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Germanisation (also spelled Germanization) is either the spread of the German language, people and culture either by force or assimilation, or the adaptation of a foreign word to the German language in linguistics, much like the Romanisation of many languages which do not use the Latin alphabet. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or It was a central plank of German liberal thinking in the early nineteenth century, at a period when liberalism and nationalism went hand in hand. Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation

Contents

Forms of Germanisation

There are historically very different forms and degrees of expansion of German language and elements of German culture. Besides eclectic adoptions, there are also examples of complete "melting" into the German culture, as it happened with the pagan Slavs in the diocese of Bamberg in the 11th century. Bamberg is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is located in Upper Franconia on the river Regnitz, close to its confluence with the river Main A perfect example of eclectic adoption of German culture is the field of law in Imperial and present day Japan, which is organised very much to the model of the German Empire. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Germanisation took place by cultural contact, by political decision of the adopting side (e. g. in the case of Japan) or (especially in the case of Imperial and Nazi Germany) by force. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers

In Slavic countries, the term Germanisation often is understood solely as the process of acculturation of Slavic and Baltic speakers, after the conquests or by cultural contact in the early dark ages, areas of the modern Eastern Germany to the line of Elbe. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages The Baltic languages are a group of related languages belonging to the Indo-European language family and spoken mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe The Elbe ( die Elbe Low German: de Ilv) is one of the major Rivers of Central Europe. In East Prussia forced resettlement of the Prussian people by the Teutonic Order and the Prussian state, as well as acculturation from immigrants of various European countries (Poles, French, Germans) contributed to the eventual extinction of the Prussian language in the 17th century. East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part "Prussians" redirects here "Prussians" may also refer to citizens of the former German state of Prussia. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Prussian is an extinct Baltic language once spoken by the inhabitants of the area that later became East Prussia (now north-eastern Poland As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar

Another form of Germanisation is the forceful expansion of German culture, language and people upon non-German people. This was the practice of Prussia, Austria, German Empire, Weimar Republic and German Empire. Non-Germans were often banned from use of their language, the state discriminated their traditions and culture, when those measures were not successful in eradicating non-Germans, colonists and settlers were used to upset the population balance. As even those stepts proved insufficient, the orientiation turned into policy of ethnic cleansing and later into genocide.

Historical Germanisation

Early

See also: Wendish Crusade and Northern Crusades

Early Germanisation went along with the Ostsiedlung during the Middle Ages, e. The Wendish Crusade (Wendenkreuzzug was an 1147 campaign one of the Northern Crusades and also a part of the Second Crusade, led primarily by the Kingdom of The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Crusades undertaken by the Catholic kings of Denmark and Sweden, the German Livonian This article covers the medieval eastward migrations of Germans g. in Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia and other areas, formerly inhabited by Slavic tribes - Polabian Slavs such as Obotrites, Veleti and Sorbs. Lüchow-Dannenberg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany which is usually referred to as Hannoversches Wendland or Wendland Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, sometimes translated as Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, is a state in Northern Germany comprising Upper and Lower Lusatia Upper Lusatia ( Oberlausitz or Hornja Łužica) is today part of the German state of Saxony except for a small part east of The Obotrites (Abodriten also commonly known as the Obodrites, Abotrites, or Abodrites, were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes The Veleti (Wieleten Wieleci or Wilzi(ans (also Wiltzes; German Wilzen) were a group of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory Sorbs (Serbja Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic people settled in Lusatia

Lüchow-Dannenberg is better known as the Wendland, a designation referring to the Slavic people of the Wends from Slavic tribe Drevani — the Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony. Lüchow-Dannenberg is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany which is usually referred to as Hannoversches Wendland or Wendland The Drevani (Draväno-polaben or Drevanen) were a tribe of Polabian Slavs inhabiting Lüchow-Dannenberg. The Polabian language, which became extinct in the 18th century was a group of Slavic Dialects spoken in present-day northern Germany: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second [1]

A complex process of Germanisation took place in Bohemia after the 1620 Battle of White Mountain defeat of Bohemian Protestants. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the The Battle of White Mountain, November 8, 1620 ( Bílá hora is the name of White Mountain in Czech was an early Battle in the Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The Protestant Bohemian king elected against the Habsburgs by the Bohemian estates in 1619, the German prince Frederick V, Elector Palatine, was defeated in 1620 by Catholic forces loyal to the Habsburg Emperor, Ferdinand II. Frederick V (Friedrich V ( August 26 1596 – November 29 1632) was Elector Palatine (1610–23 and as Frederick I Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor ( July 9, 1578 &ndash February 15, 1637) of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Ferdinand II Among the Bohemian lords being punished and expropriated after Frederick's defeat in 1620 were German- and Czech-speaking landowners as well. Thus this conflict was by far an internal conflict resulting from the feudal system than a clash of different nations. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Although the Czech language lost its significance (as a written language) in the aftermath of the events, it is questionable whether this was primarily intended by the Habsburg rulers, whose intentions were in religious and feudal categories.

Countermeasures

The rise of nationalism that occurred in the late 18th and 19th centuries in Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Pomerania, Lusatia and Slovenia led to an increased sense of "pride" in national cultures during this time. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Upper and Lower Lusatia Upper Lusatia ( Oberlausitz or Hornja Łužica) is today part of the German state of Saxony except for a small part east of Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west However, centuries of cultural dominance of the Germans left a German mark on those societies, for instance the first modern grammar of the Czech language by Josef Dobrovský (1753-1829) – "Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache" (1809) – was published in German because the Czech language was not used in academic scholarship. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Josef Dobrovský ( August 17, 1753 – January 6, 1829) was a Bohemian Philologist and Historian, one of the most

In the German colonies, the policy of having German as an official language led to the forming of German-based pidgins and German-based creole languages, such as Unserdeutsch. This is a list of former German Empire colonies and Protectorates (Schutzgebiete the German colonial empire. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory A German creole, more properly a German-based creole language, is a Creole language with a significant influence from the German language. Unserdeutsch ("Our German" or Rabaul Creole German, is a German-based creole language spoken primarily in Papua New Guinea and the northeast

In Prussia

Germanisation in Prussia occurred in several stages:

State legislation and government policies of Germanisation in the Kingdom of Prussia, Imperial Germany and Nazi Germany aimed to expand the German language and culture in areas populated by non-Germans, the eradication of their national identity, and the integration of conquered territories into German states. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) The German term (literally "culture struggle" refers to German policies in relation to Secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers [2]

On Prussian Minorities

Situation in the 18. century

See also: Germanisation of Poles during Partitions

When judging on Germanization one has to differentiate whether this was seen as an act of ameliorating the economy of the country or whether it had the aim of repressing or eliminating Polish language and culture. After partitioning Poland in the end of 18th century the Kingdom of Prussia and later German Empire imposed a number of Germanisation policies and measures Settlers from all over Europe (Germany, Netherlands, France, Switzerland, Scotland) were invited to settle in Prussia under the kings Frederick I, Frederick William I. and Frederick the Great. Biography Born in Königsberg, he was the third son of Frederick William Elector of Brandenburg by his father's first marriage to Louise Henriette Frederick William I (Friedrich Wilhelm I ( August 14, 1688 &ndash May 31, 1740) of the House of Hohenzollern, was the King Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the The settlements were planned either in sparsely populated areas or in areas which had been reclaimed (e. g. after drying up the Oderbruch swamp under Frederick the Great), or in areas that had been depopulated by war or plague (e. The Oderbruch (literally " Oder swamp " in German is a region along the river Oder between the towns Oderberg and Bad Freienwalde in g. the settlement of the protestants expelled from the Archbishopric of Salzburg in East Prussia 1731/32 under king Frederick William I. The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an ecclesiastical state of the Holy Roman Empire, roughly consisting of the present-day state of Salzburg (the East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part ). Additionally several 10. 000 French protestant refugees granted asylum in Prussia after the renouncement of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The Edict of Nantes was issued on April 13, 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinist Protestants of Around 1700 about half of the people of Berlin actually spoke French and the French community in Berlin used the French language in their services until 1807 when they decided to give it up and use German instead to protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoléon. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. These settlements were not intended as a means of Germanisation but rather an instrument of bringing the economy of Prussia to a more advanced stage, just in the same intention as slawonian rulers invited German settlers in their countries in the Middle Ages. Nationality was no important aspect for Frederick the Great. He once stated also to underline his religious tolerance or indifference: "if Turks want to come and settle here we will build mosques for them". So Germanisation was not the primary intention of these settlements. It may however sometimes have been a side effect.

Prussia introduced as one of the first countries in Europe compulsory primary school attendance under Frederick William I. People should be able to read the Bible by themselves to make "good Christians" out of them. Education in primary school was done in the mother language and thus primary school was no means of Germanisation in the 18. century.

Prussia and Austria actively participated in the partitions of Poland, a fact that would later on severely stress German-Polish relations which had been uncomplicated until then. The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the

Situation in the 19. century

After the Napoleonic Wars Prussia obtained the Grand Duchy of Posen and Austria remained in possession of Galicia. The Grand Duchy of Posen (Großherzogtum Posen Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie was an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as " Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine, In May 1815 king Frederick William III. issued a manifest to the Poles in Posen:

"You also have a Fatherland. [. . . ] You will be incorporated into my monarchy without having to renounce your nationality. [. . . ] You will receive a constitution like the other provinces of my kingdom. Your religion will be upheld. [. . . ] Your language shall be used like the German language in all public affairs and everyone of you with suitable capabilities shall get the opportunity to get an appointment to a public office. [. . . ]"

and the minister for Education Altenstein stated in 1823:[3]

Concerning the spread of the German language it is most important to get a clear understanding of the aims. Whether it should be the aim to promote the understanding of German among Polish-speaking subjects or whether it should be the aim to gradually and slowly germanise the Poles. According to the judgement of the minister only the first is necessary, advisable and possible, the second is not advisable and not accomplishable. To be good subjects it is desirable for the Poles to understand the language of government. However, it is not necessary for them to give up or postpone their mother language. The possession of two language shall not be seen as a disadvantage but as an benefit instead because it is usually associated with a higher flexibility of the mind. [. . ] Religion and language are the highest sanctuaries of a nation and all attitudes and perceptions are founded on them. A government that [. . . ] is indifferent or even hostile against them creates bitterness, debases the nation and generates disloyal subjects. "

In the first half of the 19. century Prussian language policy remained largely tolerant. But this tolerance gradually changed in the second half of the 19. century after the foundation of the German Emprire in 1871. Later, the means of the policy was the elimination of non-German languages from public life and from academic settings (such as schools). Later in the German Empire, Poles were (together with Danes, Alsatians, German Catholics and Socialists) portrayed as "Reichsfeinde" ("foes to the empire"). The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution [4] In addition, in 1885, the Prussian Settlement Commission financed from the national government's budget was set up to buy land from non-German hands and distribute it among German farmers. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Settlement Commission may refer to the Royal Prussian Settlement Commission in the provinces of Posen and West Prussia the Foreign Claims Settlement [5] From 1908 the committee was entitled to force the landowners to sell the land. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Other means included Prussian deportations 1885-1890: deportation of non-Prussian nationals who had lived in Prussia for substantial time periods (mostly Poles and Jews) and the ban on the building of houses by non-Germans (see Drzymała's van). The Prussian deportations (or Prussian expulsions, rugi pruskie were mass expulsions of Poles (and to a lesser extent Jews) from Prussia Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Drzymała's wagon (wóz Drzymały was a symbol of Polish resistance to the official Germanization policy in Imperial Germany. Germanisation policy in schools also took the form of abuse of Polish children by Prussian officials (see Września). Września Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship Września (Wreschen is a town in central Poland with 28600 inhabitants (1995 Germanisation unintentionally stimulated resistance, usually in the form of home schooling and tighter unity in the minority groups.

In 1910, Maria Konopnicka responded to the increasing persecution of Polish people by Germans by writing her famous song called Rota, that instantly became a national symbol for Poles, with its sentence known to many Poles:The German will not spit in our face, nor will he Germanise our children. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Maria Konopnicka ( May 23, 1842, Suwałki — October 8, 1910, Lwów) was a Polish Poet, Novelist The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Rota ("The Oath" is an early 20th-century Polish Poem and Anthem, once proposed to be the Polish National anthem. Thus, the German efforts to eradicate Polish culture, language and people met not only with failure, but managed to reinforce the Polish national identity and strengthened efforts of Poles to re-establish a Polish state.

An international meeting of socialists held in Brussels in 1902 condemned the Germanisation of Poles in Prussia, calling it "barbarous". Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is [6]

On Prussian Lithuanians

Similar Germanisation also happened for Prussian Lithuanians living in East Prussia, numbers of whom, since 15th century making up a majority of population in vast areas of East Prussia (since early 16th century often referred to as Lithuania Minor), had shrunk considerably during the 18h-20th centuries because of Plague and following immigration from Germany, notably from Salzburg in 18th century - local population was thrown out of thir homes to make a place for newcommers. The term Prussian Lithuanians, Lietuwininkai (singular Lietuwininkas) Lietuvininkai refers to a Western Lithuanian ethnic group which did not form Lithuania Minor (Mažoji Lietuva Kleinlitauen Litwa Mniejsza Máлая Литвá or Prussian Lithuania (Prūsų Lietuva Preußisch-Litauen Litwa Pruska is a historical is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. Policy of Germanisation was tightened during the 19th century; in the early 20th century Lithuanian majority remained north of Neman River and areas soouth and south-west of the river). "Nieman" and "Niemen" redirects here For other uses see Neman and Nieman (disambiguation.

Similar development happened with Kursenieki, but this ethnic group never had a large population. For the extinct Baltic tribe see Curonians. The Kursenieki ( Curonians; Kuren Kuršininkai Kursenieki (sg

On Polish Coal Miners

Another form of Germanisation was the relation between the German state and Polish coal miners in the Ruhr area. The Ruhr Area, ( German Ruhrgebiet, colloquial Ruhrpott, Kohlenpott or Revier) is an Urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia Due to migration within the German Empire, an enormous stream of Polish nationals (as many as 350,000) made their way to the Ruhr in the late 19th century, where they worked in the coal and iron industries. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification German authorities viewed them as potential danger and a threat and as a "suspected political and national" element. All Polish workers had special cards and were under constant observation by German authorities. In addition, anti-Polish stereotypes were promoted, such as postcards with jokes about Poles, presenting them as irresponsible people, similar to the treatment of the Irish in New England around the same time. Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánach are citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in Ireland. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Many Polish traditional and religious songs were forbidden by Prussian authorities. [7] Their citizens' rights were also limited by German state. [8].

Polish Response

In response to these policies, the Polish formed their own organisations to defend their interests and ethnic identity. The Sokól sports clubs and the workers' union Zjednoczenie Zawodowe Polskie (ZZP), Wiarus Polski (press) and Bank Robotnikow were among the best known such organisations near the Ruhr. At first the Polish workers, ostracised by their German counterparts, had supported the Catholic centre party. [9] Since the beginning of the 20th century their support more and more shifted towards the social democrats. [10] In 1905 Polish and German workers organised their first common strike. [11] Under the Namensänderungsgesetz[12] (law of changing surnames) a significant number of "Ruhr-Poles" change their surnames and Christian names to "Germanised" forms, in order to evade ethnic discrimination. As the Prussian authorities during the Kulturkampf suppressed Catholic services in Polish language by Polish priests, the Poles had to rely on German Catholic priests. The German term (literally "culture struggle" refers to German policies in relation to Secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted Increasing intermarriage between Germans and Poles contributed much to the Germanisation of ethnic Poles in the Ruhr area.

During the Weimar Republic Poles first were recognised as minority only in Upper Silesia. The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 The peace treaties after the First World War did contain an obligation for Poland to protect her national minorities (Germans, Ukrainians and other), whereas no such clause was introduced in retorsion by the victors in the peace Treaty of Versailles with Germany. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. In 1928 the "Minderheitenschulgesetz" (minorities school act) regulated education of children form minorities in their native tongue. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [13] From 1930 on Poland and Germany agreed to treat their minorities vice versa. [14]

Germanisation during the Second World War

See also Generalplan Ost and Kidnapping of Polish children by Germany

In the Nazi era, the days of certain minorities in Germany were numbered. Generalplan Ost ( GPO) was a secret Nazi plan of Genocide and Ethnic cleansing to be realised in the territories occupied Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany (Rabunek dzieci part of the Generalplan Ost (GPO the secret Nazi plan during World War II judged by the Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German "Racially acceptable" children were taken from their families, in order to be brought up as Germans. [15] In German occupied Poland it is estimated that a number ranging from 50,000 to 200,000 children were deprived of their families in order to be Germanised. [16] It is estimated that at least 10,000 of them were murdered in the process as they were determined unfit and sent to concentration camps and faced brutal treatment or perished in the harsh conditions during their transport in cattle wagons, and only 10-15% returned to their families after the war. [17] Obligatory Hitlerjugend membership made dialogue between old and young next to impossible, as use of languages other than German was discouraged by officials. For the SS division with the nickname Hitlerjugend see 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth ( German:, Members of minority organisations were sent to concentration camps by German authorities or have been executed. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial

Under Generalplan Ost, a percentage of Slavs in the conquered territories were to be Germanised. Those unfit for Germanisation were to be expelled from the areas marked out for German settlement. In considering the fate of the individual nations, the architects of the Plan decided that it would be possible to Germanise about 50 percent of the Czechs, 35 percent of the Ukrainians and 25 percent of the Belorussians. Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also The remainder would have had to be deported to western Siberia and other regions. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving In 1941 it was decided to destroy the Polish nation completely and the German leadership decided that in 10 to 20 years Polish state under German occupation was to be fully cleared of any ethnic Poles and settled by German colonists. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland [18]

Specific examples

Oletzko County was a historic East Prussian county with its capital at Oletzko. Olecko (former since 1560 also, since 1928 is a town in Masuria, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship of Poland, near Ełk and Suwałki East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part Olecko (former since 1560 also, since 1928 is a town in Masuria, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship of Poland, near Ełk and Suwałki The county was populated by Mazurs, a Polish ethnic group. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland In the process of Germanisation, the proportion of Polish-speaking people declined steadily:

Throughout the Warmia and Masuria plebiscite on 11 July 1920 inside Oletzko only 2 votes were given to join the Second Polish Republic; 28. The East Prussia(n plebiscite (Abstimmung in Ostpreußen also known as the Allenstein and Marienwerder plebiscite or Warmia Masuria and Powiśle plebiscite (Plebiscyt The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. 627 of the inhabitants voted to remain in East Prussia. East Prussia (Ostpreußen; Rytų Prūsija or Rytprūsiai; Prusy Wschodnie Восточная Пруссия or Vostochnaya Prussiya) refers to the main part The town was renamed Treuburg (loyalty castle) after that plebiscite.

Current state

In modern Germany, Danes, Frisians and the Slavic Sorbs are classified as traditional ethnic minorities and are guaranteed cultural autonomy. The term Dane may refer to People with a Danish ancestral or ethnic identity whether living in Denmark, emigrants or the descendants of emigrants The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. Sorbs (Serbja Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic people settled in Lusatia The term minority rights embodies two separate concepts first normal individual Rights as applied to members of racial Ethnic, class religious linguistic or Concerning the Danes, there is a treaty between Denmark and Germany from 1955 regulating the status of the German minority in Denmark and vice versa. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Concerning the Frisians, Schleswig-Holstein passed a special law for preserving the language. The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. is the northernmost of the 16 ''Bundesländer'' in Germany. The former English name was Sleswick-Holsatia the Danish name is [19] The cultural autonomy of the Sorbs is a matter of the constitutions of Saxony and Brandenburg. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. Nevertheless, most of the Sorbs are bilingual and the Lower Sorbian language is regarded as endangered, as the number of native speakers is dwindling. Lower Sorbian (dsb ''Dolnoserbski'' is a Slavic Minority language spoken in eastern Germany in the historical province of Lower Lusatia

Descendants of Polish migrant workers and miners have intermarried with the local population and are thus culturally mixed. It is different with modern and present day immigration from Poland to Germany after the fall of the iron curtain. The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end These immigrants usually are Polish citizens and live as foreigners in Germany. For many immigrant Poles, Polish ethnicity is not the prime category through which they wish to characterise themselves or want to be evaluated by others[20] as it could impact their lives in negative way.

Linguistic Germanisation

In linguistics, Germanisation usually means the change in spelling of loanwords to the rules of the German language — for example the change from the imported word bureau to Büro. Language change is the manner in which the phonetic, morphological, semantic, syntactic, and other features of a language are modified over time

The local dialect of the Ruhr Area contains many words derived from the Polish language. The Ruhr Area, ( German Ruhrgebiet, colloquial Ruhrpott, Kohlenpott or Revier) is an Urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia

See also

References

  1. ^ Polabian language
  2. ^ Encyklopedia PWN
  3. ^ cited in: Richard Cromer: Die Sprachenrechte der Polen in Preußen in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting distinguishing separating or artificially injecting the Culture or language of one nation into another German studies is the field of Humanities that researches documents and disseminates German language and literature in both its historic and present forms The German term (literally "culture struggle" refers to German policies in relation to Secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted The Mazurs or Masurs (Mazurzy are a sub- Ethnic group in the Masovian and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeships in Poland. This article covers the medieval eastward migrations of Germans Carinthian Slovenes (Koroški Slovenci Kärntner Slowenen are the Slovene-speaking population group in the Austrian State of Carinthia. Pan-Germanism (Pangermanismus or Alldeutsche Bewegung was a political movement of the 19th century aiming for unity of the German -speaking peoples of Europe The terms Polonophobia, anti-Polonism, antipolonism and anti-Polish sentiment refer to a spectrum of hostile attitudes toward Poles. The Potulice concentration camp was established during World War II by German state authorities in occupied Poland in Potulice near Nakło. Ruhrpolen (“Ruhr Poles” is a German umbrella term for Silesians, Masurians and ethnic Poles who migrated to the rapidly-industrializing Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English Slavicisation is a term used to describe a cultural change in which something non-Slavic becomes Slavic. Settlement Commission may refer to the Royal Prussian Settlement Commission in the provinces of Posen and West Prussia the Foreign Claims Settlement Jahrhunderts. Journal Nation und Staat, Vol 6, 1932/33, p. 614, also cited in: Martin Broszat Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik (Two-hundred years or German Poles politics). Martin Broszat ( August 14, 1926 – October 14, 1989) was a West German Historian. Suhrkamp 1972, p. 90, ISBN. 3-518-36574-6. During the discussions in the Reichstag in January 1875 Altensteins statement was cited by the opponents of Bismarcks politics
  4. ^ Bismarck and the German Empire, 1871-1918
  5. ^ Encyklopedia PWN
  6. ^ http://www.echoed.com.au/chronicle/1902/jan-feb/world.htm
  7. ^ Gazeta.pl : Error 404
  8. ^ Migration Past, Migration Future: Germany and the United States
  9. ^ http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrumspartei
  10. ^ 1880, Polen im Ruhrgebiet
  11. ^ 1880, Polen im Ruhrgebiet
  12. ^ 1880, Polen im Ruhrgebiet
  13. ^ "Polen im Ruhrgebiet 1870 - 1945" - Deutsch-polnische Tagung - H-Soz-u-Kult / Tagungsberichte
  14. ^ Johann Ziesch
  15. ^ Lebensraum, Aryanization, Germanization and Judenrein, Judenfrei: concepts in the holocaust or shoah
  16. ^ Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe
  17. ^ Dzieciñstwo zabra³a wojna > Newsroom - Roztocze Online - informacje regionalne - Zamo¶æ, Bi³goraj, Hrubieszów, Lubaczów,Tomaszów Lubelski, Lubaczów - Roztocze OnLine
  18. ^ Volker R. Berghahn "Germans and Poles 1871–1945" in "Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences", Rodopi 1999
  19. ^ http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Friesisch-Gesetz
  20. ^ Polonia in Germany

External links

The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, Volker R Berghahn is a historian of German and modern European history at Columbia University.

Dictionary

Germanisation

-noun

  1. The policy, in Nazi Germany, of the expansion of the German language and culture.
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