Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For other persons of the same name, see George Reynolds. George Reynolds may refer to George Reynolds (Mormon, Latter-day Saint leader and a party to the 1878 United States Supreme Court case Reynolds v
George Reynolds
George Reynolds

George Reynolds (January 1, 1842 – August 9, 1909) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), a longtime secretary to the First Presidency of the LDS Church, and a party to the 1878 United States Supreme Court case Reynolds v. United States, the first freedom of religion case to issue from that court. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1842 ( MDCCCXLII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church a general authority is a member The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known First Presidency The First Presidency (also called the Quorum of the Presidency of the Church or simply the Presidency) is the presiding or governing authority Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. This page is about the 1878 US Supreme Court case about polygamy and religious duty as a defense to criminal prosecution Freedom of religion is the freedom of an individual or community in public or private to manifest religion or belief in teaching practice worship and observance

Contents

Early life

Reynolds was born in Marylebone, England to George Reynolds and Julia Ann Tautz. Marylebone (sometimes written St Marylebone or Mary-le-bone, or in archaic use Marybone) is an area of central London, England in England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland He spent much of his childhood under the care of his maternal grandmother. His grandmother employed a maid, Sarah White, who invited nine year old Reynolds to attend a meeting of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with her. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known Reynolds received permission from his grandmother to do so; Reynolds attended a sacrament meeting of the Paddington Branch of the Church with White, and almost immediately decided that he wished to become a member of the LDS Church. Sacrament meeting is the weekly worship service held on Sunday in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Paddington is an area of the City of Westminster, in Central London, England.

However, Reynolds's parents refused to allow him to be baptized a member of the church. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted Often, he would evade his parents' wishes and attend the Sunday meetings in Paddington. When Reynolds was 14 years old, he attended the Somers Town Branch of the church, where he was unknown, and asked to be received into the church by baptism. Somers Town, named after the Somers family who owned the land is an area of London south of Camden Town. Not knowing that Reynolds' parents had forbidden the action, the president of the branch, George Teasdale, baptized him on May 4, 1856; Reynolds was confirmed a member of the Church by Teasdale on May 11, 1856. A branch president is a leader of a " branch " congregation of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. George Teasdale ( 8 December, 1831 &ndash 6 June, 1907) born in London, England, was a member of the Quorum of the Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Confirmation is a Rite of initiation in many Christian Churches normally in the form of Laying on of hands and/or Anointing for Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

In December 1856, Reynolds was given the Aaronic Priesthood and ordained to the office of Deacon. The Aaronic priesthood (also called the Levitical priesthood) is the lesser of the two (or sometimes three orders of priesthood recognized in Mormonism Deacon is a priesthood office in the Aaronic Priesthood of denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, including The Church of Jesus Christ In this capacity, he was responsible for opening the doors to the Sunday meetinghouse for the Somers Town Branch and organizing the seating in preparation for sacrament meeting. In May 1857, at the age of 15, Reynolds was ordained to the office of Priest. Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Priest is a priesthood office in the Aaronic Priesthood of denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, including The Church of Jesus Christ In this calling, Reynolds engaged in open-air preaching in the streets of London, usually with an adult Elder of the church. Open air preaching or street preaching is the act of publicly proclaiming a religious message to crowds of people in open places London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Elder is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek Priesthood of denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, including The Church of Jesus Christ After Reynolds began street preaching, his parents discovered that he had become a "Mormon". TalkMormon#Latter Day Saint vs Latter-day Saint --> Mormon

In August 1860, Reynolds was given the Melchizedek Priesthood and ordained to the office of Elder. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting The Melchizedek priesthood is the name of several priesthoods Elder is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek Priesthood of denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, including The Church of Jesus Christ In May 1861, he was called to be a full-time missionary of the church in London. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church is one of the most active modern practitioners of Missionary work with over 50000 full-time missionaries London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. In 1863, Reynolds was reassigned as a missionary to the Liverpool area to work as a clerk for church Apostle and Mission President George Q. Cannon. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Mission president is a priesthood leadership position in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church George Quayle Cannon ( January 11, 1827 &ndash April 12, 1901) was an early member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The When Cannon returned to the United States later that year, Reynolds retained his position as a clerk under the new mission president, Apostle and member of the First Presidency Daniel H. Wells. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In the Latter Day Saint movement, the First Presidency (or the Quorum of the Presidency of the Church) was the highest governing body in the Latter Day Saint church Daniel Hanmer Wells ( October 27, 1814 &ndash March 24, 1891) was an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints As mission clerk, one of Reynolds's primary responsibility was organizing and coordinating the church's efforts to assist European Latter-day Saints in emigrating to Utah, where the headquarters of the church were located. A Latter The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. While acting as mission clerk, Reynolds was asked to serve as the branch president of the Liverpool Branch of the church. A branch president is a leader of a " branch " congregation of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Life in America

In May 1865, Reynolds was released as a missionary and invited to emigrate to Utah. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. He traveled to Salt Lake City with fellow elders of the church William S. Godbe and William H. Salt Lake City is the Capital and the most populous city of the U William Samuel Godbe ( June 26, 1833 &ndash August 1, 1902) was a British convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Sherman, arriving on July 5, 1865. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year On July 22, 1865, mere weeks after his arrival in Utah, Reynolds married his first wife, Mary Ann Tuddenham. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Soon afterwards, LDS Church President Brigham Young hired Reynolds as secretary to the First Presidency of the church. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the President of the Church is generally considered to be the highest office of the church Brigham Young (June 1 1801 &ndash August 29 1877 was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the First Presidency (or the Quorum of the Presidency of the Church) was the highest governing body in the Latter Day Saint church Reynolds was ordained to the priesthood office of Seventy by Israel Barlow on March 18, 1866. Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of several denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, including The Church of Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

In February 1869, Reynolds was elected by the legislature of the Utah Territory to be a member of the board of regency of the University of Deseret, which was later renamed the University of Utah. Year 1869 ( MDCCCLXIX) is a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The University of Utah (referred to locally as ' The U' or ' the U of U') is a publicly funded Research university in Salt Lake The University of Utah (referred to locally as ' The U' or ' the U of U') is a publicly funded Research university in Salt Lake Reynolds was re-elected to this position by the legislature a number of times.

In May 1871, Brigham Young asked Reynolds to return to England to assist Apostle Albert Carrington in the publication of the Millennial Star, a church magazine for British Latter-day Saints. Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Brigham Young (June 1 1801 &ndash August 29 1877 was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Albert Carrington ( 1813-01-08 &ndash 1889-09-19) born in Royalton Vermont, was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star (usually shorted to Millennial Star) was the longest continuously published periodical of The Church of Jesus The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 A Latter Reynolds did so, and in September of that year Carrington was required to return to the United States, leaving Reynolds as the de facto mission president of the church's European Mission. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Mission president is a priesthood leadership position in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church However, Reynolds was suffering from ill health due to a severe case of smallpox, and when Carrington returned in May 1872, Reynolds was sent home to recover. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

Like many early Latter-day Saints, Reynolds practiced the religious principle of plural marriage. A Latter On August 3, 1874, Reynolds married his second wife, Amelia Jane Schofield. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common At this time, Brigham Young continued to employ Reynolds as the secretary to the First Presidency and also appointed him to be the manager of the Salt Lake Theatre. Brigham Young (June 1 1801 &ndash August 29 1877 was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the First Presidency (or the Quorum of the Presidency of the Church) was the highest governing body in the Latter Day Saint church In 1875, Reynolds was elected as a member of the Salt Lake City Council. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Party to polygamy test case

In 1874, strong efforts were being made to prosecute Latter-day Saints who practiced polygamy in violation an 1862 Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A Latter The term polygamy (a Greek word meaning "the practice of multiple marriage" is used in related ways in Social anthropology, Sociobiology, and Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act was signed into law on July 8, 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln. Confidant that the law would be declared to be an unconstitutional violation of the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, the leaders of the church agreed to furnish a defendant for a test case. The Free Exercise Clause is the accompanying clause with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Brigham Young asked Reynolds if he would be willing to serve as the test defendant. Brigham Young (June 1 1801 &ndash August 29 1877 was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. Reynolds agreed and was indicted for bigamy by a grand jury on October 23, 1874. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Because it was a test case that the church wished to pursue before the United States Supreme Court, Reynolds completely cooperated with investigators and the trial court, supplying the witnesses and testimony that proved he was married to two women at the same time. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Reynolds was found guilty by a jury on April 1, 1875, and was sentenced to one year's imprisonment and a fine of three hundred dollars. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common On appeal, the indictment was overturned by the Utah Territory's Supreme Court because the grand jury had not been empanelled in compliance with the Poland Act. The Utah Supreme Court is the State supreme court of Utah. It has final authority of interpretation of the Utah Constitution. The Poland Act (18 Stat 253 of 1874 was an act of the United States Congress which sought to facilitate prosecutions under the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act by eliminating Thus, for the test case to proceed, Reynolds had to be reindicted and retried.

On October 30, 1875, Reynolds was indicted a second time; he was found guilty of bigamy by a jury on December 9 and sentenced to two years' imprisonment at hard labor and a fine of five hundred dollars. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1875 ( MDCCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city On June 13, 1876, the Utah Supreme Court upheld the conviction. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The Utah Supreme Court is the State supreme court of Utah. It has final authority of interpretation of the Utah Constitution. The stage was set for the case to be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.

Reynolds v. United States

Main article: Reynolds v. United States

Arguments were heard in Reynolds's case before the Supreme Court on November 14, 1878. This page is about the 1878 US Supreme Court case about polygamy and religious duty as a defense to criminal prosecution The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common On January 6, 1879, the Court issued its unanimous decision for Reynolds v. United States. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1879 ( MDCCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common This page is about the 1878 US Supreme Court case about polygamy and religious duty as a defense to criminal prosecution The court rejected Reynolds's argument that the Latter-day Saint practice of plural marriage was protected by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. A Latter The Free Exercise Clause is the accompanying clause with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. Thus, Reynolds's conviction was upheld, as was the constitutionality of the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act. The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act was signed into law on July 8, 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln. (The court did rule that the hard labor clause of Reynolds's sentence was not permitted by law; as a result, this clause of Reynolds's sentence was lifted. )

Imprisonment

Reynolds had been imprisoned in Utah since his second conviction was confirmed by the Utah Supreme Court in June 1876. Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year After his failed appeal to the Supreme Court, Reynolds was transferred from a jail in Utah to the Nebraska State Penitentiary in Lincoln, where he became U. Nebraska ( is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States and The City of Lincoln ( Umóⁿhoⁿ: Nískithe Tʰóⁿwoⁿgthoⁿ ˈnĩskiˡðe ˌtʰãwãŋgˡðã meaning "Salt Village" for Salt Creek which was the S. Prisoner Number 14 and was appointed to be the bookkeeper in the knitting department. Reynolds only remained in the Nebraska penitentiary for twenty-five days, after which he was transferred to the Utah Territory Penitentiary, where regulations were more primitive and vermin more abundant. Reynolds reported that the prisoners were not permitted to have a fire for fear that the prison would burn down; as a result, on many winter mornings he would awake and his beard would be one solid mass of ice. Reynolds was released from prison on January 20, 1881, having served his full sentence, less 5 months for good behavior. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Life after release from prison

Upon his release from prison, Reynolds resumed his position as secretary to the First Presidency of the church; he also became an active organizer within the church's Sunday School program, acting as the editor of and writing many articles for the Juvenile Instructor, the LDS Sunday School's official publication. First Presidency The First Presidency (also called the Quorum of the Presidency of the Church or simply the Presidency) is the presiding or governing authority Sunday School is an official Auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church The Juvenile Instructor was an official periodical of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church between 1901 and 1930 On April 25, 1885, Reynolds married his third and final wife, Mary Goold. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

In 1890, Church President Wilford Woodruff asked Reynolds to become one of the seven members of the First Council of Seventy, a calling in the church hierarchy that ranked just below the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Year 1890 ( MDCCCXC) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In the Latter Day Saint movement, the President of the Church is generally considered to be the highest office of the church Wilford Woodruff ( March 1, 1807 &ndash September 2, 1898) was the fourth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of several denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, including The Church of Quorum of the TwelveIn The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Quorum of the Twelve, the Reynolds agreed, and on April 10 Reynolds was set apart to this position by Lorenzo Snow, who was then President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Setting apart is an ordinance or ritual in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints whereby a person is formally chosen and blessed to carry out a specific Lorenzo Snow ( April 3, 1814 – October 10, 1901) was the fifth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church Reynolds continued in this position and as the secretary to the First Presidency until his death in 1909. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting

Reynolds was a gifted writer and after his release from prison he became active in writing church literature. His most famous works are his Story of the Book of Mormon (1888); Complete Concordance to the Book of Mormon (1900); and Dictionary of the Book of Mormon (1910).

Reynolds suffered a nervous breakdown in 1907 as a result of stress incident from overwork. Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year He died at Salt Lake City at the age of 68. Salt Lake City is the Capital and the most populous city of the U Reynolds had a total of three wives and thirty-two children.

Published works

See also

References

External references


© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic