) who told him about the conflict in the colonies. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Prince William Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh KG PC FRS (William Henry was born at Leicester House, London. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places With thoughts of the glory and excitement, Lafayette made plans to travel to America. He traveled with Baron Johan de Kalb, as both men wanted to go to America. He also met General Washington and a friendship developed between the two men that lasted as long as Washington lived. In addition to his military service, he contributed $200,000 of his own money to support the Revolution. He also helped persuade France to send more soldiers and supplies to the Americans.

Lafayette offered his services to the Americans as an unpaid volunteer. He presented himself to the Continental Congress with Deane's authority to request a commission of the highest rank after the commander-in-chief. The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the

Congress then passed a resolution, on 31 July 1777, "that his services be accepted, and that, in consideration of his zeal, illustrious family, and connections, he have the rank and commission of major-general of the United States. Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the " The next day, Lafayette met George Washington, who became his lifelong friend. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the As a member of Washington's inner circle, Lafayette also became very close friends with young Alexander Hamilton, Washington's chief aide-de-camp.

Lafayette's first battle was Brandywine on 11 September 1777, where he was wounded in the leg. Background In late July 1777 after a distressing 34-day journey from Sandy Hook on the coast of New Jersey, an Armada of more than 260 ships carrying Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Shortly afterwards, he secured the command of a division — the immediate result of a communication from Washington to Congress of 1 November 1777, in which he said: "The Marquis de Lafayette is extremely solicitous of having a command equal to his rank. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 1777 ( MDCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common I do not know in what light Congress will view the matter, but it appears to me, from a consideration of his illustrious and, important connections, the attachment which he has manifested for our cause, and the consequences which his return in disgust might produce, that it will be advisable to gratify his wishes, and the more so as several gentlemen from France who came over under some assurances have gone back disappointed in their expectations. His conduct with respect to them stands in a favourable point of view—having interested himself to remove their uneasiness and urged the impropriety of their making any unfavourable representations upon their arrival at home. Besides, he is sensible, discreet in his manners, has made great proficiency in our language, and from the disposition he discovered at the battle of Brandywine possesses a large share of bravery and military ardour. "

Monument to Lafayette erected in Paris by the schoolchildren of the USA
Monument to Lafayette erected in Paris by the schoolchildren of the USA

In the first months of 1778, Lafayette commanded troops detailed for the projected expedition against Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page After that plan was aborted, Lafayette participated in the campaign in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, where he was commended for his retreat from Barren Hill (28 May 1778), and fought at the Battle of Monmouth (28 June). Prelude On May 18 Lafayette left the Valley Forge camp After crossing the Schuykill River and turning south he took up position at Barren Hill which was close to Matson's Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 1778 ( MDCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Prelude In May of 1778 The British commander General Clinton in Philadelphia faced with a war with France decided it was prudent to protect New York City and Florida Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. He received from Congress a formal recognition of his services in the Rhode Island expedition (August 1778). Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Background French Admiral d'Estaing arrived in the summer of 1778 with a fleet of ships with infantry reinforcements for the war

Meanwhile, the signing of a formal Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France on 6 February 1778, prompted Great Britain to declare war against France. The Franco-American Alliance (also called the Treaty of Alliance) was a pact between France and the Second Continental Congress, representing Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1778 ( MDCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Lafayette asked leave to return to France to consult Louis XVI to further aid the Americans. Louis XVI ( 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) Louis-Auguste de France, ruled as King of France and Navarre

Lafayette left for France on 11 January 1779, where he was promoted from captain to "mestre de camp" in the French cavalry (approximately equal to colonel). Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country After about six months of plotting, diverting (with John Paul Jones) and distracting the British from France, he returned to America, again serving as major-general at ~21 years old. From April until October 1781, he was charged with the defense of Virginia, where he showed his zeal by borrowing money on his own account to provide his soldiers with necessaries. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Washington commended him for doing all that was possible with the forces at his disposal. In the siege of Yorktown, Lafayette bore an honorable if not a distinguished part. The Siege of Yorktown or Battle of Yorktown in 1781 was a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington

At the end of 1781, Lafayette returned to France, where he was welcomed as a hero and promoted to the rank of maréchal de camp (brigadier general) in the French army. Lafayette then helped prepare for a combined French and Spanish expedition against the British West India Islands, of which he was appointed chief-of-staff. The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. The armistice signed on 20 January 1783 between the countries put a stop to the expedition. An armistice is a situation where the warring parties agree to stop fighting Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or

Views on slavery

Though Lafayette formerly owned slaves, he freed them and was actively interested in the abolitionist cause. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies After the end of the American war, he worked to free slaves in the Caribbean where the slave trade was booming. He urged Washington to free his slaves as an example to others. Lafayette purchased an estate in French Guiana and, assisted by his wife, arranged for freedom and education of these former slaves there, and he offered a place for Washington's slaves, writing "I would never have drawn my sword in the cause of America if I could have conceived thereby that I was founding a land of slavery. French Guiana (Guyane française officially fr ''Guyane'' is an Overseas department (French département d'outre-mer, or DOM) of France " Washington did not free his own slaves in his lifetime, but a provision in his will stated that all of his slaves shall be freed upon the death of his wife Martha. Martha Custis Washington (née Dandridge) ( June 2, 1731 &ndash May 22, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first Lafayette's attempt in that anti-slavery cause in French Guiana was interrupted by the Jacobin Terror in which both Lafayette and his wife were imprisoned and nearly executed.

French Revolution

Lafayette did not appear again prominently in public life until 1787, when he took his seat in the Assembly of Notables. History The Assembly of Notables consisted of a group of notables invited by the King of France to discuss reform of the government He was the one who demanded that the Estates-General be called at the Assembly of Notables, thus becoming a leader in the French Revolution. In France under the Ancien Regime, the States-General or Estates-General (French états généraux) was a Legislative assembly The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an In 1788, he was deprived of his active command. In 1789, Lafayette was elected to the Estates-General as representative from Auvergne, and he took with him a document remarkably similar to that of the American Bill of Rights, which would be adopted that same year. [7] When the Estates General convened on 5 May 1789 Lafayette was a member of the Second Estate, the Estate of the nobles. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common When King Louis XVI was confronted with difficulties of the Estates General, he closed the meeting room of the Third Estate, which rather than forcing a halt to their assembly, led them to meet in the Tennis Court outside. Lafayette was among the first group of nobles who joined the Third Estate. [8] This new group would call themselves the National Assembly and claim that they were the governing body in France. Lafayette rose to power quickly within the National Assembly, for on July 11, 1789 he presented the document he had brought with him, his Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens. [7] On 13 July 1789 Lafayette was nominated and elected vice-president of the Assembly after it became apparent that the current President did not have stamina to continue with all the late night meetings. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [7] After his first night-long session as vice-president, Lafayette received word on 14 July 1789 that a mob in Paris had attacked the Bastille. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Bastille was a Fortress - Prison in Paris, known formally as Bastille Saint-Antoine —Number 232 Rue Saint-Antoine—best known today [7]

After hearing the news about the Bastille, Lafayette raced into Paris hoping to calm the mob. He was able to pacify them with a speech and after the conclusion he was elected to be the head of the Paris militia, a body of citizen-soldiers that took the name of the National Guard. The National Guard ( la Garde nationale) was the name given at the time of the French Revolution to the Militias formed in each city in imitation of [7] On July 17, 1789 while Lafayette was escorting Louis XVI, an angry townsman handed the King the red and blue cockade of the city of Paris and demanded he wear it. The King in turn put it on next to the white of the Bourbons and Lafayette proclaimed that red, blue, and white were the new colors of the Revolution. [7] For the next three years, until the end of the constitutional limited-monarchy in 1792, he played a significant role in the course of the Revolution. In October 1789, he rescued Marie Antoinette from the hands of the populace, as well as many others who had been condemned to death. Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna von Habsburg-Lothringen (November 2 1755 &ndash October 16 1793 known to history as Marie Antoinette ( pronounced /maʀi ɑ̃ntwanɛt/ He briefly resigned his commission, but was soon induced to resume it.

After being fired upon twice by a mob then pelted by a hail of rocks, under Mayor Bailly's desist and martial law orders, Lafayette orders his soldiers to fire on members of the Cordeliers, July 17, 1791
After being fired upon twice by a mob then pelted by a hail of rocks, under Mayor Bailly's desist and martial law orders, Lafayette orders his soldiers to fire on members of the Cordeliers, July 17, 1791

In the Constituent Assembly he pleaded for religious tolerance, popular representation, the establishment of trial by jury, the gradual emancipation of slaves, freedom of the press, the abolition of arbitrary imprisonment and of titles of nobility, and the suppression of privileged orders. The Cordeliers, also known as the Club of the Cordeliers and formally as the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen comprised a populist A constituent assembly is a body elected with the purpose of drafting and in some cases adopting a Constitution. Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own In Politics, representation describes how political power is alienated from most of the members of a group and vested for a certain time period in the hands of a small subset A jury a sworn body of persons convened to render a rational, impartial Verdict (a finding of fact on a question officially submitted to them Freedom Constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to freedom of the press Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime He drafted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which was adopted by the Assembly. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining In February 1790, he refused the supreme command of the National Guard of the kingdom.

Lafayette and other constitutional limited-monarchists who supported the Revolution in its early years founded the "Society of 1789", which afterwards became the Feuillants Club, taking a position between Royalist supporters of absolute monarchy and liberalist groups such as the Jacobins and Cordeliers. Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything The Jacobin Club was the largest and most powerful political club of the French Revolution. The Cordeliers, also known as the Club of the Cordeliers and formally as the Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen comprised a populist Lafayette took a prominent part in the celebration of July 14, 1790, the first anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. The Storming of the Bastille in Paris occurred on 14 July 1789. After suppressing a riot in April 1791 he again resigned his commission, and was again compelled to retain it. Louis XVI's deceptive flight to Varennes undermined the position of the constitutional limited-monarchists, especially Lafayette himself who, as Commander of the National Guard, had had the responsibility to keep the King secure. The Flight to Varennes ( June 20 - 21, 1791) was a significant episode in the French Revolution during which King Louis XVI of France Shortly after, on July 17, 1791, a large crowd gathered at the Champ de Mars to sign a petition calling for the overthrow of the monarchy. The Champ de Mars (ʃɑ̃ də maʁs is a large public green-space in Paris, France, located in the 7th ''arrondissement'', between the Eiffel Earlier the crowd beheaded two vagrants found sleeping under the Nation's Altar that the mob mistook for spies. The crowd then fired twice on the National Guard and pelted them with a hail of rocks. After martial law was ordered by Jean-Sylvain Bailly, the Mayor of Paris, the crowd was ordered to disperse, and when they did not, Lafayette ordered the National Guard to open fire and arrest the assassins in the crowd. Jean-Sylvain Bailly ( September 15, 1736 &ndash November 12, 1793) was a French astronomer and Orator, one of Before the French Revolution, the municipality of Paris was headed by the provost of the merchants ( prévôt des marchands) About 50 people were killed in what became known as the "Massacre of the Champ de Mars", which decisively marked the end of the alliance between constitutional limited-monarchists and Jacobins which were now controlled by radicals like Jean-Paul Marat and Georges Danton. Georges Jacques Danton ( October 26, 1759 &ndash April 5, 1794) was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution On the occasion of the proclamation of the constitution (September 18, 1791), Lafayette tried to retire into private life. This did not prevent his friends from proposing him for the mayoralty of Paris in opposition to Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve. "Pétion" redirects here For the Haitian head of state see Alexandre Pétion.

Memorial plaque of Lafayette in Olomouc (Czech Republic), where he was held as a prisoner.
Memorial plaque of Lafayette in Olomouc (Czech Republic), where he was held as a prisoner. Olomouc (ˈolomoʊ̯ts ( local Haná dialect Olomóc or Holomóc, German Olmütz, Polish Ołomuniec, Latin The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia,

In December 1791, Lafayette was placed in command of three armies formed on the eastern frontier to attack Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich He was nevertheless opposed to the further advance of the Jacobin party, intending eventually to use his army for the restoration of a Constitutional, limited monarchy out of respect for the authentic Christian nature of Louis XVI. During this time printed attacks against Lafayette, especially from Jean-Paul Marat were at a crescendo. On August 19, 1792, the Assembly declared him a traitor and Georges Danton took control of the National Guard. Georges Jacques Danton ( October 26, 1759 &ndash April 5, 1794) was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution Lafayette took refuge in the neutral territory of Liège, where he was taken and held as a prisoner of state for five years, first in Prussia and afterwards in Austrian prisons (1794–1797 in Olmutz, now Olomouc) in spite of intercession by the United States. The Bishopric of Liège or Prince-Bishopric of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Olomouc (ˈolomoʊ̯ts ( local Haná dialect Olomóc or Holomóc, German Olmütz, Polish Ołomuniec, Latin During this time the Anglophile Holy Roman Emperor Francis II ruled. Francis II (Franz II Heiliger Römischer Kaiser ( 12 February 1768 &ndash 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling Francis II was opposite in political outlook from former Emperor Joseph II who was pro-American and pro-Lafayette but died too early in 1790 and is known as "The Poor Man's Emperor",[9] and an anti-feudal, reformist like his brother-in-law Louis XVI. Heir and co-regent Joseph was born in the midst of the early upheavals of the War of the Austrian Succession. Very large subsidies were paid by the British Empire to Austria during this time. Several letters from Lafayette's wife state that the reason for Lafayette's prolonged imprisonment was the machinations of Pitt the Younger. William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 &ndash 23 January 1806 was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Napoleon, however, was forced by the Directory (which was pro-Lafayette at that time), and stipulated in the preconditions of the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797) that Lafayette be released. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Executive Directory ( Directoire exécutif) was a body of 5 single-male Directors that held executive power in France following The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on October 17, 1797 (26 Vendémiaire Year VI of the French Republic by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig He was not allowed to return to France by Napoleon who increasingly seized more power. Lafayette, after his wife's pleading to Napoleon, returned in 1799. In 1802 he voted against the life consulate of Napoleon, and in 1804, against the imperial title. First Consul (Premier Consul was a title used by Napoleon Bonaparte following his seizure of power in France. An emperor (from the Latin " Imperator " is a (male Monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an Empire or another type of

Later years

Portrait of General Lafayette (1757-1834), about 1825, probably by Matthew Harris Jouett (1788-1827) after Ary Sheffer, oil on canvas. Courtesy of the U.S. National Portrait Gallery, gift of the John Hay Whitney Collection.
Portrait of General Lafayette (1757-1834), about 1825, probably by Matthew Harris Jouett (1788-1827) after Ary Sheffer, oil on canvas. Courtesy of the U. S. National Portrait Gallery, gift of the John Hay Whitney Collection.

He never remarried, and remained very devoted to his wife, who died in December 1807. She apparently had succumb from complications due to lead[10][11] and laudanum, medical-treatment she received after suffing TB, chronic skin, and other diseases she contracted during three imprisonments. Laudanum (ˈlȯd-nəm or ˈlȯ-də-nəm also known as Opium Tincture or Tincture of Opium, is an Alcoholic herbal preparation First in Auvergne, then Paris (during the height of the Terror when she was nearly guillotined), and later in a British-subsidized, Austrian Empire dungeon for the later 2 years with her husband. Adrienne found her way deep into Austrian territory, in disguise and using a false passport, and by this self-sacrifice, drawing world-wide attention (especially from the then, shortly, pro-Lafayette French Directory that forced Napoleon, reluctantly) and thereby saved her husband's life when all the other American and British-Whig-minority-opposition rescue attempts failed. [3]

He lived in retirement during the First Empire, but returned to public affairs under the First Restoration and took some part in the political events of the Hundred Days. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or The First Restoration, or Première Restauration in French refers to Louis XVIII of France 's accession to the throne after Napoleon 's exile The Hundred Days was the period between Napoleon Bonaparte 's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the restoration From 1818 to 1824, he was deputy for Sarthe, speaking and voting always on the Liberal side, even sympathizing with the Carbonari. Sarthe (saʁt is a French department, named after the Sarthe River. The Carbonari ("charcoal burners" were groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy.

His last, invitational and triumphal visit to all 24 of the then United States of America (plus two territories-future states) was between July 1824 and September 1825. He arrived from France at Staten Island, N. Y. , on August 15, 1824. Later in the trip, he received an honorary United States citizenship while attending the inaugural banquet of the University of Virginia, at Jefferson's invitation. Article I section 8 clause 4 of the United States Constitution expressly gives the United States Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization The University of Virginia (also called UVa, UVA, Mr Jefferson's University, or The University) is a highly selective public research He was voted, by the U.S. Congress, the sum of $200,000 and a township of land. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses A township in the United States refers to a small geographic area On the recommendation of some friends, Lafayette chose a parcel of land that today makes up the northeast part of Tallahassee, Florida. Among other cities, he visited Fayetteville, North Carolina, the first city to have been named in his honor and St. Louis, Missouri where Lafayette Square Park was subsequently named in his honor. Fayetteville is a city located in Cumberland County, North Carolina. The 2nd Battalion, 11th New York Artillery, was one of many militia commands who turned out in welcome. This unit decided to adopt the title "National Guard", in honor of Lafayette's celebrated Garde Nationale de Paris. The Battalion, later the 7th Regiment, was prominent in the line of march on the occasion of Lafayette's final passage through New York en route before returning home to France on the frigate USS Brandywine that had 24 officers on board, as tributes, each representing his own home state, to which, all 24 of the United States were represented. The New York Guard is the name of the State Defense Force of New York State. Wherever he went he was honored by special ceremonies organized by American Masonic Lodges. Tradition has it that, with General Washington's sponsorship, Lafayette had been raised as a Master Mason in 1777 or 1778 shortly after his arrival in America. However, as Washington's letters show,[12] by the end of the war, since some of the worst traitors like Benedict Arnold were masons, fraternal focus turned to the proven loyal in his Society of the Cincinnati, of which, one of the biggest Chapters was in France. Benedict Arnold V ( – June 14, 1801) was a General during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental

In 1824, he was the guest of honor at the first commencement ceremony of the George Washington University. The George Washington University ( GW or GWU) is a private coeducational university located in Washington D Also in that year, he visited the town of Lexington, Massachusetts, where the first battle of the American Revolution had occurred. Lexington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.

From 1825 to his death, he sat in the Chamber of Deputies for Meaux. Chamber of Deputies (la Chambre des députés was the name given to several parliamentary bodies in France in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 1814–1848 Meaux is a commune of Seine-et-Marne, in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. During the Revolution of 1830, he again took command of the National Guard and pursued the same line of conduct as in the first revolution. The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, saw the overthrow of King Charles X, the French In 1834, he made his last speech, on behalf of Polish political refugees, many of whom he hid in the attic of his modest country home, Château La Grange (48 km (30 m) miles east of Paris, near Rozy-en-Brie,[13]) which had belonged to his wife's family. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Right of asylum (or political asylum) is an ancient Judicial notion under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his He was known to his country neighbors there for his extraordinary charity during times of famine and disease. He died in Paris on May 20, 1834 and was buried in the Cimetière de Picpus, under soil from brought back from Bunker Hill during his 1824 visit. The Picpus Cemetery ( Fr: Cimetière de Picpus is the largest private cemetery in the city of Paris, France. [14][15]

Legacy

Bronze statue of General Lafayette by Daniel Chester French at Lafayette College.
Bronze statue of General Lafayette by Daniel Chester French at Lafayette College.
A handbill from Lafayette's funeral.
A handbill from Lafayette's funeral.
A U.S. Postage Stamp commemorating Lafayette.
A U.S. Postage Stamp commemorating Lafayette. This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the United States of America (USA.

Although he spent a total of less than five years in America (in 1776-79, 1780-81, 1784, and 1824-25), he was more admired there than perhaps any other foreign visitor in American history. In 1824, the United States government named in his honor Lafayette Park, immediately north of the White House in Washington, D.C. In 1826, Lafayette College was chartered in Easton, Pennsylvania. The federal government of the United States is the central United States Governmental body established by the United States Constitution. President's Park, located in Washington DC, United States, includes the White House a visitor center Lafayette Park, and The Ellipse See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Lafayette College is a private Coeducational liberal arts and engineering college located in Easton, Pennsylvania, USA Easton is a city in Northampton County, in the eastern region of Pennsylvania, in the United States. In 1873, Lafayette Square in Buffalo, New York was named after him. Lafayette Square (formerly Court House Park or Courthouse Square) The square formerly hosted the original Erie County Courthouse the original Erie County Jail and Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous In 1876, a monument was erected to him in New York City, and in 1883 another was erected in Le Puy-en-Velay, near his birthplace. The City of New York

Many U. S. counties, cities, towns and townships bear such names as La Fayette, LaFayette, Lafayette, Fayette and Fayetteville in his honor, as does Mount Lafayette in New Hampshire. Fayette is the name of a number of places in the United States of America. Fayetteville may refer to Fayetteville Alabama Fayetteville Arkansas Fayetteville Georgia Mount Lafayette is a mountain at the northern end of the Franconia Range in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Three U.S. naval vessels have been named after him, the most recent being the nuclear Fleet Ballistic Missile submarine USS Lafayette (SSBN-616) which served until 1991. Three ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Lafayette for Marquis de Lafayette.

During World War II, the American flag was draped on his grave, even though it was in Nazi-occupied territory. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Flags of the United States The Flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of Red (top and bottom alternating Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Portraits of Washington and Lafayette hang to this day in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate.

In 1958, former U. S. Representative Hamilton Fish III, a World War I veteran, founded the Order of Lafayette. See Hamilton Fish (disambiguation for others with the same name World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Order of Lafayette is a patriotic hereditary nonpartisan and fraternal organization established in New York City in 1958 by Colonel Hamilton Fish III (1888-1991 [16] Membership in the Order is based on service in France or French territories in either World War I or World War II, or descent from a veteran of those wars. In France, a reconstruction of the frigate Hermione, in which Lafayette returned to America in 1779, has been located in Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, since 1997. Rochefort is a commune in western France, a Seaport on the Atlantic Ocean.

Even though George Washington had already adopted him, Congress granted him honorary citizenship twice, first in 1824 for himself and his descendants[17][18][19] and then again on 6 August 2002. A non- United States citizen of exceptional merit may be declared an Honorary Citizen of the United States by an Act of Congress, or by a proclamation issued by the Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. [20]

The Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) says of Lafayette, "Few men have owed more of their success and usefulness to their family rank than La Fayette, and still fewer have abused it less. He never achieved distinction in the field, and his political career proved him to be incapable of ruling a great national movement; but he had strong convictions which always impelled him to study the interests of humanity, and a pertinacity in maintaining them, which, in all the strange vicissitudes of his eventful life, secured him a very unusual measure of public respect. No citizen of a foreign country has ever had so many and such warm admirers in America, nor does any statesman in France appear to have ever possessed uninterruptedly for so many years such a large measure of popular influence and respect. He had what Jefferson called a 'canine appetite' for popularity and fame, but in him the appetite only seemed to make him more anxious to merit the fame which he enjoyed. He was brave to rashness; and he never shrank from danger or responsibility if he saw the way open to spare life or suffering, to protect the dead, to sustain the law and preserve order. "

Lafayette in the media

Notes and Citations

  1. ^ a b Niles' Weekly Register, BALTIMORE, June 26,1824; LAFAYETTE (before Lafayette’s arrival in NYC on 15 August 1824, in an 1818 book preface to Olive Branch, Lafayette’s close friend and protégé Mathew Carey wrote of Nile's, "the best periodical work ever published in America")
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Lafayette, Memoires, Correspondence et. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year . . " (French Edition), Paris, 1837, volume 2 of 6, pp. 408-410; Lafayette, Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette" (English edition), London, 1837, volume 2 of 3 (only first 3 of 6 volumes translated), pp. 392-394. (M. J. P. R. Y. G. D. LAFAYETTE. LIEUTENANT GÉNÉRAL ET MEMBRE DE LA CHAMBRE DES DÉPUTÉS)
  3. ^ a b de Chambrun, René, "Les prisons de La Fayette. 10 ans de courage et d'amour", Edition Perrin, 1977.
  4. ^ Neely, Sylvia, "Lafayette and the Liberal Ideal, 1814-1824", 1991, page 81: ". . . Lafayette asked for a copy of the mayor's letter. He also reminded him that the only title he used was 'general. '". Page 63: "Lafayette insisted on that title instead of his old title of 'marquis' to emphasize his commitment to the abolition of nobility. Conversely, royalists ostentatiously used his noble title to annoy him. " Note 63 -Lafayette to Goyet, 18 October 1822, Galpin. Page 103: "The personal feelings of M. le marquis de la Fayette' were not at issue, according to Bellart. Although this exchange allowed Lafayette to associate himself with press freedom and to declare himself above petty accusations, Bellart, too, had made some telling points. He had labeled the press irresponsible and had ostentatiously used the noble title which Lafayette disdained, thus annoying Lafayette and pleasing his enemies. " Note 55 Moniteur, 29 April 1819, p. 527 (trans. ). The comtesse de Nesselrode, for example, wrote to her husband: "I hope you did not miss the letter that La Fayette wrote to M. Bellart and the latter's reply, which is charming, sharp, witty and in which he makes a point of calling him marquis de lafayette for he is french. " In Comte A. de Nesselrode, ed. , Lettres et papiers du chance-lier comte de Nesselrode (11 vols. ; Paris: A. Lahure, 1904-1912?), VI, 73-74 (trans. ).
  5. ^ Jenny Fay de LaTour-Maubourg, retrieved 1 December 2007
  6. ^ "Lafayette, Memoirs", 1838, volume 1, p. 13 ff. , p. 71 ff.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Gerson, Noel B. , "Statue in Search of a Pedestal: a Biography of the Marquis de Lafayette", New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1976, pp. 81-83
  8. ^ De La Fuye, Maurice, and Babeau, Emile, "The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of La Fayette", New York: Thomas Yoseloff, Inc. , 1956, p. 83
  9. ^ McGuigan, D. G. , The Hapsburgs, 1966, (Chapter IX titled The Poor Man's Emperor, Joseph II who, unfortunately, died of tuberculosis in 1790, and, like his brother-in-law Louis XVI was an extremely rare, anti-aristocratic, friend to the fledgling U. S. )
  10. ^ Burton, June K. , "Two 'Better Halves' in the Worst of Times - Adrienne Noailles Lafayette (1759-1807) and Fanny Burney d’Arblay (1752-1840) as Medical and Surgical Patients under the First Empire", 1999, for American Friends of Lafayette; Burton, June K. , "Napoleon and the Woman Question", 2007, chapter 10. Note: This author (in both publications) mistakes Anastasie Lafayette for the real author in the "dual biography" who was actually Virginie Lafayette (that includes "Life of Madame Lafayette"). Note also, that same 1872 English translation of that dual biography, by Marquis Louis de Lasteyrie, has hundreds of lines of censored text. )
  11. ^ Ironically, Beethoven, the composer of the related and heavily censored, first rescue opera of this type, (after J. N. Bouilly's, "Beaumarchaisian" opera, "Leonore, ou l'amour conjugal", Paris, February, 1798, was written just months after a play, of the same name which was performed in Paris in May, 1797, that includes General and Mme. Lafayette by their real names!) also died from Lead poisoning, which causes central nervous system damage including, says CDC, hearing loss -- SEE Beethoven's Hair; An Extraordinary Historical Odyssey and a Scientific Mystery Solved, by Russell Martin, 2001, Broadway.
  12. ^ The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor,1941, volume 36, pp. 452-3, Mount Vernon, September 25, 1798, Letter of George Washington to G. W. Snyder, ". . . The fact is, I preside over none, nor have I been in one more than once or twice, within the last thirty years. . . . " [i. e. all the way back to ~1768]
  13. ^ Château La Grange is maintained as a museum and shrine by the Fondation de Chambrun; in December 2007 George Washington's specially commissioned gold medal in the shape of an eagle, presented to Lafayette, was purchased at auction by the Foundation, for display at La Grange. ("Revolutionary hero's medal fetches more than 5 million at auction").
  14. ^ Color photo of Lafayette grave, 1917
  15. ^ Kathleen, McKenna (2007). On Bunker Hill, a boost in Lafayette profile. Boston Globe. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, Retrieved on 2008-05-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
  16. ^ Official website of the Order of Lafayette, an American hereditary order that promotes commemoration of Americans who fought in France and Franco-American friendship. Accessed 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
  17. ^ Van EE, PM, "Library Purchases Manuscript Atlas: Lafayette's Travels in America Documented". In official website of United States Library of Congress. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress Accessed 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
  18. ^ "the Marquis de Lafeyette". In official website of Clan Sinclair. Clan Sinclair is a Scottish clan of highland extraction with lands in the north of Scotland, the Orkney Islands, and the Lothians Accessed 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
  19. ^ "Marquis de Lafayette Collection, 1781-1834: Finding Aid". In University Library Digital Collection website of Princeton University. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Accessed 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
  20. ^ Public Law 107-209(TXT)(PDF), conferring honorary citizenship of the United States, again, posthumously on the (former) Marquis de Lafayette. In "GPO Access" on official website of United States Government Printing Office. The Government Printing Office (GPO is an agency of the legislative branch of the United States federal government. Accessed 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in

See also

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Pineton de Chambrun is a French aristocratic family of which several members have taken an important part in French politics. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

External links

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