| Gifford Pinchot | |
 Gifford Pinchot, 1909, by Pirie MacDonald. At the time of this photo he was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service. |
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| In office January 20, 1923 – January 15, 1927 |
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| Preceded by | William C. Sproul |
| Succeeded by | John Stuchell Fisher |
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| In office January 20, 1931 – January 15, 1935 |
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| Preceded by | John Stuchell Fisher |
| Succeeded by | George Howard Earle III |
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| Born | August 11, 1865 Simsbury, Connecticut |
| Died | October 4, 1946 (aged 81) |
| Political party | Republican |
Gifford Pinchot (August 11, 1865 – October 4, 1946) was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910) and the Governor of Pennsylvania (1923–1927, 1931–1935). Governors Pennsylvania was one of the original Thirteen colonies, and was admitted as a state on December 12 1787 Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William Cameron Sproul ( September 16, 1870 March 21, 1928) was Governor of Pennsylvania from 1919 to 1923 John Stuchell Fisher ( May 25, 1867 S Mahoning Twp PA &ndash June 25, 1940 Pittsburgh) was Pennsylvania 's 28th Governors Pennsylvania was one of the original Thirteen colonies, and was admitted as a state on December 12 1787 Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. John Stuchell Fisher ( May 25, 1867 S Mahoning Twp PA &ndash June 25, 1940 Pittsburgh) was Pennsylvania 's 28th George Howard Earle III ( December 5, 1890 December 30, 1974) was an American Politician. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Simsbury is a suburban town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Governors Pennsylvania was one of the original Thirteen colonies, and was admitted as a state on December 12 1787 The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern He was a Republican and Progressive. The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created by a split in the Republican Party in the presidential election of 1912.
Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. He called it "the art of producing from the forest whatever it can yield for the service of man. " Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources. Conservation can be confused with Conversation and vice versa
Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "as though it were spelled pin'cho, with slight emphasis on the first syllable. The Literary Digest was an influential general-interest weekly Magazine in the early 20th century United States, published by Funk and Wagnalls " [1]
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Education and early life
He was born in Simsbury, Connecticut in 1865; Pinchot graduated from Yale College in 1889, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. Simsbury is a suburban town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. Yale College was the official name of Yale University from 1718 to 1887 Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Skull and Bones is an elite Secret society based at Yale University, in New Haven Connecticut. He studied as a postgraduate at the French National Forestry School for a year. He returned home and plunged into the nascent forestry movement, intent on shaping a national forest policy.
Gifford Pinchot's father, James, had made a great fortune from lumbering and land speculation but regretted the damage his work had done to the land. He made conservation a family affair and decided that Gifford would become a forester. He endowed the Yale School of Forestry in 1900, and he turned Grey Towers, the family estate at Milford, Pennsylvania, into a "nursery" for the American forestry movement. The Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies (FES was founded as the Yale School of Forestry in 1900 by Gifford Pinchot, head of the United States Grey Towers National Historic Site, also known as Gifford Pinchot House or The Pinchot Institute, is located just off US 6 west of Milford, Milford is a borough in Pike County, Pennsylvania, United States. Family affairs were managed by Gifford's brother Amos Pinchot, thus freeing Pinchot to do the more important work of developing forest management concepts. Amos Pinchot (1872 - 1944 was an American political leader of the early 20th century Unlike some others in the forestry movement, Pinchot's wealth allowed him to singly pursue this goal without worry of income.
Pinchot's approach set him apart from the other leading forestry experts, especially Bernhard E. Fernow and Carl A. Schenck. Bernhard Eduard Fernow ( January 7 1851 &ndash February 6 1923) was the Chief of the Division of Forestry of the United States from Carl Alwyn Schenck (1868 &ndash 1955 was a pioneering forestry educator in North America known for his contributions as the forester for George W Fernow had been Pinchot's predecessor in the U. S. Division of Forestry before leaving in 1898 to become the first dean of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell. Schenck was Pinchot's successor at the Biltmore Estate (widely recognized as the "cradle of American forestry") and founder of the Biltmore Forest School on the Biltmore Estate. Biltmore House is a French Renaissance inspired chateau near Asheville, North Carolina, built by George Washington Vanderbilt between 1888 and 1895 Their schools largely reflected their approaches to introducing forestry in the United States: Fernow advocated a regional approach and Schenck a private enterprise effort in contrast to Pinchot's national vision. [2]
Forestry policy and institutions
In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences formed the National Forest Commission and they appointed him to the Commission, the only nonmember appointed. Grover Cleveland later charged him with developing a plan for managing the nation’s Western forest reserves. Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18 1837 June 24 1908 was both the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. In 1898 he became head of the Division of Forestry, later renamed the United States Forest Service.
With fellow Yale alumnus Henry S. Graves, Pinchot founded the Yale University School of Forestry (now the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies) in 1900 and was a professor there from 1903 until 1936. Henry ("Harry" Solon Graves ( May 3, 1871 – 1951 was a forest administrator in the United States The Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies (FES was founded as the Yale School of Forestry in 1900 by Gifford Pinchot, head of the United States
Pinchot sought to turn public land policy from one that dispersed resources to private holdings to one that maintained federal ownership and management of public land. He was a progressive who strongly believed in the efficiency movement. The most economically efficient use of natural resources was his goal; waste was his great enemy. His successes, in part, were grounded in the personal networks that he started developing as a student at Yale and continued developing throughout his career. His personal involvement in the recruitment process led to high esprit de corps in the Forest Service and allowed him to avoid partisan political patronage. Pinchot capitalized on his professional expertise to gain adherents in an age when professionalism and science were greatly valued. He made it a high priority to professionalize the Forest Service; to that end he helped found the Yale School of Forestry as a source of highly trained men.
Methods
Pinchot used the rhetoric of the market economy to disarm critics of efforts to expand the role of government: scientific management of forests was profitable. While most of his battles were with timber companies that he thought had too narrow a time horizon, he also battled the timber preservationists like John Muir, who were deeply opposed to commercializing nature. John Muir ( April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914) was a Scottish -born American Naturalist, author and early [3]
Pinchot was generally opposed to preservation for the sake of wildnerness or scenery, a fact perhaps best illustrated by the important support he offered to the daming of Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.
Pinchot rose to national prominence under the patronage of President Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T In 1905, his department also gained control of the national forest reserves, thereby dramatically increasing the authority of the Forest Service. Pinchot developed a plan by which the forests could be developed by private interests, under set terms, in exchange for a fee. Pinchot embarked on many publicity campaigns to direct national discussions of natural resource management issues.
Central to his publicity work was his creation of news for magazines and newspapers, as well as debates with opponents such as John Muir. John Muir ( April 21, 1838 – December 24, 1914) was a Scottish -born American Naturalist, author and early His effectiveness in manipulating information hostile to his boss President Taft led to his firing in January 1910. But his successes became a model for other bureaucrats on how to influence public opinion. [4]
Pinchot’s policies encountered some opposition. Preservationists opposed to massive timber cutting while Congress was increasingly hostile to conservation of the forests, owing to local commercial pressures for quicker exploitation. In 1907, Congress forbade the creation of more forest reserves in the Western states. Roosevelt designated 16 million acres (65,000 km²) of new National Forests just minutes before his power to do so was stripped by a congressionally mandated amendment to the Agriculture Bill. These were called the Midnight Forests. Midnight Forests was a nickname given to the forests created by President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt near the end of his term as president
Pinchot-Ballinger controversy
Pinchot’s authority was substantially undermined by the election of President William Howard Taft in 1908. The Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy was a dispute between US Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot and U William Howard Taft (September 15 1857 – March 8 1930 was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice The United States presidential election of 1908 was held on November 3 1908 Taft later fired Pinchot for speaking out against his policies and those of Richard Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior. Richard Achilles Ballinger ( July 9, 1858 - June 6, 1922) was mayor of Seattle Washington, from 1904–1906 and U Pinchot launched a series of public attacks to discredit Ballinger and force him from office in what became known as the Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy. The Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy was a dispute between US Forest Service Chief Gifford Pinchot and U That episode hastened the split in the Republican Party that led to the formation of the Progressive Party, of which Pinchot and his brother were top leaders. The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created by a split in the Republican Party in the presidential election of 1912.
Pinchot ran for Senate in 1914 on the Progressive Party ticket and expressed interest in the presidency. With the passage of the 17th Amendment in 1913, the US Senate election of 1914 was the first time that all senators were popularly elected instead of chosen by their After his campaign, Pinchot promoted American involvement in World War I, opposing President Woodrow Wilson's neutrality. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. The Progressives returned to their old parties and Pinchot rejoined the Republicans.
Pinchot founded the National Conservation Association, of which he was president from 1910 to 1925.
Governor of Pennsylvania
With Wilson's re-election in 1916, Pinchot turned to Pennsylvania state politics. The United States presidential election of 1916 took place while Europe was embroiled in World War I. Governor William Sproul appointed him state Commissioner of Forestry in 1920. William 'Sproul may refer to William Cameron Sproul (1870-1928 a Governor of Pennsylvania Pinchot's aim, however, was to become governor. His 1922 campaign for the office concentrated on popular reforms: government economy, enforcement of Prohibition and regulation of public utilities. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol He won by a wide margin.
Pinchot retired at the end of his term in 1927. Following another unsuccessful attempt at the U.S. Senate, the Pinchots took a seven-month cruise to the South Seas. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives
In 1930, Pinchot won a second term as governor, battling for regulation of public utilities, relief for the unemployed, and construction of paved roads to "get the farmers out of the mud. " This was the achievement he was most proud of. In 1934, Pinchot ran unsuccessfully for the senate a third time. Pinchot's final campaign, a bid for the GOP nomination for Governor in 1938, was also unsuccessful.
In his remaining years, the ex-governor gave advice to President Franklin Roosevelt, wrote a book about his life as a forester, and devised a fishing kit to be used in lifeboats during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including He even instructed the U.S. Navy on how to extract fresh water from fish.
Death and legacy
On October 4, 1946, he died aged 81, from leukemia. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Leukemia or leukaemia (Greek leukos λευκός, "white" aima αίμα, "blood" is a Cancer of the Blood He was survived by his wife, Cornelia Bryce, and his son, Gifford Bryce Pinchot. He is interred at Milford Cemetery, Pike County, Pennsylvania. Pike County is a County located in the US state of Pennsylvania.
Perhaps because of pride in the first Gifford Pinchot's legacy, the Pinchot family has continued to name their sons Gifford, down to Gifford Pinchot V.
Gifford Senior and his then thirteen-year-old son co-wrote a scientific travel-adventure book, entitled Giff and Stiff in the South Seas, copyright 1933, by the John C. Winston Co. of Philadelphia. Junior Gifford is the actual voice of the adventure, documenting in a young boy's language the scientific studies, observations, and adventures as father, mother, son, and companions sail on the Mary Pinchot from New York to Key West and on to the Galapagos, Marquesas, and Society Islands. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Key West is a city in Monroe County Florida, United States. The city encompasses Key West, the namesake island the part of Stock Island The Society Islands ( French: Îles de la Société or officially Archipel de la Société) are a group of Islands in the south Pacific This Darwin-like odessy is accompanied by photos of the journey. Although the book is currently out of print, it can be found.
Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Washington and Gifford Pinchot State Park in Lewisberry, Pennsylvania are named in his honor, as is Pinchot Hall at Penn State University. The Pinchot Sycamore is a large American sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis) in Simsbury Connecticut. Simsbury is a suburban town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. Gifford Pinchot Gifford Pinchot National Forest Gifford Pinchot State Park is a Pennsylvania State Park in Warrington Township, York County, Pennsylvania in Lewisberry is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The Pennsylvania State University (commonly known as Penn State) is a state-related, land-grant, space grant public research University The Pinchot Sycamore, the largest tree in his native state of Connecticut and second-largest sycamore on the Atlantic coast, still stands in Simsbury, where he was born. The Pinchot Sycamore is a large American sycamore ( Platanus occidentalis) in Simsbury Connecticut. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Simsbury is a suburban town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The house where he was born belonged to his grandfather, Elijah Phelps, and is now on the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP is the United States government's official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of [1] Grey Towers, the family home outside Milford, is a National Historic Landmark open to the public for tours. Grey Towers National Historic Site, also known as Gifford Pinchot House or The Pinchot Institute, is located just off US 6 west of Milford, A National Historic Landmark (NHL is a Building, site, Structure, Object, or District, that is officially recognized by the
Gifford Pinchot III, grandson of the first Gifford Pinchot, is co-founder and president of the Bainbridge Graduate Institute, which offers a Master of Business Administration degree integrating environmental sustainability and social responsibility with innovation and profit. The Bainbridge Graduate Institute on Bainbridge Island Washington offers sustainable business curriculum which prepares graduates to create and manage successful The Master of Business Administration ( MBA) is a Master's degree in Business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an Entity whether it is a Government, Corporation, Organization
Bronson Pinchot (TV star from Perfect Strangers) is not related to Gifford Pinchot. Bronson Alcott Pinchot (born May 20, 1959) is an American Actor. Perfect Strangers is an American Sitcom that ran for eight seasons from 1986 through 1993 on ABC. [2]
Notes
References
- Gifford Pinchot (1912: Competing Visions for America, Ohio State University)
- Gifford Pinchot (1865-1948) Conservation Hall of Fame, National Wildlife Federation
- Gifford Pinchot Brief Bio
Further reading
Primary sources
- Gifford Pinchot, The Conservation Diaries of Gifford Pinchot ed by Harold K. Steen (2001)
Secondary sources
- Balogh, Brian. "Scientific Forestry and the Roots of the Modern American State: Gifford Pinchot's Path to Progressive Reform" Environmental History 2002 7(2): 198–225. Issn: 1084-5453
- Lewis, James G. "The Pinchot Family and the Battle to Establish American Forestry" Pennsylvania History 1999 66(2): 143–165. Issn: 0031-4528
- M. Nelson McGeary, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (1960)
- Meyer, John M. "Gifford Pinchot, John Muir, and the Boundaries of Politics in American Thought" Polity 1997 30(2): 267–284. Issn: 0032-3497
- Char Miller. Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (2001)
- Nash, Roderick. "Wilderness and the American Mind," Univ. of Wisc. Press, (1967), and later editions
- Ponder, Stephen. "Gifford Pinchot, Press Agent for Forestry" Journal of Forest History 1987 31(1): 26–35. Issn: 0094-5080
- Smith, Michael B. "The Value of a Tree: Public Debates of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot" Historian 1998 60(4): 757–778. Issn: 0018-2370
External links
- Works by Gifford Pinchot at Project Gutenberg
- Pinchot Institute for Conservation
- Pike County (Pennsylvania) Historical Society
- Grey Towers National Historical Site, Milford, Pennsylvania
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Science
- Dramatic Portrayal of Gifford Pinchot
- Bainbridge Graduate Institute
| Preceded by William Cameron Sproul |
Governor of Pennsylvania 1923–1927 |
Succeeded by John Stuchell Fisher |
| Preceded by John Stuchell Fisher |
Governor of Pennsylvania 1931–1935 |
Succeeded by George Howard Earle |
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