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German East Africa (German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in East Africa, including what is now Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika (the mainland part of present Tanzania). A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The Rupie was the currency of German East Africa between 1890 and 1916 continuing to circulate in Tanganyika until 1920 The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification This article is about a type of political territory For other uses see Colony (disambiguation. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. Burundi (buˈɾundi officially the Republic of Burundi, is a small country in the Great Lakes region of Eastern Africa bordered by Rwanda The Republic of Rwanda (ruːˈændə or /rəˈwɑːndə/ in English ɾwanda or in Kinyarwanda is a small Landlocked country in the Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya It measured 994,996 km² (384,170 square miles) in size or nearly three times the size of re-united Germany today. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It came into existence during the 1880s and ended during World War I, when the area was taken over by the British and Belgians, and later as League of Nations mandate territories. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those A League of Nations mandate refers to a legal status for certain territories transferred from the control of one country to another following World War I.
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Foundation
The colony's story begins with Carl Peters, an adventurer who founded the "Society for German Colonization" and had signed some treaties with native chiefs of the mainland across from Zanzibar. Karl Peters ( September 27, 1856 - September 10, 1918) German traveler in Africa one of the founders of German East Africa The Society for German Colonization ( Gesellschaft für Deutsche Kolonisation) was founded on March 28, 1884, by Dr Zanzibar ( is part of the East African republic of Tanzania. It consists of the Zanzibar Archipelago in the On March 3, 1885, the German government announced that it had granted an imperial charter (secretly, on February 17) to Peters' company, and intended to establish a protectorate in East Africa. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect Peters then recruited a variety of specialists who fanned out across the country, south to the Rufiji River and north to Witu, near Lamu on the coast. The Rufiji River lies entirely within the African nation of Tanzania. Wituland (also Witu, Vitu, Witu Protectorate or Swahililand) was an approximately 3000 Km² territory in East Africa centered Lamu town is the largest town on Lamu Island, which in turn is a part of the Lamu Archipelago in Kenya.
When the Sultan of Zanzibar protested (as he considered himself the ruler of the mainland), Bismarck sent five warships (including Stosch, Gneisenau and Prinz Adalbert), which arrived August 7 and trained their guns on the Sultan's palace. Sultan (سلطان is an Islamic title with several historical meanings Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. The net result was that the British and Germans agreed to divide the mainland into spheres of influence, and without British support the Sultan had to go along.
The Germans quickly established their rule over Bagamoyo, Dar es Salaam and Kilwa. The town of Bagamoyo, Tanzania, was founded at the end of the 18th century Dar es Salaam (دار السلام "Abode of Peace" Dār as-Salām) formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. Kilwa is one of the 6 districts of the Lindi Region of Tanzania. The Abushiri Revolt started in 1888 and was put down (with British help) in the following year. The Abushiri Revolt was an a so-called insurrection in 1888-1889 by the Arab population of the areas of the East African coast which were granted (under protest to Germany In 1890, London and Berlin concluded the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, a deal that gave Heligoland to Germany, and defined the limits of German East Africa (the exact borders remained ill-defined until 1910). The Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty (Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag was an 1890 agreement between the United Kingdom and the German Empire - hence also Anglo-German Heligoland (Helgoland Heligolandic: deät Lun) is a small German Archipelago in the North Sea.
Between 1891 and 1894, the Hehe — led by Chief Mkwawa — resisted German expansion, but were eventually defeated because other tribes were in favour of the newcomers. The Hehe ani gever (Swahili collective Wahehe) are an ethnic and linguistic group based in Iringa Region in south-central Tanzania. Paramount Chief Mkwavinyika Munyigumba Mwamuyinga (1855 &ndash 19 July 1898 1) more commonly known as Chief Mkwawa, was After a period of guerrilla warfare, Mkwawa himself was cornered and committed suicide in 1898.
The Maji Maji Rebellion occurred in 1905, and was put down by the governor, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen. The Maji Maji Rebellion, sometimes called the Maji Maji War, was a violent African resistance to colonial rule in the German colony of Tanganyika an uprising by several Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen ( 12 May 1866 – 2 December 1910) was a German explorer and Governor of German East But scandal soon followed, with stories of corruption and brutality, and in 1907 Chancellor Bülow appointed Bernhard Dernburg to reform the colonial administration, which became a model of colonial efficiency and commanded extraordinary loyalty among the natives during the First World War. Prince Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von Bülow, born Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin von Bülow ( May 3, 1849 October 28, 1929)
German colonial administrators relied heavily on native chiefs to keep order and collect taxes. Other than local police, garrisons of Schutztruppe soldiers at Dar es Salaam, Moshi, Iringa and Mahenge consisted on 1 January 1914 of 110 German officers (including 42 medical officers), 126 non-commissioned officers and 2,472 local soldiers (Askaris[1]). Askari is an Arabic, Turkish, Somali, Persian, and Swahili word meaning "soldier" (عسكري ‘askarī [2]
Economic development
Commerce and growth started in earnest under German direction. Early on it was realized that economic development would depend on reliable transportation. Over 40,000 hectares (100,000 acres) were under sisal cultivation - the biggest cash crop. Sisal or sisal hemp is an Agave Agave sisalana that yields a stiff Fiber used in making Rope. Two million coffee trees were planted and rubber trees grew on 80,000 hectares (200,000 acres), along with large cotton plantations. To bring these agricultural products to market, beginning in 1888, the Usambara Railroad, or Northern Railway, was built from Tanga to Moshi. The longest line, the Central Railroad covered 1,250 kilometers (775 miles) from Dar es Salaam to Morogoro, Tabora and Kigoma. The final link to the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika had been completed in July 1914 and was cause for a huge and festive celebration in the capital with an agricultural fair and trade exhibition. Harbor facilities were built or improved with electrical cranes, with rail access and warehouses. Wharves were remodeled at Tanga, Bagamoyo and Lindi. In 1912 Dar es Salaam and Tanga received 356 freighters and passenger steamers and over 1,000 coastal ships and local trading vessels. [3] By 1914 Dar es Salaam and the surrounding province had a population of 166,000, among them 1,050 Europeans, 1,000 of them Germans. In all of the east African protectorate were 3,579 Germans. [4] In its own right, Dar es Salaam became the showcase city of all of tropical Africa. [5]
Despite all these efforts, German East Africa never achieved a profit for the fatherland and needed to be subsidized by the Berlin treasury.
Education
Unlike the Belgian, British, French and Portuguese colonial masters in central Africa, Germany developed an educational program for her Africans that involved elementary, secondary and vocational schools. “Instructor qualifications, curricula, textbooks, teaching materials, all met standards unmatched anywhere in tropical Africa. ”[6] In 1924, ten years after the beginning of the First World War and six years into British rule, the visiting American Phelps-Stokes Commission reported: “In regards to schools, the Germans have accomplished marvels. Anson Phelps Stokes (1874-1958 was an American Educator, Clergyman, Author, Philanthropist and civil rights Activist. Some time must elapse before education attains the standard it had reached under the Germans. ”[7]
First World War
The story of German East Africa in the First World War is essentially the history of the colony's military commander, General Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck. The East African Campaign was a series of battles and guerilla actions which started in German East Africa and ultimately impacted portions of Mozambique, Northern World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck ( March 20, 1870 - March 9, 1964) was a German General, the commander of the German A vibrant and young officer, he spent the war harrying the forces of the British Empire, tying down with his band of 3,000 Europeans & 11,000 native Askaris and porters, a British/Imperial army 300,000 strong, which was at times commanded by the former Second Boer War commander Jan Smuts. See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Field Marshal Jan Christiaan Smuts, OM, CH, PC, ED, KC, FRS (24 May 1870 &ndash 11 September 1950 was a prominent One of his greatest victories was at the Battle of Tanga (3–5 November, 1914), where he beat a British force more than eight times the size of his own. The Battle of Tanga (sometimes nicknamed the " Battle of the Bees " was the blundered attempt by the British Indian Army to capture German East
Lettow-Vorbeck's masterful mix of guerrilla warfare and daring raids ended up costing the British war effort massive resources and upwards of 60,000 casualties. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc Nonetheless, weight of numbers, especially after forces coming from Belgian Congo had attacked from the West, and dwindling supplies, forced Lettow-Vorbeck into a grudging withdrawal. The Belgian Congo ( Dutch: Belgisch Kongo French: Congo Belge German: Belgisch Kongo was the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic Ultimately, Lettow-Vorbeck fought his tiny force out of German East Africa and into Mozambique, then into Northern Rhodesia where he agreed a ceasefire three days after the end of the war, on receiving news of the armistice between the warring nations (see Von Lettow-Vorbeck Memorial for details. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa Northern Rhodesia was a territory in south central Africa initially administered under charter by the British South Africa Company and formed by it in 1911 by The Von Lettow-Vorbeck Memorial in the Northern Province of Zambia commemorates the final Cessation of hostilities of World War I, three days )
Heralded after the war as one of their heroes, the Germans celebrated Lettow-Vorbeck's Schutztruppe as the only colonial German force in the First World War not to have been defeated in open combat - although they often retreated when outnumbered. The Schutztruppe ( protection troops) was the African colonial armed force of Imperial Germany from the late 1800s to 1918 when Germany World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Askari colonial troops that had fought in the East African campaign were later given pension payments by the Weimar Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). Askari is an Arabic, Turkish, Somali, Persian, and Swahili word meaning "soldier" (عسكري ‘askarī The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
The German light cruiser SMS Königsberg also fought off the coast of East Africa. A light cruiser is a Warship. The term is a shortening of the phrase "light Armoured cruiser " describing a small ship that carried armour in the same way Before World War I Commissioned in 1906 Königsberg was then one of the German navy's most modern ships She was eventually scuttled in the Rufiji delta in July 1915 after running out of fuel (coal); the crew then joined the land forces.
The Treaty of Versailles broke up the colony, giving the western area to Belgium as Ruanda-Urundi, the small Kionga Triangle south of the Rovuma River to Portugal to become part of Mozambique, and the remainder to Britain, which named it Tanganyika. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. Ruanda-Urundi was a Belgian Suzerainty from 1916 to 1924 a League of Nations Class B Mandate from 1924 to 1945 and then a UN trust territory The Kionga Triangle was a tiny territory on the border between German East Africa (present-day United Republic of Tanzania) and the Portuguese Colony Ruvuma River, formerly also known as the Rovuma River, is a river in East Africa, forming during the greater part of its course the Border between Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique, ʁɛ'publikɐ d musɐ̃'bik is a country in southeastern Africa The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Tanganyika is the name of an East African territory lying between the largest of the African great lakes Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika
Postage stamps
The first postage stamps issued for German East Africa came in 1893, as surcharges in pesa values on regular German stamps, along with the inscription "Deutsch-Ostafrika. Lindi is a coastal town located at the far end of the Lindi Bay on the Indian Ocean in southeastern Tanzania. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Tanga is both the name of the most northerly Seaport city of Tanzania, and the surrounding Tanga Region A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services " In 1900, Germany issued the "Yachts," a common design used for all of Germany's colonies, featuring the Kaiser's yacht Hohenzollern. In German East Africa they were denominated in pesas and rupees (64 pesas to a rupee), and inscribed "DEUTSCH-OSTAFRIKA". In 1905 new stamps were printed in "hellers," 100 hellers to a rupee. Germany continued to print stamps even as things went badly in the war, issuing a 1-rupee watermarked Yacht in 1916 (genuine uses of this stamp are extremely rare, worth US$20,000 or more). Most types of German East Africa stamp sell for under US$10, but the high denominations and early overprints up to US$100.
After the colony was occupied by Belgian and British troops, each issued its own provisional stamps. Linn's World Stamp Almanac defines a provisional stamp as "a postage stamp issued for temporary use to meet postal demands until new or regular stocks of stamps can be obtained In 1916, the Belgians overprinted stamps of Belgian Congo in several ways, first with "RUANDA" and "URUNDI," although these were never actually used. An overprint is the addition of text (and sometimes graphics to the face of a Postage stamp after it has been printed (although some overprints are solely in the Selvedge The Belgian Congo ( Dutch: Belgisch Kongo French: Congo Belge German: Belgisch Kongo was the formal title of present-day Democratic Republic A second series was overprinted with the dual-language "EST AFRICAIN ALLEMAND / OCCUPATION BELGE / DUITSCH OOST AFRIKA / BELGISCHE BEZETTUNG. " In 1922 these stamps received surcharges ranging from 5c to 50c.
Initially, in 1916, the British overprinted stamps of the Nyasaland Protectorate with "N. The History of Malawi covers the area of present-day Malawi. The region was once part of the Maravi Empire. F. ", for "Nyasaland Force," then in 1917 switched to the overprint "G. E. A. " on stamps of East Africa and Uganda. The same overprint appeared on stamps inscribed "East Africa and Uganda Protectorates," but these were issued after the establishment of Tanganyika, and are considered part of Tanganyika's postal history.
List of Governors of German East Africa 1885-1918
- 1885-1889 Carl Peters (German East Africa Company)
- 1889-1891 Hermann von Wissmann
- 1891-1893 Julius von Soden
- 1893-1895 Friedrich von Schele
- 1895-1896 Hermann von Wissmann
- 1896-1901 Eduard von Liebert
- 1901-1906 Gustav Adolf von Götzen
- 1906-1912 Albrecht von Rechenberg
- 1912-1918 Heinrich Albert Schnee
German place-names
- Bismarckburg (Kasanga)
- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze (Kilimanjaro)
- Weidmannsheil (Tabora)
See also
Footnotes
- ^ originally an Arabic word for 'soldier' adopted from Osmanli, i. Karl Peters ( September 27, 1856 - September 10, 1918) German traveler in Africa one of the founders of German East Africa The German East Africa Company ( Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft) was an organisation founded by Karl Peters (with imperial backing from Otto Hermann Wissmann ( Wißmann in German) ( September 4, 1853 &ndash June 15, 1905) was a German Explorer Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen ( 12 May 1866 – 2 December 1910) was a German explorer and Governor of German East Kasanga (named Bismarckburg during the German East Africa era is a town in southwestern Tanzania. Tabora is the capital city of Tanzania 's Tabora Region with a population of 127880 (2002 census This is a list of former German Empire colonies and Protectorates (Schutzgebiete the German colonial empire. The German East Africa Company ( Deutsch-Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft) was an organisation founded by Karl Peters (with imperial backing from Otto German-Namibians (Deutschnamibier are a community of people descended from Ethnic German colonists who settled in Namibia. e. Ottoman Turkish, then applied to indigenous African troops in European colonies
- ^ Haupt, Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884-1918, p. 32
- ^ Haupt, p. 30
- ^ Haupt, p. 155
- ^ Miller, Battle for the Bundu, p. 22
- ^ Miller, p. 21
- ^ Miller, p. 21
References and external links
- The coins and bank notes of German East Africa
- Schnee, Dr. Heinrich (Deputy Governor of German Samoa and last Governor of German East Africa), German Colonization, Past and Future - The Truth about the German Colonies, George Allen & Unwin, London, 1926. Allen & Unwin, formerly a major British publishing house is now an independent book publisher and distributor based in Australia.
- Bullock, A. L. C. , Germany's Colonial Demands, Oxford University Press, 1939.
- Wikified article on German East Africa based on the 1911 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica
- East, John William. "The German Administration in East Africa: A Select Annotated Bibliography of the German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi from 1884 to 1918. " [London? 1989] 294 leaves. 1 reel of microfilm (negative. ) Thesis submitted for the fellowship of the Library Association, London, November 1987. "
- Farwell, Byron. The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1989. ISBN 0393305643
- Miller, Charles. Battle for the Bundu, The First World War in East Africa. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co. , Inc. 1974. ISBN 0025849301
- Haupt, Werner. Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884-1918 (Germany’s Overseas Protectorates 1884-1918). Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. 1984. ISBN 3790902047
- Hahn, Sievers. Afrika. 2nd Edition. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut. 1903.
- The New Student's Reference Work/German East Africa
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