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Giacomo Costantino Beltrami (1779 – January 6, 1855) was an Italian jurist, author, and explorer, best known for claiming to have discovered the headwaters of the Mississippi River in 1823 while on a trip through much of the United States (later expeditions determined a different source, however). Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest JURIST is an online legal news service hosted by the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, written by founder Professor Bernard Hibbitts and a staff of more than An author is defined both as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Beltrami County in Minnesota is named for him, as are some other sites in the state. Beltrami County is a County located in the northern part of the U Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers He had an extensive network of notable figures for friends and acquaintances, such as members of the powerful Medici family.

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Early life

Beltrami was the 16th of 17 children, born in the city of Bergamo in the northern Italian region of Lombardy. Bergamo ( Bèrghem in Lombard, antiquated Wälsch-Bergen in German) is a town in Lombardy, Italy, about Lombardy (Lombardia Latin: Langobardia, Western Lombard: Lumbardìa, Eastern Lombard: Lombardia) is one of the His exact birthdate is unknown because a fire in the area destroyed baptismal records in 1793. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Year 1793 ( MDCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common He apparently had a fair amount of schooling in literature, law, and other subjects before leaving to become a soldier for the Cisalpine Republic in 1797. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The Cisalpine Republic ( Repubblica Cisalpina) was a French client republic in Northern Italy that lasted from 1797 to 1802. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The republic was an extension of France at the time, and Beltrami worked his way into the Napoleonic government after becoming a Mason. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Years later, when the Le Marche province again came under purview of the papal government, he was questioned for his activities. The Marche (plural originally from le marche de Ancona, referring to the March of Ancona) is one of the 20 Regions of Italy.

In 1809, Beltrami befriended Giulia Spada dei Medici. Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year When she died at the age of 39 in 1820, he put together a collection of different writings in her honor. Year 1820 ( MDCCCXX) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year He was distraught by her death, and this, combined with pressures about his background during French occupation, led him to begin traveling. He visited a number of different cities in Europe, reaching Liverpool, England in 1822. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the From there, he set out to the United States on a voyage that proved to be very treacherous. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He finally arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania after more than two months on the ocean in December 1822 or January 1823. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə

Exploring North America

In the U. S. he also began visiting a number of different cities. He eventually began a voyage down the Ohio River with the intention of following it to the Mississippi and then south to New Orleans, Louisiana. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana However, while onboard he met with the prominent United States Indian agent, Lawrence Taliaferro, who was planning to travel upriver on the Mississippi. Lawrence Taliaferro (ˈtʌlɪvɝ was an agent at Fort Snelling Minnesota from 1820 through 1839 Beltrami soon became obsessed with the idea of finding the river's source. In 1823, the two later joined with Stephen H. Long as they traveled upriver to Fort St. Anthony. Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Stephen Harriman Long (December 30 1784 &ndash September 4 1864 was a U Fort Snelling, originally known as Fort St Anthony, is a former Military Fortification located at the confluence of the Minnesota

Beltrami followed Long and Taliaferro as they went about exploring and mapping, and interacting with the local Native American tribes. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States However, in July, after about three months of this, tension began to grow between Beltrami and the others. He eventually split from their expedition in August, when the group had reached Pembina, and instead set off with some Ojibwe Indian guides on his personal quest to find the source of the river. Pembina is a Canadian French name for the High bush cranberry (viburnum trilobum which has lent its name to several places or features Canada The Ojibwa or Chippewa (also Ojibwe, Ojibway, Chippeway) is the largest group of Native Americans - First Nations After only a week and a half, his guides abandoned him and he had to seek help from other natives that he came across.

On August 28, he found what he believed was the source of the Mississippi, as well as the Red River of the North. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital The Red River (rivière Rouge is a North American river Formed by the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers in the United States He named the place Giulia after his departed friend, and named eight other nearby lakes after her children. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the He began the return trip downriver, arriving back at Fort St. Anthony two days later. Beltrami then continued south to his original destination of New Orleans, finally arriving in December.

In the city, he began writing an account of his travels thus far. By late January, it was completed, and it was published a few months later.

Beltrami himself was away from the discussion for about a year, however, as he had gone on another voyage through Mexico. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. He collected Aztec objects, classified plants and animals, and observed the area's political system. Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Particularly because of his work with flora, he would eventually be included in several scientific societies of France.

He returned to New Orleans in 1825, but soon left to return to Philadelphia where many copies of his book were being stored. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Catholic church was also displeased, and condemned him and his work. By November, he was hob-nobbing with elites at festivities surrounding the opening of New York's Erie Canal. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Erie Canal is a popular canal in New York state from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, approximately 360 miles connecting the Great Lakes

Return to Europe

After some trips to Haiti, Santo Domingo, and elsewhere, Beltrami made a return trip across the Atlantic in 1826, arriving in London in the late part of the year. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the For the game see 1826 (board game. Year 1826 ( MDCCCXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He moved to Paris two years later, and joined several scientific societies through the early 1830s. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events and trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday.

In 1834, Beltrami moved to Heidelberg, Germany and befriended Josef Anton Mittermaier, a notable jurist of the time. Year 1834 ( MDCCCXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A few years later he finally returned to his estate in Filottrano. Filottrano is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Ancona in the Italian region Marche, located about 25 km southwest of He attempted to have his books published in Italy, but the church-led government denied his requests. In his final years, he patterned his life on that of Franciscan monks, and called himself "Fra Giacomo. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective " Most of his time was spent working in his house and garden. He died there in 1855.

Offices and titles

Societal memberships

Bibliography

References

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