Part of a series of articles on Racial Segregation

White Australia policy South African Apartheid Antisemitism Jewish Pale of Settlement May Laws Segregation in the US Black Codes Jim Crow laws Redlining Racial steering Blockbusting White flight Black flight Gentrification Sundown towns Proposition 14 Indian Appropriations Indian Reservation Japanese American internment Immigration Act of 1924 Separate but equal Ghettos This box: view • talk • edit

A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social, legal, or economic pressure"^[1]

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Jewish Ghettos 4 United States 4.1 History 4.2 The Black ghetto hood 4.3 Other ghettos 5 United Kingdom 6 Ireland 7 Scandinavia (Nordic Countries) 8 Bulgaria 9 Post-World War II France 10 Czech Republic 11 Hong Kong/China 12 Cultural life 13 See also 14 References

Etymology

The term 'Ghetto' was originally used to refer to the Venetian Ghetto in Venice, Italy where Jews were forced to live. The White Australia policy is a term used to describe a collection of historical policies that intentionally restricted non-white Immigration to Australia from Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which The May Laws were anti-Jewish regulations enacted on May 15 (May 3 O Racial segregation in the United States is the Racial segregation of facilities services and opportunities such as housing education employment and transportation along The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets Racial steering refers to the practice in which Real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain Neighborhoods based on their race Blockbusting was a practice used by Real estate agents and developers in the United States to encourage white property owners to sell their homes by giving the impression that White flight is a term for the demographic trend in which working and Middle-class White people move away from Suburbs Black flight is a term recently applied to the movement of African Americans from predominately black or mixed inner city areas to Suburban areas and outlying Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class A sundown town is a Neologism invented in 2005 by James Loewen to refer to a community in the United States where non- whites — especially California Proposition 14 was an amendment to the constitution of the state of California promoted by segregationists who wanted to nullify the Rumford The Indian Appropriations Act is the name of several acts passed by the United States Congress. An Indian reservation is an area of land managed by a Native American Tribe under the United States Department of the Interior's Bureau Japanese American internment refers to the forcible relocation and Internment of approximately 110000 Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans to housing The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson-Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, Asian Exclusion Act, (43 Statutes-at-Large 153 was a United Separate But Equal is a 1991 American Television movie depicting the landmark Supreme Court Desegregation case The Venetian Ghetto was the area of Venice in which Jewish people were compelled to live under the Venetian Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The word "ghetto" actually means "foundry" in Italian, a reference to a foundry located on the same island as the area of Jewish confinement. A foundry is a Factory which produces Metal Castings from either Ferrous or non-ferrous alloys ^[2]

History

The corresponding German term was Judengasse known as the Jewish Quarter. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. In the Jewish Diaspora, a Jewish quarter is the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews Jewish quarters like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, The term came into widespread use in Ghettos in occupied Europe 1939-1944 where the Jews were required to live prior to their transportation to concentration and death camps. During World War II Ghettos were established by the German Nazis to confine Jews and sometimes Gypsies into tightly packed areas of the cities

The term "ghetto" still has a similar meaning, but referring to broader range of social situations, such as any poverty-stricken urban area.

Ghetto is formed in three ways:^[3]

• As ports of entry for racial minorities, and immigrant racial minorities.
• When the majority uses compulsion (typically violence, hostility, or legal barriers) to force minorities into particular areas.
• When the majority is willing and able to pay more than the minority to live with its own kind.

Jewish Ghettos

Main articles: Jewish Quarter (diaspora) , Jewish ghettos in Europe , Mellah , and Ghettos in occupied Europe 1939-1944

In the Jewish diaspora, a Jewish quarter is the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews. In the Jewish Diaspora, a Jewish quarter is the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews Jewish quarters like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, Jewish ghettos in Europe existed because Jews were viewed as cultural minorities due to their non-Christian beliefs in a Renaissance Christian environment A mellah ( Arabic ملاح probably from the word ملح Arabic for "salt" is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in Morocco, an During World War II Ghettos were established by the German Nazis to confine Jews and sometimes Gypsies into tightly packed areas of the cities The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew: Tefutzah, "scattered" or Galut גלות "exile" Yiddish: tfutses) the presence In the Jewish Diaspora, a Jewish quarter is the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews Jewish quarters like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Jewish quarters, like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, were often the outgrowths of segregated ghettos instituted by the surrounding Christian authorities or in World War Two, the Nazi's. Jewish ghettos in Europe existed because Jews were viewed as cultural minorities due to their non-Christian beliefs in a Renaissance Christian environment A Yiddish term for a Jewish quarter or neighborhood is "Di yiddishe gas" (Yiddish: די ייִדדישע גאַס ), or "The Jewish street". Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Many European and Middle Eastern cities once had a historical Jewish quarter and some still have it. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.

Jewish ghettos in Europe existed because Jews were viewed as alien due to being a cultural minority and due to their non-Christian beliefs in a Renaissance Christian environment. Jewish ghettos in Europe existed because Jews were viewed as cultural minorities due to their non-Christian beliefs in a Renaissance Christian environment PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ As a result, Jews were placed under strict regulations throughout many European cities. ^[4] The character of ghettos has varied through times. In some cases, the ghetto was a Jewish quarter with a relatively affluent population (for instance the Jewish ghetto in Venice). In the Jewish Diaspora, a Jewish quarter is the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews Jewish quarters like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, In other cases, ghettos were places of terrible poverty and during periods of population growth, ghettos had narrow streets and tall, crowded houses. Residents had their own justice system. Around the ghetto stood walls that, during pogroms, were closed from inside to protect the community, but from the outside during Christmas, Pesach, and Easter Week to prevent the Jews from leaving during those times. A pogrom is a form of Riot directed against a particular group whether ethnic religious or other and characterized by destruction of their Homes Businesses Passover ( Hebrew, Yiddish: פֶּסַח Pesach, Tiberian: pɛsaħ Israeli: Pesah, Pesakh, Yiddish Easter Week or Bright Week is the period of seven days from Easter Sunday through the Saturday following

A mellah (Arabic ملاح, probably from the word ملح, Arabic for "salt") is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in Morocco, an analogue of the European ghetto. A mellah ( Arabic ملاح probably from the word ملح Arabic for "salt" is a walled Jewish quarter of a city in Morocco, an Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Jewish population were confined to mellahs in Morocco beginning from the 15th century and especially since the early 19th century. In cities, a mellah was surrounded by a wall with a fortified gateway. Usually, the Jewish quarter was situated near the royal palace or the residence of the governor, in order to protect its inhabitants from recurring riots. In contrast, rural mellahs were separate villages inhabited solely by the Jews.

During World War II, ghettos in occupied Europe 1939-1944 were established by the Nazis to confine Jews and sometimes Gypsies into tightly packed areas of the cities of Eastern Europe, turning them into de-facto concentration camps and death camps in the Holocaust. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including During World War II Ghettos were established by the German Nazis to confine Jews and sometimes Gypsies into tightly packed areas of the cities Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Though the common usage is ghetto, the Nazis most often referred to these areas in documents and signage at their entrances as Judischer Wohnberzirk or Wohngebiet der Juden (German); both translate as Jewish Quarter. In the Jewish Diaspora, a Jewish quarter is the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews Jewish quarters like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, These Nazi ghettos used to concentrate Jews before extermination sometimes coincided with traditional Jewish ghettos and Jewish quarters, but not always. Expediency was the key factor for the Nazis in the Final Solution. The Final Solution ( Die Endlösung) was Nazi Germany 's plan and execution of its systematic Genocide against European Jewry during World Nazi ghettos as stepping stones on the road to the extermination of European Jewry existed for varying amounts of time, usually the function of the number of Jews who remained to be killed but also because of the employment of Jews as slave labor by the Wehrmacht and other German institutions, until Heinrich Himmler's decree issued on June 21, 1943, ordering the dissolution of all ghettos in the East and their transformation into concentration camps. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Heinrich Luitpold Himmler ( 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945 was a Nazi German politician and head of the Schutzstaffel (SS. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial ^[5]

United States

History

The Irish immigrants of the 19th century were the first ethnic group to form ethnic enclaves in America’s cities, followed by Italians and Poles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate An ethnic enclave, or ethnic neighborhood is a neighborhood district or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger surrounding area The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Irish and Eastern European immigrants in the early twentieth century actually were more segregated than blacks of that area . They lived almost as segregated as blacks do today. ^[6] Most Europeans lived like bannahs immigrants, the second or third generation families were able to relocate to better housing in the suburbs after World War II if possible. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Other ethnic ghettos in New York were the Lower East Side in Manhattan, New York, which, until the 1990s, was predominantly Jewish, and Spanish Harlem, which was home to a large Puerto Rican community dated back to the 1930s. The Lower East Side is a Neighborhood in the southeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Spanish Harlem, also known as El Barrio and East Harlem, is a low income neighborhood in Harlem area of New York City, Puerto Ricans in the United States (also referred to as the "Puerto Rican Diaspora," " Nuyorican " "Stateside Puerto Ricans" "mainland Little Italys across the country were predominantly Italian ghettos.

In the United States, between the abolition of slavery and the passing of the civil rights laws of the 1960s, discriminatory mores (sometimes codified in law, or through redlining) often forced urban African Americans to live in specific neighborhoods, which became known as "ghettos. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Mores (ˈmɔːreɪz are norms or customs Mores derive from the established practices of a society rather than its written Laws. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Redlining is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services such as Banking, Insurance, access to jobs access to health care or even Supermarkets African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa "

The Black ghetto hood

See also: White flight and Racial segregation in the United States

Black-White segregation is decreasing fairly consistently for most places near the coast because of several factors. White flight is a term for the demographic trend in which working and Middle-class White people move away from Suburbs Racial segregation in the United States is the Racial segregation of facilities services and opportunities such as housing education employment and transportation along Despite these pervasive patterns, many changes for individual areas remain insignificant. ^[7]. Thirty years after the civil rights era, the United States remains a residentially segregated society in which both blacks and whites inhabit different neighborhoods of vastly different quality. ^[8][9] Cities throughout history have contained distinct ethnic districts but they have rarely been as isolated and impoverished as the African American neighborhoods found in U. African American neighborhoods or black neighborhoods are types of Ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States. S. cities today. ^[6] The racial segregation found in ghettos can lead to social, economic and political tensions. ^[10]

Due to segregated conditions and widespread poverty, despite Brown v. Board of Education, some black neighborhoods in the United States have been called "ghettos". Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954 was a Landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier Most of these neighborhoods are in Northeastern cities where African Americans moved during The Great Migration (1914-1950) a period when over a million^[11] African Americans moved out of the rural Southern United States to escape the widespread racism of the South, to seek out employment opportunities in urban environments, and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better life in the North. See also Second Great Migration (African American The Great Migration was the movement of approximately seven million African-Americans out of the African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that ^[11] African-American ghettos started out well, economically. In the Midwest, ghettos were built on high wages from manufacturing jobs. The African-American ghettos of the mid-twentieth century appear to have been much less harmful than those of today. ^[6] However, segregation increased most in those cities with the greatest black in-migration. ^[10] Whites felt more threatened by larger influxes of blacks, and the possibility of an increase in crime in their neighborhoods.

In the years after World War II, many white Americans began to move away from inner cities to newer suburban communities, a process known as white flight. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. White flight is a term for the demographic trend in which working and Middle-class White people move away from Suburbs White flight occurred, in part, as a response to black people moving into white urban neighborhoods, and remains a significant cause in the spread of urban decay. Urban decay is a process by which a City, or a part of a city falls into a state of disrepair ^[12][10] Discriminatory practices, especially those intended to "preserve" emerging white suburbs, restricted the ability of non-whites to move from inner-cities to suburbs, even when they were economically able to afford it. In contrast to this, the same period in history marked a massive suburban expansion available primarily to whites of both wealthy and working class backgrounds, facilitated through highway construction and the availability of federally subsidized home mortgages (VA, FHA, HOLC). These made it easier for families to buy new homes in the suburbs, but not to rent apartments in cities. ^[13]

In response to the influx of black people from the South, banks, insurance companies, and businesses began denying or increasing the cost of services, such as banking, insurance, access to jobs,^[14] access to health care,^[15] or even supermarkets^[16] to residents in certain, often racially determined,^[17] areas. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good The most devastating form of redlining, and the most common use of the term, refers to mortgage discrimination. Mortgage discrimination or mortgage lending discrimination is the practice of banks governments or other lending institutions denying Loans to one or more groups Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration suggest that in the mid-twentieth century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by non-blacks to exclude blacks from outside neighborhoods. ^[18]

The "Racial" Provisions of FHA Underwriting Manual of 1938, included the following guidelines which exacerbated the segregation issue:

Recommended restrictions should include provision for: prohibition of the occupancy of properties except by the race for which they are intended …Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community and they should not be attended in large numbers by inharmonious racial groups. ^[10][19]

This meant that ethnic minorities could secure mortgage loans only in certain areas, and it resulted in a large increase in the residential racial segregation and urban decay in the United States. A mortgage loan is a Loan secured by Real property through the use of a Mortgage (a legal instrument Urban decay is a process by which a City, or a part of a city falls into a state of disrepair ^[20] The creation of new highways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial corridors. For example, Birmingham’s interstate highway system attempted to maintain the racial boundaries that had been established by the city’s 1926 racial zoning law. Birmingham (ˈbɝmɪŋhæm is the largest City in the US state of Alabama and is the County seat of Jefferson County. The construction of interstate highways through black neighborhoods in the city led to significant population loss in those neighborhoods and is associated with an increase in neighborhood racial segregation. ^[21] By 1990, the legal barriers enforcing segregation had been replaced by decentralized racism, where whites pay more than blacks to live in predominantly white areas. ^[18] Some social scientists suggest that the historical processes of suburbanization and decentralization are instances of white privilege that have contributed to contemporary patterns of environmental racism. Suburbanization (or suburbanisation) is a term used to describe the process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe White privilege is a sociological concept that describes advantages purportedly enjoyed by white persons beyond that which is commonly experienced by non-white people in Environmental racism refers to intentional or unintentional Racial discrimination in the enforcement of environmental rules and regulations the intentional or unintentional ^[22]

Despite mainstream America’s use of the term "ghetto" to signify a poor, culturally or racially-homogenous urban area, those living in the area often used it to signify something positive. The black ghettos did not always contain dilapidated houses and deteriorating projects, nor were all of its residents poverty-stricken. For many African Americans, the ghetto was "home" a place representing authentic blackness and a feeling, passion, or emotion derived from the rising above the struggle and suffering of being black in America. Blackness is the degree to which an individual regardless of their ethnic background is sympathetic to or a part of the mainstream African-American culture ^[23] Langston Hughes relays in the "Negro Ghetto" (1931) and "The Heart of Harlem" (1945): "The buildings in Harlem are brick and stone/And the streets are long and wide,/But Harlem’s much more than these alone,/Harlem is what’s inside. Langston Hughes (February 1 1902 &ndash May 22 1967 was an American Poet, Novelist Playwright, Short story writer and Columnist " Playwright August Wilson used the term "ghetto" in Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom (1984) and Fences (1987), both of which draw upon the author’s experience growing up in the Hill district of Pittsburgh, a black ghetto. August Wilson ( April 27, 1945 – October 2, 2005) was an American Playwright. The Hill District is a collection of Neighborhoods that was once considered by many to be the cultural center of African-American life in in the United States ^[4]

Other ghettos

Chinatowns, where most Chinese immigrants settled from the 1850s onward in Chicago, New York City, Boston, San Francisco, Oakland (near San Francisco), Los Angeles, Newark, Trenton and Camden, New Jersey and other major cities originated as racially segregated enclaves. A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The City of New York The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West Newark is the largest city in New Jersey, United States and the County seat of Essex County. Trenton is the Capital of the US state of New Jersey and the County seat of Mercer County. The City of Camden is the County seat of Camden County, New Jersey, in the United States. However, most Chinese Americans no longer reside in those urban sections, but Asian immigration from China, Southeast Asia and the Philippines since the 1970s repopulated Chinatowns, even though Little Italys, Chinatowns (or Koreatowns and Little Tokyos) and other ethnic neighborhoods have become more middle-class in recent times, dominated by successful restaurant owners, family-owned stores and businessmen able to start up their own companies. Chinese Americans ( Chinese: 华裔美国人 are Americans of Chinese descent Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Koreatown ( Korean: 코리아타운 is a term to describe the Korean ethnic enclave within a City or Metropolitan area. Little Tokyo, also known as Little Tokyo Historic District, is an ethnic Japanese American district in Downtown Los Angeles and one of only three official The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Many have become tourist attractions in their own right.

In the Southwest U. S. , Mexican Americans had historical low-income urban areas known as barrios located in cities with large Hispanic populations such as New York City, Long Beach, San Diego, Escondido, Oceanside, National City, Houston, Denver, San Jose, Santa Ana, San Bernardino, Phoenix, and San Antonio. See also History of Mexican-Americans Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican ancestry The City of New York Long Beach is a city located in southern California, USA, on the Pacific coast Escondido ( "eskun-DEE-doe") is a city located in northern San Diego County California just north of the city of San Diego. Oceanside is the third-largest city in San Diego County, California. National City is a city in San Diego County, California, United States. The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States Founded in 1869 Santa Ana ( is the most populous city in Orange County California and is the County seat and a city of about 353184 people. Phoenix (ˈfiːˌnɪks O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdo, Many of these cities struggled with issues of crime, drugs, youth gangs and family breakdown. Gangsters redirects here For the computer game see Gangsters (video game. However, middle-class and college-educated Hispanics moved out of barrios for other neighborhoods or the suburbs. The barrios continually thrived by the large influx of immigration from Mexico, this largely due to the explosion of the Hispanic/Latino population in the late 20th century. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically The majority of residents in these urban barrios are immigrants directly from Mexico and Latin America.

United Kingdom

The existence of ethnic enclaves in the United Kingdom is controversial. An ethnic enclave, or ethnic neighborhood is a neighborhood district or suburb which retains some cultural distinction from a larger surrounding area White flight is a term for the demographic trend in which working and Middle-class White people move away from Suburbs Southall Broadway in London, where less than 12 percent of the population is white, has been cited as an example of a 'ghetto', but in reality the area is home to a number of different ethnic groups and religions. Southall is a suburb in the London Borough of Ealing, West London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The world's principal Religions and spiritual traditions may be classified into a small number of major groups or world religions'. ^[24][25] Analysis of data from Census 2001 revealed that only two wards in England and Wales - in Leicester and Pendle - had one dominant non-white ethnic group comprising more than two-thirds of the local population, but there were 20 wards where whites were a minority making up less than a third of the local population. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 In Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, a ward is an Electoral district History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional Pendle is a local government district and Borough of Lancashire, England, on the North Yorkshire and West Yorkshire borders White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. ^[26][27]

By 2001, two London boroughs - Newham and Brent - had 'minority majority' populations, and most parts of the city tend to have a diverse population. The London Borough of Newham ( is a London borough in East London, within Greater London. The London Borough of Brent ( is a London borough in north west London, UK and forms part of Outer London. Racial tensions and the impact of immigration are strongly felt in areas with a working-class majority. Areas with large non-white populations outside London include:

• Batley: Mount Pleasant
• Birmingham: Aston, Handsworth and Lozells
• Bradford: Bradford Moor, East Bowling, Little Horton, Manningham
• Bristol: St Paul's
• Cardiff: Grangetown, Butetown and Riverside
• Dewsbury: Ravensthorpe. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Batley is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England. Mount Pleasant is a Rugby league stadium in Batley, West Yorkshire, England. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um Aston is an area of the City of Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. Handsworth ( is an inner city suburb of Birmingham in the West Midlands, England. Lozells is a loosely-defined area in the West of Birmingham, England. Bradford ( lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. Bradford Moor is an electoral ward in the City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council. East Bowling is an area of south Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, located approximately one mile from the City centre. Little Horton (population 17368 - 2001 UK census) is a Ward in Bradford Metropolitian District in the County of West Yorkshire Manningham is an area of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, approximately a mile north of the city centre and is seen as the centre of the city's south Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London St Pauls is an inner Suburb of Bristol, England, situated just north east of the City centre and west of the M32. Cardiff ( 'kɑːdɪf) is the Capital and the largest city and county in Wales. Grangetown ( Trelluest) is an area in Cardiff, Wales. It is one of the largest districts in the south of the city and is bordered by Riverside Butetown (or The Docks) is a district in the south of the City of Cardiff, Wales. Riverside ( Welsh: Glan yr Afon) is an Inner-city area of Cardiff, Wales. Dewsbury is a Market town within the Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees, in West Yorkshire, England. Ravensthorpe is an area of Dewsbury, in West Yorkshire, England. Savile Town, although only a small area, has hardly any White residents. Savile Town is a small area of Dewsbury in West Yorkshire, England. ^[28]
• Leeds: Chapeltown and Harehills
• Leicester: Belgrave, Rushey Mead, and Melton Road^[29]
• Liverpool: Toxteth, Croxteth, Norris Green, Wavertree and Anfield
• Manchester: Moss Side, Longsight, Hulme, Old Trafford, Stretford, Rusholme , Gorton and Cheetham Hill
• Nottingham: St Ann's
• Oldham: Glodwick,^[30] Werneth^[31]
• Sheffield: Burngreave and Park Hill
• Brixton

Ireland

Major cities and towns in Northern Ireland can be roughly divided into ghettos, of Catholic Irish nationalists/republicans and Protestant British unionists/loyalists. Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England Chapeltown is a Suburb of north-east Leeds, in West Yorkshire, England, and is the centre of the city's British Afro-Caribbean community Harehills is an inner-city area of east Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional Belgrave is an area in northern Leicester, England. The old Belgrave Village is on the Loughborough Road to the west of the A46, known at that point as Rushey Mead is an area of northern Leicester. Originally part of the Thurmaston parish it was annexed to the city in 1935. Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Toxteth is an Inner-city area of Liverpool, England. It is located to the south of the city bordered by Liverpool city centre Edge Hill Croxteth is a suburb of Liverpool, Merseyside, England and a Liverpool City Council Ward. Norris Green is a large Housing estate and council ward in Liverpool, Merseyside, England. Wavertree is an area of Liverpool, in Merseyside, England and is a Liverpool City Council Ward. Anfield is an all-seater Association football Stadium in the district of Anfield, in Liverpool, England Moss Side is a residential suburb district and electoral ward of Manchester in North West England situated two miles Longsight is an area of the City of Manchester, in North West England. Hulme is an Inner city area and electoral ward of the City of Manchester, in North West England. Stretford (pop 37500 is a town within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, in Greater Manchester, England Rusholme is a part of Manchester, in North West England, about two miles south of Manchester city centre. Gorton is a district of the City of Manchester in North West England. Cheetham Hill is a district of Manchester, England located approximately two miles to the north of Manchester city centre. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. Saint Anne (also Ann or Anna of David's house and line was the mother of the Virgin Mary, according to Christian tradition Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England It lies amongst the Pennines on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock Glodwick (pronounced Glod-ick) is an area of Oldham, in Greater Manchester, England. Werneth is an area of Oldham, in Greater Manchester, England It is west-southwest of Oldham's commercial centre and one of Oldham's most ancient localities Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England Grimesthorpe redirects here It should not be confused with Grimethorpe, near Barnsley Park Hill may refer to the following Park Hill Recreation Ground, a park in London Borough of Croydon England Park Hill Junior School Brixton is an area of the London Borough of Lambeth, in inner - South London. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of This division is less apparent in more affluent areas, but in more working class areas, territory is marked, particularly in loyalist areas, by flags and murals.

Scandinavia (Nordic Countries)

In Scandinavia most "ghettos" are concrete suburbs, especially those around Stockholm, Copenhagen, Malmö, Oslo, Århus, Helsinki and Gothenburg. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Geography The city lies roughly at the geographical centre of Denmark on the peninsula of Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. Gothenburg ( Swedish:) /jœte'bɔrj/ is a city, a municipality, and an urban area on the west-coast of Sweden. No "ghetto" areas are made up by only one major ethnic-group. The areas are mostly made up by mixed ethnic groups, with few Scandinavians and a high concentration of 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation immigrants, mostly from the Middle-east, Eastern Europe/Balkans, Turkey, Africa, Asia and Latin-America. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The areas are troubled by gang violence and vandalism, also riots have been seen in the last couple of years. In Finnish "ghettos" crime rate aren't notably bigger but difference can be seen.

The most notable "ghettos" are

• Sweden: Rinkeby, Tensta, Alby, Hjulsta, Angered, Arlöv, Möllevång and Rosengård
• Denmark: Ishøj, Brøndby, Høje Taastrup, Nørrebro, Avedøre, Vollsmose and Gellerup
• Norway: Grønland, Tøyen, Furuset, Holmlia, Mortensrud, Trosterud, Romsås and Ammerud
• Finland: Jakomäki, Itäkeskus, Kallio, Kontula and Hakunila

Bulgaria

Ghettos in Bulgaria are rarely seen but there are some in the larger cities. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Rinkeby is a district (stadsdel in Rinkeby-Kista borough Stockholm, Sweden. Tensta is a district in Spånga-Tensta borough, Stockholm, Sweden Hjulsta is a Working-class suburb of Stockholm. It is considered being part of Tensta, but with its own subway station which was opened in Angered is a Suburb and locality in Gothenburg Municipality, Sweden. Arlöv is the seat of Burlöv Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden. Rosengård, literally "Rose garden" is a city district in Malmö, Sweden. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Ishøj is a municipality ( Danish, kommune) in Region Hovedstaden on the island of Zealand ( Sjælland) in eastern Denmark Brøndby is a municipality ( Danish, kommune) in Copenhagen County on the east coast of the island of Zealand ( Sjælland Høje-Taastrup is a municipality ( Danish, kommune) in Region Hovedstaden on the island of Zealand Nørrebro is the common name for an area in Copenhagen, Denmark located beyond the historic city center (the Indre By) and beyond the location of Gellerup is a western Suburb to the city of Aarhus, Denmark. The name Gellerup is also commonly used to refer to a large housing project or Co-ups Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Not to be confused with Greenland. Grønland is a place in central Oslo, Norway. Tøyen is a residential area in the central parts of Oslo, Norway, part of the borough of Gamle Oslo. Furuset was a borough of the city of Oslo, Norway up to January 1 2004, when it became part of the new borough of Alna. Holmlia is an area in the borough Søndre Nordstrand in Oslo, Norway. Mortensrud is a small place in south-east Oslo. It is the home of the soccer club Klemetsrud IL. Romsås was a borough of the city of Oslo, Norway, until January 1, 2004, when it became part of the Grorud (Romsås district Ammerud is a part of Grorud Borough in Oslo, Norway known for its large Le Corbusier style housing blocks Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Itäkeskus ( Östra centrum) is a quarter in the neighbourhood of Vartiokylä (as of 1980s in the eastern part of Helsinki Kallio ( Berghäll in Swedish) is a District and a neighbourhood in Helsinki, the capital of Finland, located on the eastern Kontula ( Gårdsbacka) is a quarter of Helsinki, Finland, part of the Mellunkylä neighbourhood. Hakunila ( Håkansböle in Swedish) is a town located within eastern Vantaa, a city in southern Finland bordering Helsinki. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Sofia's only ghetto - Fakulteta (The Faculty) is a Roma ghetto near Zapaden Park (Western Park) and Ovcha Kupel Neighbourhoods. Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human A neighbourhood or neighborhood (see spelling differences) is a geographically localised Community within a larger City, Town or In Plovdiv are the largest Bulgarian ghettos - Sheker Mahala (Sheker - Turkish word for sugar & Mahala - small neighbourhood), Filipovtsi and other. A word is a unit of Language that carries meaning and consists of one or more Morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a Phonetic Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose.

Post-World War II France

There are also ghettos in modern France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The poorer banlieues, or suburbs, of France, especially those of Paris, house an impoverished population largely of North African and sub-Saharan African origin in large medium- and high-rise building developments known as "Cités". Banlieue-erevanjpg|thumb|Banlieue of Erevan; Armenia]][[Image Etalement urbain banlieue paris - 03 South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries They were built in the 1960s and 1970s in the industrial suburbs to the north and east of Paris, especially in the Département of Seine-Saint-Denis (also known from its departmental code as "le 93" or "le 9-3"), and in other French cities like Venissieux near Lyon. South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city In the Terminology of Political geography and Historiography a National department (département departamento is an administrative Seine-Saint-Denis is a French department located in the Île-de-France region. Vénissieux ( Vènissiœx in the Lyonnais dialect of Arpitan language) is a commune in the département ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. They are similar in style and have similar problems as the large inner-city urban renewal projects in the US (like Cabrini Green in Chicago). For all other uses see Project (disambiguation. A project, as defined in the field of Project management, consists of a temporary Cabrini-Green is a Chicago Housing Authority (CHA Public housing development on Chicago 's North Side, bordered by Evergreen Avenue Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Social issues that inhabitants of French ghettos must deal with regularly, including racism and police brutality, were famously highlighted in the 1996 film La Haine (which depicts the adventures of three young people from the ghetto: one white , one black and the other Arabic). La Haine (la ɛːn French for "hatred" is a French Black-and-white film directed by Mathieu Kassovitz, released Although there has been civil unrest (sometimes resulting in rioting) in these ghettos for decades, many people outside of France were not fully aware of the situation until the more internationally publicised 2005 riots, which largely originated within these areas. The 2005 civil unrest in France of October and November was a series of Riots and violent clashes involving mainly the burning

Czech Republic

A few ghettos have appeared in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, These ghettos are mainly inhabited by Roma who move there both voluntarily or involuntarily (municipalities often try to relocate them from other areas). The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins The majority of the people are unemployed and uneducated, and the crime rate is high. Crime statistics attempt to provide a statistical measure of the level or amount of- Crime that is prevalent in societies As a ghetto begins to appear non-Roma people move away. The most infamous ghetto in the Czech Republic is Chánov (part of the city of Most). Rudolice nad Bílinou ( Rudolice upon Bílina) is a quarter of the city of Most, Czech Republic. Most (ˈmost Brüx is a City in the northwest of the Czech Republic, in the Ústí nad Labem Region. Other cities with neighborhoods slowly transforming into ghettos include Karviná. Karviná ( pronounced, Polish:, Karwin is a city in Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic, on the Olza River.

During the Second World War, the Terezín ghetto was created to house mass numbers of Czech Jews before deportation to concentration camps (typically Auschwitz), where the Jews would be exterminated. For the Nazi concentration camp see Theresienstadt concentration camp. The Nazis sanitized the ghetto to appear like a "joyful place" to dupe the Red Cross during two visits. The Jewish artists of Terezin created memorable artwork during their stay before being shipped out to concentration camps and gas chambers.

Hong Kong/China

The Kowloon Walled City was one of the world's more unusual ghettos, being (technically) a piece of the People's Republic of China (or the Republic of China) within the British colony of Hong Kong until 1997, and none of the governments wanted jurisdiction over that area. The Kowloon Walled City ( originally known as 九龍寨城 was a tiny Chinese enclave in the middle of British Hong Kong for decades Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders This made it a prime spot for squatters to come and take up residence, and so an estimated 35,000 people came to live in a self-governing society in very crowded conditions. The Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984, when Britain agreed to hand over Hong Kong to China, led to the ghetto's demolition in the 1990s. The Sino-British Joint Declaration, formally known as the Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of

Cultural life

Some ghettos have been known as vibrant cultural centers, for example the late 19th century Paris, or Harlem in the 1920s and 1930s. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center Many African-American artists and musicians such as Tupac Shakur, John Lee Hooker, Notorious B.I.G., Akon, Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, Nina Simone, and Cab Calloway, to name only a handful, were born and raised in ghettos, and much of their music comes from their own suffering, experiences and life in the ghetto or their own experiences with desegregation, eg. Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16 1971 &mdash September 13 1996 also known by his Stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper John Lee Hooker ( August 22, 1917 &ndash June 21, 2001) was an influential American Post-war Blues singer Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21 1972 – March 9 1997 popularly known as Biggie Smalls (after a Gangster in the 1975 film Let's Do It Again Aliaune Thiam Cordozar Calvin Broadus Jr (born October 20 1971 His mother nicknamed him " Snoopy " as a child because of the way he dressed and because of his love of Andre Romelle Young (born February 18 1965 primarily known by his stage name Dr Eunice Kathleen Waymon, better known by her Stage name Nina Simone ( IPA: ninɐ sʌmɞnɑ (February 21 1933 – April 21 2003 was a fifteen-time Cabell "Cab" Calloway III ( December 25, 1907 &ndash November 18, 1994) was a famous American Jazz Singer Desegregation is the process of ending Racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. Nina Simone's "Mississippi Goddam" (on the 1964 Nina Simone In Concert), John Lee Hooker's "Rent Blues", Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five's "The Message", Donny Hathaway's "The Ghetto", Huey's "Nobody Loves The Hood", and Calloway's "Minnie the Moocher". Nina Simone in Concert is an album by singer/pianist/songwriter Nina Simone. "The Message" is an old school hip hop song by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. " Minnie the Moocher " is a Jazz song first recorded in 1931 by Cab Calloway and His Orchestra selling over 1 million copies The 1970s sitcom Good Times was modeled after life in the Cabrini-Green housing projects in Chicago. Good Times is a American sitcom that originally aired from February 8, 1974, until August 1, 1979, on the Cabrini-Green is a Chicago Housing Authority (CHA Public housing development on Chicago 's North Side, bordered by Evergreen Avenue Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The show portrays a ghetto family that always triumphs over adversity and it has been criticized for painting too rosy a picture of how the ghetto really works.

In the United States and Britain, the word "ghetto" is often glorified in popular culture and sometimes used as an adjective to describe a certain way of dressing, speaking, and behaving (often referred to as ghetto fabulous). Ghetto fabulous is an expression believed to have originated amongst African-Americans living in poor urban areas

See also

• Shanghai ghetto
• Slum
• Favela
• Shanty town
• Skid row
• Ethnic enclave
• Rural ghetto
• Ghetto fabulous

References

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