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For other uses, see Geronimo (disambiguation).
Geronimo

Born Goyathlay, Goyaałé: "one who yawns"
June 16, 1829
Gila River, Mexico
Died February 17, 1909 (aged 79)
Fort Sill, Oklahoma
Occupation Medicine man
Known for A famous Apache Warrior

Geronimo (Chiricahua: Goyaałé, "one who yawns"; often spelled Goyathlay or Goyahkla[1] in English) (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a prominent Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache who defended his people against the encroachment of the United States on their tribal lands for over 25 years. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display The Gila /'hilə/ River ( O'odham [Pima]: Gila Akimel) is a Tributary of the Colorado River, 650 Miles (1044 Kilometers The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Fort Sill is a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. " Medicine man " is an English term used to describe Native American spiritual figures such individuals are often viewed by scholars concerned with these Chiricahua (also known as Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache) is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken by the Chiricahua tribe in Oklahoma and Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Chiricahua (also Chiricahua Apaches, Chiricagui, Apaches de Chiricahui, Chiricahues, Chilicague, Chilecagez, The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Contents

Biography

Geronimo, U.S. prisoner
Geronimo, U. S. prisoner

Goyaałé (Geronimo) was born to the Bedonkohe band of the Apache, near Turkey Creek, a tributary of the Gila River in the modern-day state of Arizona, then part of Mexico, but which his family considered Bedonkohe land. The Gila /'hilə/ River ( O'odham [Pima]: Gila Akimel) is a Tributary of the Colorado River, 650 Miles (1044 Kilometers The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.

Geronimo's father, Tablishim, and mother, Juana, educated him according to Apache traditions. He married a woman from the Chiricauhua band of Apache; they had three children. On March 5, 1851, a company of 400 soldiers from Sonora led by Colonel Jose Maria Carrasco attacked Geronimo's camp outside Janos while the men were in town trading. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Among those dead were Geronimo's wife, Alope, his children, and mother. His chief, Mangas Coloradas, sent him to Cochise's band for help in revenge against the Mexicans. Mangas Coloradas or Dasoda-hae (known as Red Sleeves) (c1793 - January 18, 1863) was an Apache tribal chief and a member of the Eastern Cochise (koˈʧis ( K'uu-ch'ish = "firewood" (c 1815&ndash June 8, 1874) was a chief (a nantan) It was the Mexicans who named him Geronimo. This appellation stemmed from a battle in which he repeatedly attacked Mexican soldiers with a knife, ignoring a deadly hail of bullets, in reference to the Mexicans' plea to Saint Jerome. Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος The name stuck. [1]

The first Apache raids on Sonora appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. Sonora is one of the 31 federal states of Mexico and is located in the northwest of the country To counter the early Apache raids on Spanish settlements, presidios were established at Janos (1685) in Chihuahua and at Fronteras (1690) in northern Opata country. Fronteras is a municipality and its municipal seat in the northeast of the Mexican state of Sonora. Opata (pronounced óh-pah-tah is the collective name for three indigenous peoples native to the northern Mexican border state of Sonora In 1835, Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps. Two years later Mangas Coloradas or Dasoda-hae (Red Sleeves) became principal chief and war leader and began a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. Demographic dynamics In 1900 the Mexican population was 136 million Apache raids on Mexican villages were so numerous and brutal that no area was safe. [2]

While Geronimo said he was never a chief, he was a military leader. As a Chiricahua Apache, this meant he was also a spiritual leader. He consistently urged raids and war upon many Mexican and later U. S. groups.

He married Chee-hash-kish and had two children, Chappo and Dohn-say. Then he took another wife, Nana-tha-thtith, with whom he had one child. He later had a wife named Zi-yeh at the same time as another wife, She-gha, one named Shtsha-she and later a wife named Ih-tedda. Some of his wives were captured, such as the young Ih-tedda. Wives came and went, overlapping each other, being captured and added to the family, lost, or even given up, as Geronimo did with Ih-tedda when he and his band surrendered. At that time he kept his wife She-gha but abandoned the younger wife, Ih-tedda. Geronimo’s last wife was Azul.

Ta-ayz-slath, wife of Geronimo, & child
Ta-ayz-slath, wife of Geronimo, & child

Though outnumbered, Geronimo fought against both Mexican and United States troops and became famous for his daring exploits and numerous escapes from capture from 1858 to 1886. One such escape, as legend has it, took place in the Robledo Mountains of southwest New Mexico. The Robledo Mountains are a Mountain range in Doña Ana County New Mexico just northeast of Las Cruces. The legend states Geronimo and his followers entered a Cave, and the U. S. Soldiers waited outside the cave entrance for him, but he never came out. Later it was heard that Geronimo was spotted in a nearby area. The second entrance to the cave has yet to be found and the cave is still called Geronimo's Cave. At the end of his military career, he led a small band of 38 men, women, and children. They evaded 5,000 U. S. troops (one fourth of the army at the time) and many units of the Mexican army for a year. His band was one of the last major forces of independent Indian warriors who refused to acknowledge the United States Government in the American West. The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost This came to an end on September 4, 1886, when Geronimo surrendered to United States Army General Nelson A. Miles at Skeleton Canyon, Arizona. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Nelson Appleton Miles ( August 8, 1839 &ndash May 15, 1925) was an American soldier who served in the American Civil War, Indian Skeleton Canyon is located 30 miles northeast of the town of Douglas Arizona, in the Peloncillo Mountains which straddles the modern Arizona and New Mexico state line border The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States.

Geronimo and other warriors were sent as prisoners to Fort Pickens, Florida, and his family was sent to Fort Marion. Fort Pickens is a pentagonal historic United States military fort on Santa Rosa Island in the Pensacola Florida area Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The Castillo de San Marcos is a Spanish built Fort located in the city of St They were reunited in May 1887, when they were transferred to Mount Vernon Barracks in Alabama for five years. The Searcy Hospital Complex is the site of a psychiatric hospital in Mount Vernon, Alabama. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. In 1894, they were moved to Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Fort Sill is a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. In his old age, Geronimo became a celebrity. He appeared at fairs, including the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, and sold souvenirs and photographs of himself. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the Saint Louis World's Fair, was an international exposition held in St However, he was not allowed to return to the land of his birth. He rode in President Theodore Roosevelt's 1905 inaugural parade. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T He died of pneumonia at Fort Sill,Oklahoma in 1909 and was buried at the Apache Indian Prisoner of War Cemetery there. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal

In 1905, Geronimo agreed to tell his story to S. M. Barrett, Superintendent of Education in Lawton, Oklahoma. Lawton is a city in and the County seat of Comanche County, Oklahoma, United States. Barrett had to appeal to President Roosevelt to gain permission to publish the book. Geronimo came to each interview knowing exactly what he wanted to say. He refused to answer questions or alter his narrative. Barrett did not seem to take many liberties with Geronimo's story as translated by Asa Daklugie. Frederick Turner re-edited this autobiography by removing some of Barrett's footnotes and writing an introduction for the non-Apache readers. Turner notes the book is in the style of an Apache reciting part of his oral history. [3]

Religion

Geronimo (right) and his warriors in 1886
Geronimo (right) and his warriors in 1886

Geronimo was raised with the traditional religious views of the Bedonkohe. When questioned about his views on life after death, he wrote in his 1905 autobiography, "As to the future state, the teachings of our tribe were not specific, that is, we had no definite idea of our relations and surroundings in after life. We believed that there is a life after this one, but no one ever told me as to what part of man lived after death. . . We held that the discharge of one's duty would make his future life more pleasant, but whether that future life was worse than this life or better, we did not know, and no one was able to tell us. We hoped that in the future life family and tribal relations would be resumed. In a way we believed this, but we did not know it. " [4]

Later in life, Geronimo embraced Christianity, and stated, "Since my life as a prisoner has begun I have heard the teachings of the white man's religion, and in many respects believe it to be better than the religion of my fathers. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings . . Believing that in a wise way it is good to go to church, and that associating with Christians would improve my character, I have adopted the Christian religion. I believe that the church has helped me much during the short time I have been a member. I am not ashamed to be a Christian, and I am glad to know that the President of the United States is a Christian, for without the help of the Almighty I do not think he could rightly judge in ruling so many people. I have advised all of my people who are not Christians, to study that religion, because it seems to me the best religion in enabling one to live right. " [5]He joined the Dutch Reformed Church in 1903 but four years later was expelled for gambling. Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe [6] To the end of his life, he seemed to harbor ambivalent religious feelings, telling the Christian missionaries at a summer camp meeting in 1908 that he wanted to start over, while at the same time telling his tribesmen that he held to the old Apache religion. [7]

Theft of remains

Portrait of Geronimo by Edward S. Curtis, 1905.
Portrait of Geronimo by Edward S. Curtis, 1905.

In 1918, certain remains of Geronimo were stolen in a grave robbery. Grave robbing, grave robbery or tomb raiding is the act of uncovering a Tomb or Crypt to Steal the artifacts (as Illicit Three members of the Yale secret society of Skull and Bones served as Army volunteers at Fort Sill during World War I; one of those three members was Prescott Bush, father of the forty-first President of the United States George H. W. Bush and grandfather of George W. Bush. Secret society is a term used to describe a variety of organizations Skull and Bones is an elite Secret society based at Yale University, in New Haven Connecticut. Fort Sill is a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Prescott Sheldon Bush ( May 15, 1895 – October 8, 1972) was a United States Senator from Connecticut, a George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. They reportedly stole Geronimo's skull, some bones, and other items, including Geronimo's prized silver bridle, from the Apache Indian Prisoner of War Cemetery. A bridle is a piece of equipment used to control a Horse. The bridle fits over a horse's head and has the purpose of controlling the horse The stolen items were alleged to have been taken to the society's tomb-like headquarters on the Yale University campus, and are supposedly used in rituals practiced by the group, one of which is said to be kissing the skull of Geronimo as an initiation. The story was known for many years but widely considered unlikely or apocryphal, and while the society itself remained silent, former members have said that they believed the bones were fake or non-human, possibly in an attempt at misdirection.

Geronimo's grave at Fort Sill, Oklahoma in 2005.
Geronimo's grave at Fort Sill, Oklahoma in 2005. Fort Sill is a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America.

In a contemporary letter discovered by the Yale historian Marc Wortman and published in the Yale Alumni Magazine in 2006, society member Winter Mead wrote to F. Trubee Davison:

The skull of the worthy Geronimo the Terrible, exhumed from its tomb at Fort Sill by your club. The Yale Alumni Magazine is an Alumni magazine about Yale University. Frederick Trubee Davison ( February 7, 1896 &ndash 1976 usually known as F . . is now safe inside the tomb ("tomb" is the building at Yale University's Skull and Bones) and bone together with his well worn femurs, bit and saddle horn. Skull and Bones is an elite Secret society based at Yale University, in New Haven Connecticut. [8]

This prompted the Indian chief's great-grandson, Harlyn Geronimo of Mescalero, New Mexico, to write to President Bush requesting his help in returning the remains:

According to our traditions the remains of this sort, especially in this state when the grave was desecrated . Mescalero is a Census-designated place (CDP in Otero County, New Mexico, United States. . . need to be reburied with the proper rituals . . . to return the dignity and let his spirits rest in peace. [9]

Popular culture

Comic book Geronimo and his Apache Murderers
Comic book Geronimo and his Apache Murderers

Movies & television

Geronimo is a popular figure in cinema and television. Characters based on Geronimo have appeared in many films, including:

Name used

References

  1. ^ a b "Geronimo" (October 1992). National Geographic Magazine 182: 52. The National Geographic Magazine is the official journal of the National Geographic Society.  
  2. ^ Apache Indians Southwest
  3. ^ Turner, Frederick W. (1970) in his introduction to Geronimo: His Own Story: The Autobiography of a Great Patriot Warrior Dutton, New York, ISBN 0-525-11308-8 ;
  4. ^ Geronimo (S. M. Barrett, Editor) (1971). Geronimo, His Own Story. New York, New York: Ballantine Books. LCCCN 72-113457.   page 178
  5. ^ Geronimo (S. M. Barrett, Editor) (1971). Geronimo, His Own Story. New York, New York: Ballantine Books. LCCCN 72-113457.   page 181
  6. ^ Geronimo (S. M. Barrett, Editor) (1971). Geronimo, His Own Story. New York, New York: Ballantine Books. LCCCN 72-113457.   page 181
  7. ^ Debo, Angie (1976). Geronimo, The Man, His Time, His Place. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. LCCCN 0-8061-1828-8.   pages 437-438
  8. ^ Lassila, Kathrin and Branch, Mark (2006). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Whose Skull and Bones?. Yale Alumni Magazine. Retrieved on December 05, 2006. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  9. ^ Andrew Buncombe (2006). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Geronimo's family call on Bush to help return his skeleton. The Independent. The Independent is a British compact Newspaper published by Tony O'Reilly 's Independent News & Media. Retrieved on December 05, 2006.
  10. ^ Anderson, Chuck (September 2004). Geronimo yell of World War II paratroopers. B-Westerns. com. Retrieved on 2007-10-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the
  11. ^ Adams, Cecil (1998-01-23). Cecil Adams is a name possibly a Pseudonym, which designates the Author of The Straight Dope, a popular question and answer column published Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Why do parachutists yell "Geronimo!" when jumping from an airplane?. The Straight Dope. The Straight Dope is a popular question-and-answer Newspaper column published in the Chicago Reader, syndicated in thirty Newspapers Retrieved on 2007-10-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the

Further reading

External links


Persondata
NAME Geronimo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Goyathlay, Goyaałé: "one who yawns"
SHORT DESCRIPTION Medicine man
DATE OF BIRTH June 16, 1829
PLACE OF BIRTH Gila River, Mexico
DATE OF DEATH 1909-2-17
PLACE OF DEATH Fort Sill, Oklahoma
" Medicine man " is an English term used to describe Native American spiritual figures such individuals are often viewed by scholars concerned with these Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display The Gila /'hilə/ River ( O'odham [Pima]: Gila Akimel) is a Tributary of the Colorado River, 650 Miles (1044 Kilometers The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Fort Sill is a United States Army post near Lawton, Oklahoma, about 85 miles southwest of Oklahoma City. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America.

Dictionary

geronimo

-interjection

  1. A cry generally said before jumping out of or into something.
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