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For other uses, see Gibbon (disambiguation).
Gibbons[1][2]
Fossil range: Miocene to Recent
Lar Gibbon (Hylobates lar)
Lar Gibbon (Hylobates lar)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: Hylobatidae
Gray, 1870
Genera

Hylobates
Hoolock
Nomascus
Symphalangus

Gibbons are the small apes in the family Hylobatidae. The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Lar Gibbon ( Hylobates lar) also known as the White-handed Gibbon, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye John Edward Gray ( 12 February 1800 &ndash 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The Genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of Gibbons It was once considered the only genus but recently its subgenera ( Hoolock The hoolock gibbons ( Hoolock) also known as hoolocks, are two Primate species from the family of the gibbons ( Hylobatidae) Nomascus is the second most speciose Genus of Gibbons (family Hylobatidae The Siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus) is a tailless Arboreal, black furred Gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand In Biological classification, family ( Latin The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus (50). A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic "Haplo" redirects here For the fictional character see The Death Gate Cycle. A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. The Genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of Gibbons It was once considered the only genus but recently its subgenera ( Hoolock The hoolock gibbons ( Hoolock) also known as hoolocks, are two Primate species from the family of the gibbons ( Hylobatidae) Nomascus is the second most speciose Genus of Gibbons (family Hylobatidae The Siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus) is a tailless Arboreal, black furred Gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand [2][3] The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape which, until recently, was thought to be closely related to the Hoolock gibbons. Bunopithecus sericus is an Extinct Gibbon or gibbon-like Primate. [2] Gibbons occur in tropical and subtropical rainforests from northeast India to Indonesia and north to southern China, including the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Sumatra (also spelled Sumatera) is the sixth largest island in the world (approximately 470000 km² and is the largest island entirely in Indonesia (two Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located at the centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. Java (Jawa is an Island of Indonesia and the site of its Capital city Jakarta.

Also called the lesser apes, gibbons differ from great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and humans) in being smaller and pair-bonded, in not making nests, and in certain anatomical details in which they superficially more closely resemble monkeys than great apes do. Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. Gorillas, the largest of the living Primates are ground-dwelling Herbivores that inhabit the Forests of Africa. The orangutans are two Species of great apes known for their intelligence long arms and reddish-brown hair Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A monkey is any member of either the New World monkeys or Old World monkeys two of the three groupings of Simian Primates the third group being Gibbons are masters of their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation, swinging from branch to branch distances of up to 15 m (50 ft), at speeds as much as 56 km/h (35 mph). Brachiation (from "limb" or "branch" is a form of Arboreal locomotion in which Primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms They can also make leaps of up to 8 m (27 ft), and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are the fastest and most agile of all tree-dwelling, non-flying mammals. [4]

Depending on species and gender, gibbon's fur coloration varies from dark to light brown shades, and anywhere in between black and white. It is rare to see a completely white gibbon.

Contents

Anatomy

One unique aspect of gibbon physiology is that the wrist is composed of a ball and socket joint, allowing for biaxial movement. A ball and socket joint ( enarthrosis, spheroidal joint) is a Joint in which the distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes This greatly reduces the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso, while also reducing stress on the shoulder joint. They also have long hands and feet, with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands. Their fur is usually black, gray, or brownish, often with white markings on hands, feet, and face. Some species have an enlarged throat sac, which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call. This structure is enormous in a few species, equaling the size of the animal's head.

Gibbon skulls resemble those of great apes, with very short rostra, enlarged braincases, and large orbits that face forward. Gibbons have the typical nose of catarrhine primates with nostrils that are close together and face forward and slightly downward. Catarrhini is a Parvorder of the Primates, one of the three major divisions of the Suborder Haplorrhini. They lack cheek pouches and their stomach is not sacculated. Their teeth also are similar to the great apes, with molars that are bunodont and lack lophs. The upper molars usually have a cingulum, which is sometimes large. The canines are prominent but not sexually dimorphic. "Cuspid" redirects here For the heart valves see Bicuspid valve and Tricuspid valve. The dental formula is:

Dentition
2, 1, 2, 3
2, 1, 2, 3

Behavior

A white-cheeked Gibbon at the Adelaide Zoo
A white-cheeked Gibbon at the Adelaide Zoo

Gibbons are social animals. Dentition is the development of Teeth and their arrangement in the Mouth. Adelaide Zoo is Australia's second oldest zoo located in Adelaide, South Australia and the only major metropolitan zoo in Australia to be owned and operated They are strongly territorial, and defend their boundaries with vigorous visual and vocal displays. The vocal element, which can often be heard for distances of up to 1 km, consists of a duet between a mated pair, their young sometimes joining in. In most species males, and in some also females, sing solos that attract mates as well as advertise their territory. [5] The songs can make them an easy find for poachers who engage in the illegal wildlife trade and in sales of body parts for use in traditional medicine.

The gibbons' ball-and-socket joints allow them unmatched speed and accuracy when swinging through trees. Nonetheless, their mode of transportation can lead to hazards when a branch breaks or a hand slips, and researchers estimate that the majority of Gibbons fracture their bones one or more times during their lifetimes. [4]

Status

Most species are threatened or endangered, most importantly from degradation or loss of their forest habitat. Gibbon species include the Siamang, the White-handed or Lar Gibbon, and the hoolock gibbons. The Siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus) is a tailless Arboreal, black furred Gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand The Lar Gibbon ( Hylobates lar) also known as the White-handed Gibbon, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family The hoolock gibbons ( Hoolock) also known as hoolocks, are two Primate species from the family of the gibbons ( Hylobatidae) The Siamang, which is the largest of the 13 species, is distinguished by having two fingers on each hand stuck together, hence the generic and species names Symphalangus and syndactylus.

Classification

Hominoid family tree
Hominoid family tree

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, Colin (16 November 2005). The Genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of Gibbons It was once considered the only genus but recently its subgenera ( Hoolock The Lar Gibbon ( Hylobates lar) also known as the White-handed Gibbon, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family The Agile Gibbon ( Hylobates agilis) also known as the Black-handed Gibbon, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family Müller's Bornean Gibbon ( Hylobates muelleri) also known as the Grey Gibbon, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family The Silvery Gibbon ( Hylobates moloch) is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family The Pileated Gibbon ( Hylobates pileatus) is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon family Kloss's Gibbon ( Hylobates klossii) also known as the Mentawai Gibbon or the Bilou, is a Primate in the Hylobatidae or Gibbon The hoolock gibbons ( Hoolock) also known as hoolocks, are two Primate species from the family of the gibbons ( Hylobatidae) The Western Hoolock Gibbon ( Hoolock hoolock) is a Primate from the Hylobatidae ( Gibbon) family The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon ( Hoolock leuconedys) is a Primate from the Hylobatidae ( Gibbon) family The Siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus) is a tailless Arboreal, black furred Gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand The Siamang ( Symphalangus syndactylus) is a tailless Arboreal, black furred Gibbon native to the forests of Malaysia, Thailand Nomascus is the second most speciose Genus of Gibbons (family Hylobatidae The Black Crested Gibbon ( Nomascus concolor) is an endangered species of Gibbon found in India, the Malay archipelago and Indochina The Eastern Black Crested Gibbon ( Nomascus nasutus) is a species of Gibbon that was once widespread in China and Vietnam. The Yellow-cheeked Gibbon ( Nomascus gabriellae) also called the Yellow-cheeked Crested Gibbon, the Golden-cheeked Crested Gibbon or the Buffed-cheeked Colin Groves is Professor of Biological Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. in Wilson, D. E. , and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 178-181. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.  
  2. ^ a b c Mootnick, A. ; Groves, C. P. (2005). "A new generic name for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobatidae)". International Journal of Primatology 26 (26): 971–976. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-5332-4. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  3. ^ a b Geissmann, Thomas. Gibbon Systematics and Species Identification. Retrieved on 2006-04-13. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
  4. ^ a b David Attenborough, Life of Mammals, Episode 8: Life in the Trees. Sir David Frederick Attenborough OM, CH, CVO, CBE, FRS (born 8 May 1926 in London, England The Life of Mammals is a BBC Nature documentary series written and presented by David Attenborough, first transmitted in the UK BBC Warner, 2003.
  5. ^ Clarke, E, et al. (2006). The Syntax and Meaning of Wild Gibbon Songs. Retrieved on 2007-01-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor

External links

Dictionary

gibbon

-noun

  1. A small ape of the family Hylobatidae with long limbs, which it uses to travel through rainforests by swinging from branch to branch.
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