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For other uses, see Ghost (disambiguation).
Image by Henry Fuseli depicting Hamlet in the presence of his father's ghost.
Image by Henry Fuseli depicting Hamlet in the presence of his father's ghost. Henry Fuseli (in German Johann Heinrich Füssli; February 7, 1741 – April 16, 1825) was a British painter Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601

A ghost is said to be the apparition of a dead person. In Psychology and Parapsychology, an apparitional experience is an anomalous quasi-perceptual experience They are usually seen to be similar in appearance to that person, and are often encountered in places he or she frequented, or in association with the person's former belongings. The word "ghost" may also refer to the spirit or soul of a deceased person, or any spirit or demon. The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living [1][2][3] Ghosts are often associated with hauntings, which is, according to the Parapsychological Association, "the more or less regular occurrence of paranormal phenomena associated with a particular locality (especially a building) and usually attributed to the activities of a discarnate entity; the phenomena may include apparitions, poltergeist disturbances, cold drafts, sounds of footsteps and voices, and various odors. The Parapsychological Association was formed in 1957 as a professional society for parapsychologists following an initiative by J Paranormal is an Umbrella term used to describe unusual Phenomena or experiences that lack an obvious Scientific explanation In Psychology and Parapsychology, an apparitional experience is an anomalous quasi-perceptual experience (from German poltern, meaning to rumble or make noise and Geist, meaning " Ghost ", " Spirit " "[2]

Ghosts are a controversial anomalous phenomenon. A controversy or dispute is a commencement of a conflict between statements of accepted fact and a new or unaccepted proposal that disagrees with argues against According to a poll conducted in 2005 by the Gallup Organization, about 32% of Americans believe in the existence of ghosts. The Gallup Organization provides a variety of Management consulting, human resources and statistical research services [4] The term ghost has been replaced by apparition in parapsychology, because the word ghost is deemed insufficiently precise. In Psychology and Parapsychology, an apparitional experience is an anomalous quasi-perceptual experience Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method [5]

Contents

Historical background

The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely related to the ancient concept of animism, which attributed souls to everything in nature, including human beings, animals, plants, rocks, etc. The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere [6] As the nineteenth-century anthropologist James Frazer explained in his classic work, The Golden Bough, souls were seen as the creature within that animated the body:

"If a man lives and moves, it can only be because he has a little man or animal inside, who moves him. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of The Golden Bough A Study in Magic and Religion is a wide-ranging comparative study of Mythology and Religion, written by Scottish anthropologist Sir The animal inside the animal, the man inside the man, is the soul. And as the activity of an animal or man is explained by the presence of the soul, so the repose of sleep or death is explained by its absence; sleep or trance being the temporary, death being the permanent absence of the soul. . . "[7]

Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted in ancient cultures as a bird or other animal, it was widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the body in every feature, even down to clothing the person wore. This is depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress. ' The Book of the Dead' is the common name for the Ancient Egyptian Funerary text known as ' Spells of Coming' (or ' Going') ' Forth By Day'

Another widespread belief concerning ghosts is that they were composed of a misty, airy, or subtle material. Anthropologists speculate that this may also stem from early beliefs that ghosts were the person within the person, most noticeable in ancient cultures as a person's breath, which upon exhaling in colder climates appears visibly as a white mist. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of [6] This belief may have also fostered the metaphorical meaning of "breath" in certain languages, such as the Latin spiritus and the Greek pneuma, which by analogy became extended to mean the soul. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Pneumatology is the study of spiritual beings and phenomena especially the interactions between humans and God. Analogy is both the cognitive process of transferring Information from a particular subject (the analogue or source to another particular subject (the target and In the Bible, God is depicted as animating Adam with a breath. Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. See also Adam and Eve Adam ( Hebrew: אָדָם was according to a literal interpretation of Genesis, the first man created by

An artist's interpretation of a ghostly woman on a flight of stairs, based on common descriptions.
An artist's interpretation of a ghostly woman on a flight of stairs, based on common descriptions.

Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread and persistent. The expression anecdotal evidence has two quite distinct meanings

In many historical accounts, ghosts were thought to be deceased people looking for vengeance, or imprisoned on earth for bad things they did during life. Most cultures have ghost stories in their mythologies. The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" Many stories from the Middle Ages and the Romantic era rely on the macabre and the fantastic, and ghosts are a major theme in literature from those eras. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Macabre is a quality of certain artistic or literary works characterized by a grim or ghastly atmosphere

Ghost stories date back to ancient times, and can be found in many different cultures. The Chinese philosopher, Mo Tzu (470-391 BC), is quoted as having said:

"The way to find out whether anything exists or not is to depend on the testimony of the ears and eyes of the multitude. Mozi ( Lat as Micius, ca 470 BCE&ndashca 391 BCE was a Philosopher who lived in China during the Hundred Schools of Thought "Testify" redirects here For other uses see Testify (disambiguation and Testimony (disambiguation. If some have heard it or some have seen it then we have to say it exists. If no one has heard it and no one has seen it then we have to say it does not exist. So, then, why not go to some village or some district and inquire? If from antiquity to the present, and since the beginning of man, there are men who have seen the bodies of ghosts and spirits and heard their voices, how can we say that they do not exist? If none have heard them and none have seen them, then how can we say they do? But those who deny the existence of the spirits say: "Many in the world have heard and seen something of ghosts and spirits. eXist is an Open source Database management system entirely built on XML technology also called a Native XML database. Since they vary in testimony, who are to be accepted as really having heard and seen them?" Mo Tzu said: As we are to rely on what many have jointly seen and what many have jointly heard, the case of Tu Po is to be accepted. "[8] (note: King Hsuan (827-783 BC) executed his minister, Tu Po, on false charges even after being warned that Tu Po's ghost would seek revenge. Three years later, according to historical chronicles, Tu Po's ghost shot and killed Hsuan with a bow and arrow before an assembly of feudal lords. )

One of the earliest known ghost "sightings" in the west took place in Athens, Greece. This article refers to the cardinal direction for other uses see West (disambiguation. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's [9] Pliny the Younger (c. (50 AD) described it in a letter to Licinius Sura: Athenodoros Cananites (c. Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, born Gaius Caecilius or Gaius Caecilius Cilo (61/63 - ca Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" Athenodoros Cananites ( Greek: ̉Αθηνόδωρος Κανανίτης sometimes transliterated Athenodoros) (ca 74 BC – 7 AD), a Stoic philosopher, decided to rent a large, Athenian house, to investigate widespread rumors that it was haunted. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Athenodoros staked out at the house that night, and, sure enough, a disheveled, aged spectre, bound at feet and hands with rattling chains, eventually "appeared". The spirit then beckoned for Athenodoros to follow him; Athenodoros complied, but the ghost soon vanished. The philosopher marked the spot where the old man had disappeared, and, on the next day, advised the magistrates to dig there. The man's shackled bones were reportedly uncovered three years later. After a proper burial, the hauntings ceased. [10]

Many Eastern religious traditions also subscribe to the concept of ghosts. The Hindu Garuda Purana has detailed information about ghosts. Garuda Purana is one of the Puranas which are part of the Hindu body of texts known as Smriti. [11]

The Hebrew Torah and the Bible contain few references to ghosts, associating spiritism with forbidden occult activities cf. term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Deuteronomy 18:11. Deuteronomy (Greek deuteronomion, Δευτερονόμιον "second law" is the fifth book of the Hebrew Bible and of the Old Testament The most notable reference is in the First Book of Samuel (I Samuel 28:7-19 KJV), in which a disguised King Saul has the Witch of Endor summon the spirit of Samuel. The Books of Samuel ( Hebrew: Sefer Sh'muel ספר שמואל are part of the Tanakh (part of Judaism 's Hebrew Bible) and also of Saul (שאול המלך (or Sha'ul) ( Arabic: طالوت,Tālūt ( (reigned 1047 - 1007 BCE is identified in the Books of Samuel, 1 Chronicles In the First book of Samuel (an ancient Jewish prophetic book included in the collection of texts known to Christians as the Old Testament) chapter, the Samuel ( Hebrew: שְׁמוּאֵל, Standard Šəmuʼel Tiberian Šəmûʼēl) is an important In the New Testament, Jesus has to persuade the Disciples that he is not a ghost following the resurrection, Matthew 24. Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) The Twelve Apostles (Greek apostolos, "someone sent out" e The Gospel of Matthew (Gk Κατά Ματθαίον Ευαγγέλιον is one of the four Canonical gospels in the New Testament and is a Synoptic gospel In a similar vein, Jesus' followers at first believe him to be a ghost when they see him walking on water. Walking on water is one of the Miracles that the Gospels attribute to Jesus.

The Child ballad Sweet William's Ghost recounts the story of a ghost returning to beg a woman to free him from his promise to marry her, as he obviously cannot being dead; her refusal would mean his damnation. The Child Ballads are a collection of 305 Ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants collected by Francis James Child Sweet William's Ghost is a Folk song, collected by Francis James Child in 1868 as Child ballad number 77 This reflects a popular British belief that the dead would haunt their lovers if they took up with a new love without some formal release. [12]

The Unquiet Grave expresses a belief even more widespread, found in various location over Europe: ghosts can stem from the excessive grief of the living, whose mourning interferes with the dead's peaceful rest. " The Unquiet Grave " is an English Folk song in which a young man mourns his dead love too hard and prevents her from obtaining peace [13]

In many folktales from around the world, the hero arranges for the burial of a dead man. Soon after, he gains a companion who aids him and, in the end, the hero's companion reveals that he is in fact the dead man. Grateful dead (or grateful ghost) is a folktale present in many cultures throughout the world [14] Instances of this include the Italian fairy tale Fair Brow and the Swedish The Bird 'Grip'. A fairy tale or fairy story is a fictional Story that may feature folkloric characters (such as fairies, enchantments]] often involving Fair Brow is an Italian Fairy tale collected by Thomas Frederick Crane in his Italian Popular Tales. The Bird 'Grip' is a Swedish Fairy tale. Andrew Lang included it The Pink Fairy Book.

Skeptical analysis

Critics of "eyewitness ghost sightings" suggest that limitations of human perception and ordinary physical explanations can account for such sightings; for example, air pressure changes in a home causing doors to slam, or lights from a passing car reflected through a window at night. [15] Pareidolia, an innate tendency to recognize patterns in random perceptions, can cause people to believe they have seen ghosts. The term pareidolia (pæraɪˈdoʊliə describes a psychological phenomenon involving a vague and random stimulus (often an image or sound being perceived as significant [16] Reports of ghosts "seen out of the corner of the eye" may be accounted for by the sensitivity of human peripheral vision. Peripheral vision is a part of vision that occurs outside the very center of gaze According to skeptical investigator Joe Nickell:

. Joe Nickell was born December 1, 1944. He is a former stage magician and is a prominent skeptical investigator of the Paranormal . . peripheral vision is very sensitive and can easily mislead, especially late at night, when the brain is tired and more likely to misinterpret sights and sounds. [15]

Nickell also states that a person's belief that a location is haunted may cause them to interpret mundane events as confirmations of a haunting:

Once the idea of a ghost appears in a household . . . no longer is an object merely mislaid. . . . There gets to be a dynamic in a place where the idea that it's haunted takes on a life of its own. One-of-a-kind quirks that could never be repeated all become further evidence of the haunting. [15]

Sound is thought to be another cause of supposed sightings. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies Frequencies lower than 20 hertz are called infrasound and are normally inaudible, but scientists Richard Lord and Richard Wiseman have concluded that infrasound can cause humans to experience bizarre feelings in a room, such as anxiety, extreme sorrow or even the chills. Frequency is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit Time. The hertz (symbol Hz) is a measure of Frequency, informally defined as the number of events occurring per Second. Infrasound is Sound with a Frequency too low to be heard by the human Ear. Richard Wiseman (born 1966 is Professor of the Public Understanding of Psychology at the University of Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. [17]

Carbon monoxide poisoning, which can cause changes in perception of the visual and auditory systems,[18] was recognized as a possible explanation for haunted houses as early as 1921. Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of Carbon monoxide gas A haunted house is defined as a house that is believed to be a center for Supernatural occurrences or Paranormal phenomena

Another potential explanation of apparitions is that they are hypnagogic hallucinations. Hypnagogia ( Greek ὕπνος húpnos "sleep" + the root found in ἄγω ágō "to lead away conduct convey" ἀγωγεύς

The traditional perception of ghosts wearing clothing is considered illogical by some researchers, given the supposed spiritual nature of ghosts, suggesting that the basis of what a ghost is said to look like and consist of is quite dependent on preconceptions made by society. [19] Skeptics also say that, to date, there is no credible scientific evidence that any location is inhabited by spirits of the dead. [20]

Some researchers, such as Professor Michael Persinger (Laurentian University, Canada), have speculated that changes in geomagnetic fields (created, e. Dr Michael A Persinger (born June 26, 1945) is a Cognitive neuroscience researcher and university professor He has worked at Laurentian University Laurentian University ( Université Laurentienne) founded in 1960 is a mid-sized bilingual University in Greater Sudbury, Ontario Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Earth 's magnetic field (and the surface magnetic field) is approximately a Magnetic dipole, with one pole near the North pole (see g. , by tectonic stresses in the Earth's crust or solar activity) could stimulate the brain's temporal lobes and produce many of the experiences associated with hauntings. This theory has been tested in various ways. Some scientists have examined the relationship between the time of onset of unusual phenomena in allegedly haunted locations and any sudden increases in global geomagnetic activity. Earth 's magnetic field (and the surface magnetic field) is approximately a Magnetic dipole, with one pole near the North pole (see Others have investigated whether the location of alleged hauntings is associated with certain types of magnetic activity. Finally, a third strand of work has involved laboratory studies in which stimulation of the temporal lobe with transcerebral magnetic fields has elicited subjective experiences that strongly parallel phenomena associated with hauntings. All of this work is controversial; it has attracted a large amount of debate and disagreement. [21]

Popular culture

19th century etching by John Leech of the Ghost of Christmas Present as depicted in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol
19th century etching by John Leech of the Ghost of Christmas Present as depicted in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol

Ghosts are prominent in the popular cultures of various nations. For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. Ghost of Christmas Present' is a character in one of the best-known works of the English novelist Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol in Prose Being a Ghost Story of Christmas (commonly known as A Christmas Carol) is a Novella by Charles Dickens The ghost story is ubiquitous across all cultures from oral folktales to works of literature. A ghost story may be any piece of Fiction, or Drama, that includes a Ghost, or simply takes as a Premise the possibility of ghosts or the belief History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological

Perhaps the most recognizable ghost in English literature is the shade of Hamlet's father in the play The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The term English literature refers to Literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by Writers not necessarily from King Hamlet is a character from William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet, also known as The Tragedy of Hamlet Prince of Denmark. Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 In Hamlet, it is the ghost that encourages the title character to investigate his "murder most foul" and seek revenge upon King Claudius, the suspected murderer of Hamlet's father. Prince Hamlet is the protagonist in Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet. King Claudius is a Fictional character from William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet.

Possibly the next most famous apparitions are the ghosts of A Christmas Carol, where the ghost of Jacob Marley, The Ghost of Christmas Past, The Ghost of Christmas Present and The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come help Ebenezer Scrooge see the error of his ways. A Christmas Carol in Prose Being a Ghost Story of Christmas (commonly known as A Christmas Carol) is a Novella by Charles Dickens Jacob Marley (d 24 December 1836) is a Fictional character whose Ghost appears in the Charles Dickens Novel, The Ghost of Christmas Past is a character in the well-known work of the English novelist Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol. Ghost of Christmas Present' is a character in one of the best-known works of the English novelist Charles Dickens, A Christmas Carol The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is a character in English novelist Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol. Ebenezer Scrooge is the Main character in Charles Dickens ' 1843 Novel, A Christmas Carol.

Oscar Wilde's The Canterville Ghost has been adapted for film and television on several occasions. Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 1854 – 30 November 1900 was an Irish Playwright, Novelist, poet and Author of The Canterville Ghost is a popular 1887 novella by Oscar Wilde, widely adapted for the screen and stage Henry James's The Turn of the Screw has also appeared in a number of adaptations, notably the film The Innocents and Benjamin Britten's opera The Turn of the Screw. The Turn of the Screw The Innocents is a 1961 Horror film based on the novella The Turn of the Screw by Henry Edward Benjamin Britten Baron Britten, OM CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976 was an English Composer, conductor, Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto The Turn of the Screw is a 20th century English Chamber opera composed by Benjamin Britten with a libretto by Myfanwy Piper, based Noel Coward's play Blithe Spirit, later made into a film, places a more humorous slant on the phenomenon of haunting of individuals and specific locations. Sir Noël Peirce Coward ( 16 December 1899 26 March 1973) was an English Actor, Playwright Blithe Spirit may refer to Blithe Spirit (play, a comic play Blithe Spirit (film, a 1945 British comedy film The film Blithe Spirit is a 1945 British comedy film of the popular Noel Coward play

Films including or centering on ghosts are common, and span a variety of genres. Ghosts can also be found in various television programs.

The ghost hunting theme has also become prevalent in reality television series particularly Ghost Hunters and Ghost Hunters International, but also Most Haunted, and A Haunting. Ghost hunting is the process of investigating locations said to be haunted. Reality television is a genre of Television programming which presents purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations documents actual events and usually features ordinary For other uses of the name see Ghosthunters (disambiguation. Ghost Hunters is a Reality television series featuring Ghost Hunters International, (aka GHI is a Spin-off series of Ghost Hunters that airs on the Sci Fi Channel. Most Haunted is a British Paranormal television programme based on investigating purported Paranormal activity although A Haunting is an American television series that airs on the Discovery Channel and Discovery Science channel It is also represented in children's television by such programmes as The Ghost Hunter. The Ghost Hunter is a general name for a series of Novels by Ivan Jones about a Victorian shoeshine ghost who is trying to escape from the evil Ghost Hunter

The Grateful Dead adopted their name and iconography from a series of traditional ghost stories known as Grateful Dead (folktale). The Grateful Dead was an American rock band formed in 1965 in the San Francisco Bay Area. Grateful dead (or grateful ghost) is a folktale present in many cultures throughout the world

Books

See also

Related terms

References

  1. ^ http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/ghost Merriam Webster dictionary, retrieved December 24, 2007 "a disembodied soul"
  2. ^ a b http://www.parapsych.org/glossary_e_k.html#g Parapsychological Association, glossary of key words frequently used in parapsychology, Retrieved December 13 2006
  3. ^ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ghost Retrieved December 13 2006 "The spirit of a dead person, especially one believed to appear in bodily likeness to living persons or to haunt former habitats. Electronic voice phenomena (EVP are sections of static noise on the Radio or electronic Recording that some listeners believe sound like voices Ghost hunting is the process of investigating locations said to be haunted. For other uses of the name see Ghosthunters (disambiguation. Ghost Hunters is a Reality television series featuring Zuul redirects here For the videogame see Zool. Ghostbusters (titled on-screen as Ghost Busters) is A haunted house is defined as a house that is believed to be a center for Supernatural occurrences or Paranormal phenomena A hoax is a deliberate attempt to Dupe, Deceive or trick an audience into believing or accepting that something is real when in fact it is not or that In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance A US paranormal guide is a book that gives information and directions to places in the United States where such Paranormal phenomena have been reported as Ghosts Most Haunted is a British Paranormal television programme based on investigating purported Paranormal activity although Parapsychology is a discipline that seeks to demonstrate the existence and causes of Psychic abilities and life after death using the Scientific method Raynham Hall Museum is located at Oyster Bay on Long Island, New York. Facts and prior history During the course of her ownership of the property at issue which was located in Nyack New York, Helen Ackley and members of her family Stigmatized property is a term used in the Real estate business which describes possible detrimental features of a property or home all the result of unfortunate occurrences Ghost Hunters. --> The Atlantic Paranormal Society ( TAPS) is an organization based in The Bell Witch is a Ghost story from American Southern Folklore. The Canterville Ghost is a popular 1887 novella by Oscar Wilde, widely adapted for the screen and stage William H Mumler (?&ndash1884 was an American spirit Photographer who worked in New York and Boston. are figures in Japanese folklore, analogous to Western legends of Ghosts The name consists of two Kanji, 幽 ( yuu) meaning "faint" A doppelgänger ( or fetch is the ghostly double of a living person a sinister form of Bilocation. Gjenganger ( Norwegian: Gjenganger Danish: Genganger Swedish: Gengångare) (from German poltern, meaning to rumble or make noise and Geist, meaning " Ghost ", " Spirit " The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath A wraith is an apparition of a person living or dead that may appear shortly before or after death "
  4. ^ Musella, David park (Sept-Oct 2005). Gallup poll shows that Americans' belief in the paranormal persists. Skeptical Inquirer. The Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American Magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI with the subtitle Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  5. ^ http://parapsych.org/glossary_a_d.html Parapsychological Association, Glossary of key words frequently used in parapsychology, Retrieved December 13 2006, see entries on ghost and apparition
  6. ^ a b Some people believe the ghost or spirit never leaves Earth until there is no-one left to remember the one who died. The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 0-8103-5487-X
  7. ^ The Golden Bough, Project Gutenberg, accessed January 16, 2007
  8. ^ http://www.cic.sfu.ca/nacc/articles/legalmohist/mozi_mei/wadegiles/momei_31wg1.html The Ethical and Political Works of Motse [Mo-tzu] Book VIII, Chapter XXXI "On Ghosts (III) Electronic republication of the translation by W. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. P. Mei (London: Probsthain, 1929) Retrieved Dec 19, 2006
  9. ^ Jaehnig, K. C. (1999-03-11). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Classical ghost stories. Southern Illinois University. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  10. ^ LXXXIII. To Sura. bartleby. com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  11. ^ Vedic cosmology, accessed February 27, 2007
  12. ^ Francis James Child, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, v 2, p 227, Dover Publications, New York 1965
  13. ^ Francis James Child, The English and Scottish Popular Ballads, v 2, p 234, Dover Publications, New York 1965
  14. ^ Grateful dead. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Francis James Child ( February 1, 1825 &ndash September 11, 1896) was an American scholar educationist and folklorist, Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2007). Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people
  15. ^ a b c Weinstein, Larry (June 2001). The Visit. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ( CSI) formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal ( CSICOP) is a Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  16. ^ Carroll, Robert Todd (June 2001). pareidolia. skepdic. com. Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  17. ^ Sounds like terror in the air. Reuters. smh. com. au (2003-09-09). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  18. ^ Choi IS (2001). "Carbon monoxide poisoning: systemic manifestations and complications". J. Korean Med. Sci. 16 (3): 253–61. PMID 11410684.  
  19. ^ Nickell, Joe (December 2006). Headless Ghosts I Have Known. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ( CSI) formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal ( CSICOP) is a Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  20. ^ Nickell, Joe (Sept-Oct 2000). Haunted Inns Tales of Spectral Guests. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ( CSI) formerly known as the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal ( CSICOP) is a Retrieved on 2007-09-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I.
  21. ^ Wiseman, Richard (0). Research of Professor Richard Wiseman. Society for Psychical Research. Retrieved on 2007-09-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France

External links

Dictionary

ghost

-noun

  1. (obsolete) The spirit; the soul of man.
  2. The disembodied soul; the soul or spirit of a deceased person; a spirit appearing after death; an apparition; a specter.
  3. Any faint shadowy semblance; an unsubstantial image; a phantom; a glimmering.
  4. A false image formed in a telescope, camera, or other optical device by reflection from the surfaces of one or more lenses.
  5. An unwanted image similar to and overlapping or adjacent to the main one on a television screen, caused by the transmitted image being received both directly and via reflection.
  6. A ghostwriter.
  7. (paganism) A nature spirit, ancestor or house spirit (see brownie ) revered in Heathenry.
  8. (Internet) An unresponsive user on IRC, resulting from the user's client disconnecting without notifying the server.

-verb

  1. (transitive) To haunt.
  2. (transitive) To ghostwrite.
  3. (intransitive) To ghostwrite.
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