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Getúlio Vargas
Getúlio Vargas
In office
November 3, 1930 – October 29, 1945
January 31, 1951- August 24, 1954
Vice President None
João Café Filho
Preceded by Tasso Fragoso (1930)
Gaspar Dutra (1951)
Succeeded by José Linhares (1945)
João Café Filho (1954)
Born April 19, 1882(1882-04-19)
São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul
Died August 24, 1954 (aged 72)
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro
Nationality Brazilian
Spouse Darcy Vargas

Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (pronounced [ʒeˈtulju doɾˈnɛlis vaɾgɐs]; April 19, 1882 – August 24, 1954) served as president of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. The President of Brazil is both the Head of state and Head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The President of Brazil is both the Head of state and Head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) João Fernandes Campos Café Filho ( February 3, 1899 - February 20, 1970) was a Brazilian politician Augusto Tasso Fragoso (São Luiz Maranhão August 28, 1869 - September 20, 1945) was the head of the government of Brazil in 1930 Eurico Gaspar Dutra, PC ( 18 May, 1883 - 11 June, 1974) was a Brazilian general politician and president of Brazil José Linhares, PC, LS ( January 28, 1886 - November 26, 1977) João Fernandes Campos Café Filho ( February 3, 1899 - February 20, 1970) was a Brazilian politician Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common (ʁiu ˈgɾɐ̃de do ˈsuɫ lit "Large River of the South" is the southernmost State of Brazil, and the State with the fourth highest Human Development Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( pron ˈhiu dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu) is one of the 26 states of Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The President of Brazil is both the Head of state and Head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar)

Contents

Background

Vargas was born in São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, on April 19, 1883, to Manuel do Nascimento Vargas and Cândida Dornelles Vargas. (ʁiu ˈgɾɐ̃de do ˈsuɫ lit "Large River of the South" is the southernmost State of Brazil, and the State with the fourth highest Human Development Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The scion of a traditional family of "gaúchos", he embarked on a military career at first, then turned to the study of law. Gaucho ( gaúcho in Portuguese, "gaucho" in Spanish) is a term commonly used to describe residents of the South American Pampas Entering Republican politics, he was elected to the Rio Grande do Sul state legislature and later to the federal Chamber of Deputies, where he became the floor leader for his state's delegation in Congress. The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil ( Portuguese: Câmara dos Deputados) is a federal legislative body and the Lower house of the National Congress of He served briefly as Secretary of the Treasury under President Washington Luís from which post he resigned to enter the gubernatorial race in his home state. Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa ( October 26, 1869 - August 4, 1957) was a Brazilian politician Once elected Governor of Rio Grande do Sul, he became a leading figure in the opposition, urging the end of electoral corruption through the adoption of the universal and secret ballot. (ʁiu ˈgɾɐ̃de do ˈsuɫ lit "Large River of the South" is the southernmost State of Brazil, and the State with the fourth highest Human Development

He and his wife Darcy Lima Sarmanho, whom he married in March 1911, had five children.

Vargas and the Revolution of 1930

Between the two World Wars, Brazil was a rapidly industrializing nation popularly regarded as "the sleeping giant of the Americas" and a potential world power. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld However, the oligarchic and decentralized confederation of the Old Republic, dominated by landed interests, in effect, showed little concern for promoting industrialization, urbanization, and other broad interests of the new middle class. Landed property or landed estates is a Real estate term that usually refers to a property that generates income for the owner without the owner having to is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing

Bourgeois and military discontent, heightened by the Great Depression's impact on the Brazilian economy, led to a bloodless coup d'état on October 24, 1930 that ousted President Washington Luís and his heir-apparent Júlio Prestes. Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa ( October 26, 1869 - August 4, 1957) was a Brazilian politician Júlio Prestes de Albuquerque ( March 15, 1882 &ndash February 9, 1946) was a Brazilian politician Júlio Prestes at this point was the newly elected president. However, the whole process was questioned and denounced as fraudulent. Revolutionary activity began before the new president took office. Regional leaderships in several states dissatisfied with the state of São Paulo's political dominance joined together in opposition. Anticlimactic as it was, this was a watershed in Brazilian history — a liberal, bourgeois revolution that ushered out the political preeminence of the paulista coffee oligarchs. The military, traditionally active in Brazilian politics, installed Vargas as "provisional president. " A populist governor of Rio Grande do Sul and the former presidential candidate of the Liberal Alliance, Vargas had been "defeated" by Prestes in the disputed election earlier that year. (ʁiu ˈgɾɐ̃de do ˈsuɫ lit "Large River of the South" is the southernmost State of Brazil, and the State with the fourth highest Human Development

Vargas was a wealthy pro-industrial nationalist and anti-communist who favored capitalist development and liberal reforms, but actually posed a serious threat to the elite Paulista gentry. This opposition would later be radicalized in the 1932 movement that was initially aimed at the establishment of a new constitution. Vargas's Liberal Alliance drew support from wide ranges of Brazil's burgeoning urban middle class and a group of tenentes, who had grown frustrated to some extent with the politics of coronelismo and café com leite. On July 5, 1922, a group of young Brazilian Army officers known as tenentes (lieutenants staged several revolts in Brazil against the regime Coronelismo was the system of Machine politics in Brazil under the Old Republic (1889-1930 Café com leite ( Portuguese: "coffee with milk" was a term that referred to the domination of Brazilian politics under the Old Republic

Vargas from within the partisan elite ran on a populist and protectionist platform during his unsuccessful 1930 campaign. The coup d'état laid the foundations of a modern Brazil that is highly industrialized, but still considered a part of the Third World. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically

However moderate these aims were, opposition arose among the powerful Paulista coffee oligarchs who had grown accustomed to their domination of Brazilian politics. This opposition ignited the military movement of 1932 when the Paulista elite was defeated, a situation that marked the definitive transition from the Brazilian "old republic" and its entry into a new economic cycle no longer focused on coffee and other commodity production, but on stimulating industrial development. His tenuous coalition also lacked a coherent program, being committed to a broad vision of modernization, but little more specific. Vargas' long career (including his eventual dictatorship, modelled, surprisingly considering the liberal roots of his regime, along the lines of European Fascism), may be explained by his balancing the conflicting ideological constituencies, regionalism and economic interests within the vast, diverse and socio-economically varied nation. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology

Vargas, in effect, sought to forge a corporatist, centralized state along Fascist lines to mitigate disparate class interests and to quell disorder. Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic

Interim Presidency

Vargas would develop in response a sort of legal hybrid between the regimes of Mussolini's Italy and Salazar's Portuguese Estado Novo, copied repressive fascist tactics, and conveyed their same rejection of liberal capitalism, but attained power bearing few indications of his future quasi-fascist policies. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ As a candidate in 1930 Vargas utilized populist rhetoric to promote bourgeois concerns, thus opposing the primacy—but not the legitimacy—of the Paulista coffee oligarchy and the landed elites, who had little interest in protecting and promoting industry. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paulista is a city in Pernambuco, Brazil, population 294000 ( 2005) Vargas during this period sought to bring Brazil out of the Great Depression through orthodox policies.

Like Franklin Roosevelt in the U. S. , his first steps focused on economic stimulus. A state interventionist policy utilizing tax breaks, lowered duties, and import quotas allowed Vargas to expand the domestic industrial base. Vargas linked his pro-industrial policies to nationalism, advocating heavy tariffs to "perfect our manufacturers to the point where it will become unpatriotic to feed or clothe ourselves with imported goods. " In his early years, Vargas also relied on the support of the tenentes, junior military officers, who had long been active against the ruling coffee oligarchy, staging their own failed revolt in 1922. On July 5, 1922, a group of young Brazilian Army officers known as tenentes (lieutenants staged several revolts in Brazil against the regime Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Vargas also quelled a Paulista female workers' strike by co-opting much of their platform and requiring their "factory commissions" to use government mediation in the future. Vargas, reflecting the influence of the tenentes, even advocated a program of social welfare and reform similar to the New Deal. The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D

Constitution of 1934

The parallels between Vargas and the European police states began to appear by 1934, when a new constitution was enacted with direct fascist influence. The term police state describes a State in which the government exercises rigid and repressive controls over the social economic and political

Brazil's 1934 constitution, passed on July 16, contained provisions that resembled Italian corporatism, which had the enthusiastic support of the pro-fascist wing of the disparate tenente movement and industrialists, who were attracted to Mussolini's co-optation of unions through state-run, sham syndicates. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Historically corporatism (corporativismo refers to a political or Economic system in which power is held by civic assemblies that represent Economic As in Italy, and later Spain and Germany, Fascist-style programs would serve two important aims, stimulating industrial growth (under the guise of nationalism) and suppressing the left. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Its stated purpose, however, as in Italy, was uniting all classes in mutual interests. The constitution established a new Chamber of Deputies that placed government authority over the private economy, which established a system of state-guided capitalism aimed at industrialization and reducing foreign dependency.

After 1934, the regime designated corporate representatives according to class and profession, but maintained private ownership of Brazilian-owned business. Based on a façade of increased labor rights and social investment, Brazilian corporatism, like that in Italy, was actually a strategy to increase industrial output utilizing a strong nationalist appeal. Vargas, and later Juan Perón in neighboring Argentina, another quasi-fascist, emulated Mussolini's strategy of mediating class disputes and co-opting workers' demands under the banner of nationalism. Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Under the guise of workers' rights also, he greatly expanded labor regulations with the consent of industry, pacified by strong industrial growth. While simultaneously expanding the mandated rights of workers, Vargas, like Mussolini, decimated unions independent of his state syndicates. The new constitution, drafted by Vargas allies, expanded social programs and set a minimum wage but also denied illiterates (largely the underclass) the right to vote and placed stringent limits on union organizing and "unauthorized" strikes. The contemporary concept of the underclass is a sanitized term for what was known in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as the undeserving poor and may have been coined by American sociologist

Beyond corporatism, the 1934 constitution also heightened efforts to reduce provincial autonomy in the traditionally devolved, sprawling nation. Centralization allowed Vargas to curb the oligarchic power of the landed paulista elites, who obstructed modernization through the regionalism, machine politics, and façade democracy of the Old Republic. The idea of modernization comes from a view of societies as having a standard Evolutionary pattern as described in the Social evolutionism theories

Vargas, the Integralists, and the suppression of the Left

Threatened by pro-Communist elements in labor critical of the rural latifundios, Vargas reined in his shaky alliance with labor and began formally co-opting the less intimidating fascist movement. Latifundia are pieces of property covering tremendous areas The latifundia (Latin lātifundium; lātus, "spacious" + fundus, "farm estate"

As he moved to the right after 1934, his ideological character and association with a global ideological orbit, however, remained ambiguous — reminiscent of the early phases of leftist leaders Fidel Castro and Daniel Ortega. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (xoˈse ðanjεl ɔrteγa saˈβeðra(born 11 November 1945 is the current President of Nicaragua. To fill this ideological void and promote his new rightist policies, Vargas began moving against the tenentes while encouraging the growth of fascist paramilitaries. ‘Integralism’, founded and led by Plínio Salgado, who adopted Fascist and Nazi symbolism and salutes, offered Vargas a new political base. Brazilian Integralism (Integralismo brasileiro was a Brazilian political movement created in October 1932 Plínio Salgado ( January 22, 1895 &ndash December 7, 1975) was the founder and leader of the 1930s Brazilian political movement A green-shirted paramilitary organization directly financed by Mussolini and Hitler, Integralism's propaganda campaigns were borrowed directly from Nazi models — excoriations of Marxism, liberalism, and Jews, that espoused fanatical nationalism (out of context in the heterogeneous and tolerant nation) and "Christian virtues. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ "

Vargas tolerated this rise of anti-Semitism, and may have acted upon the Integralists’ popularization of anti-Semitism. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility One example of his alleged anti-Semitism was the deportation of the pregnant, German-born Jewish wife of Luís Carlos Prestes, Olga Benário Prestes, convicted of being a spy working for the USSR and an illegal immigrant, to Nazi Germany, where she would die in a concentration camp. Luís Carlos Prestes ( January 3 1898 &ndash March 7 1990) was the leader of the 1920s tenente rebellion Olga Benário Prestes (1908 &ndash 1942 was a German - Brazilian communist Militant, born Vargas's anti-Communism and increasing conservatism also encouraged an alliance between the government and the Catholic Church, similar to Mussolini's arrangement following the Lateran Pacts. The Lateran Treaty is one of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, three agreements made in 1929 between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy

Vargas forced Congress to respond to the growth of the Aliança Nacional Libertadora (ANL), a leftist coalition led by the Communist Party and Luís Carlos Prestes. Luís Carlos Prestes ( January 3 1898 &ndash March 7 1990) was the leader of the 1920s tenente rebellion A revolutionary forerunner of Che Guevara, Prestes led the legendary but futile ‘Long March’ through the rural Brazilian interior following his participation in the failed 1922 tenente rebellion against the coffee oligarchs. Ernesto "Che" Guevara (June 14 Following the Cuban revolution,Guevara reviewed This experience, however, left Prestes and some of his followers sceptical of armed conflict. Nonetheless, Congress branded all leftist opposition as "subversive" under a March 1935 National Security Act that allowed the President to ban the ANL, which was forced — reluctantly — to begin another armed insurrection in November. The authoritarian regime responded by imprisoning and torturing Prestes and violently crushing the Communist movement through state terror like that of the European police states.

Although ‘the father of the poor’ expanded the electorate, granted women's suffrage, enacted social security reforms, legalized labor unions as a populist, Vargas also whittled down the autonomy of labor and crushed a series of peasant revolts known as the cangaço. Cangaço is the name given to a form of "social banditry" in the Nordeste of Brazil in late 19th and early 20th centuries

The New State

Like the European Fascists, Vargas utilized fears over Communism to justify personal dictatorship. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The fascist "Estado Novo" dictatorship, modeled after Salazar's regime of the same name in Brazil's mother country, finally materialized in 1937, when Vargas was forced to step down as president by January 1938 because his own 1934 constitution prohibited the president from succeeding himself. Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " was the name of the Authoritarian government installed in Brazil by President A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese On 29 September 1937, Gen. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dutra, his rightist collaborator, presented "the Cohen Plan" that established a detailed plan for a Communist revolution. The Cohen Plan was a mere forgery concocted by the Integralists, but Vargas exploited it to have Dutra publicly demand a state of siege in a chain of events redolent of the Reichstag fire, which Hitler presented as a Communist conspiracy to justify a dictatorship. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was subject to an arson attack and as a result seen as the pivotal event in the establishment of Nazi Germany A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. On November 10, Vargas, ruling by decree, then made a broadcast in which he stated his plans to assume dictatorial powers under a new constitution derived from European fascist models, thereby curtailing presidential elections (his ultimate objective) and dissolving congress. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw

Vargas, like Hitler in the Weimar Republic and Mussolini in the postwar Kingdom of Italy, consolidated dictatorial powers by acting within the established political system, not in a single coup d'état or revolution. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively

Under the Estado Novo, Vargas abolished opposition political parties, imposed rigid censorship, established a centralized police force, and filled prisons with political dissidents, while evoking a sense of nationalism that transcended class and bound the masses to the state. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor

Vargas and the Axis Powers

The resemblance between the Estado Novo and the European police states suggested to some interwar observers that Vargas' regime was simply a variant of the European Fascist model. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Brazil appeared to be entering the Axis orbit—even before the 1937 declaration of the overtly fascist Estado Novo. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Between 1933 and 1938 Germany became the principal market for Brazilian cotton, and its second largest importer of Brazilian coffee and cacao. Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. The German Bank for South America even established three hundred branches in Vargas' Brazil. In May 1941, after the invasions of Poland, France, Czechoslovakia and Norway, and the beginnings of the Final Solution, Vargas sent a birthday telegram to Hitler, using it as opportunity to convey Brazilian ambiguity, playing both sides against each other. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional It said, "best wishes for your personal happiness and the prosperity of the German nation". Such periodic overtures to the Axis Powers, along with rapid increase in civilian and military trade between Brazil and Nazi Germany caused US officials to constantly ask, "What is Vargas like and where does he stand?"

Vargas eventually sided with the Allies, declared war on the Axis and liberalized his regime. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Brazilian Expeditionary Force or BEF ( Portuguese: Força Expedicionária Brasileira, or FEB) was the 25300-man force formed by The shrewd, low-key, and reasoned pragmatist sided with the antifascist Allies after a period of ambiguity for economic reasons, since the Allies were more viable trading partners, and liberalized his regime because of complications arising from this alliance. In siding with the allies one agreement that Vargas made was to help the allies with rubber production in order to receive loans and credit from the US.

This siding with the antifascist Allies created a paradox at home not unnoticed by Brazil's middle class (of a fascist-like regime joining the antifascist Allies) that Salazar and Franco avoided by maintaining nominal neutrality, allowing them to avoid both antifascist sentiment at home arising from siding with the Allies or annihilation by the Allies. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid

Vargas thus astutely responded to the newly liberal sentiments of a middle class that was no longer fearful of disorder and proletariat discontent by moving away from fascist repression — promising "a new postwar era of liberty" that included amnesty for political prisoners, presidential elections, and the legalization of opposition parties — including the moderated and irreparably weakened Communist Party. Historian Benjamin Keen believes that such political liberalization contributed to the downfall of the Estado Novo, being substantial enough to provoke a 1945 military coup d'état led by Dutra and Monteiro, who were alarmed with Vargas' growing ties with labor and the working classes.

Second Presidency

Vargas returned to politics in 1951 and through the free and secret ballot was re-elected President of the Republic. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Hampered by an economic crisis, Vargas pursued a nationalist policy; turning to the country's natural resources and away from foreign dependency. As part of this policy, he founded Petrobrás (Brazilian oil). Petrobras ( Bovespa: PETR3 / PETR4 ( NYSE: PBR / PBRA( Latibex: XPBR / XPBRA short for Petróleo Brasileiro S

His political adversaries initiated a crisis which culminated in the "Rua Tonelero", where in an attempt to kill Vargas' main adversary, Carlos Lacerda, Major Rubens Vaz was murdered. Tonelero is the name of a street located in the District of Copacabana in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where an Assassination Carlos Frederico Werneck de Lacerda ( April 30, 1914 – May 21, 1977) was a Brazilian Journalist and Politician Tenente Gregório Fortunato, chief of Vargas' personal guard, was accused of masterminding the assassination attempt. On July 5, 1922, a group of young Brazilian Army officers known as tenentes (lieutenants staged several revolts in Brazil against the regime This aroused a reaction against Vargas and the Army generals demanded his resignation. Vargas made a final effort, calling a special cabinet meeting on the eve of August 24, but rumors spread that the armed forces officers were implacable. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River

Feeling incapable of controlling the situation, Vargas shot himself in the chest on August 24, 1954 in the Catete Palace. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The Catete Palace (Palácio do Catete is an urban mansion in Rio de Janeiro 's Flamengo neighborhood He wrote a letter to the Brazilian people known as his "carta testamento. The Carta Testamento ( English: Letter of Testament or Letter of Will is a letter written by former Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas to the " The last lines read, "Serenely, I take my first step on the road to eternity and I leave life to enter history. " Among the Palace's exhibits is his nightshirt with a bullet hole in the breast.

Getúlio Dornelles Vargas is interred in his native São Borja, in Rio Grande do Sul.

Preceded by
Washington Luis		 President of Brazil
1930-1945		 Succeeded by
Eurico Gaspar Dutra
Preceded by
Eurico Gaspar Dutra		 President of Brazil
1951–1954		 Succeeded by
João Café Filho
Preceded by
Augusto Tasso Fragoso		 Head of Government of Brazil
1930–1945		 Succeeded by
José Linhares
Preceded by
Antônio Augusto Borges de Medeiros		 Governor of Rio Grande do Sul
1928–1930		 Succeeded by
Oswaldo Aranha as State's Secretary of Interior Affairs

Miscellaneous

See also

External links

The history of Brazil begins with the arrival of the first indigenous peoples, over 8000 years ago by crossing the Bering land bridge into Alaska and then In the History of Brazil, Colonial Brazil comprises the period from 1500 with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815 when Brazil was elevated The Empire of Brazil was a political entity that comprised present-day Brazil under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II. The period of Brazilian history from 1889 to 1930 is commonly called the República Velha (Old Republic Depression coffee oligarchs and the Revolution of 1930 The Great Depression The ''tenente'' rebellion did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough of Brazil's The period between 1945 and 1964 in Brazilian history is known as the "Second Republic" Coronelismo was the system of Machine politics in Brazil under the Old Republic (1889-1930 Cangaço is the name given to a form of "social banditry" in the Nordeste of Brazil in late 19th and early 20th centuries Café com leite ( Portuguese: "coffee with milk" was a term that referred to the domination of Brazilian politics under the Old Republic Brazilian Integralism (Integralismo brasileiro was a Brazilian political movement created in October 1932 Tonelero is the name of a street located in the District of Copacabana in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where an Assassination
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