George Gavan Duffy (Irish: Seórsa Ghabháin Uí Dhubhthaigh; 21 October 1882 – 10 June 1951) was an Irish politician. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by
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Family
George Gavan Duffy was born in Cheshire, England in 1882, the son of Sir Charles Gavan Duffy and his third wife, Louise. Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, KCMG ( 12 April 1816 &ndash 9 February 1903) Irish nationalist and Australian His half-brother Sir Frank Gavan Duffy (1852–1936) was the fourth Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, sitting on the bench of the High Court from 1913 to 1935. Sir Frank Gavan Duffy KCMG PC ( 29 February 1852 &ndash 29 July 1936) Australian Judge, was Year 1852 ( MDCCCLII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The High Court of Australia is the final court of appeal in Australia the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy.
Early career
Duffy qualified as a solicitor and practised in London until 1917, when he was called to the Irish bar and came to live in Dublin. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. He defended several of the rebels of the Easter Rising, including Sir Roger Casement. The Easter Rising (Éirí Amach na Cásca was a rebellion staged in Ireland in Easter Week, 1916 Roger David Casement (Ruairí Mac Easmainn 1 September 1864 &ndash 3 August 1916 ( Sir Roger Casement CMG between 1911 and until his execution for treason in August Although the case was unsuccessful and Casement executed, the trial had an enormous effect on Duffy and after a short spell he moved to Ireland permanently and became immersed in Irish political life. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world
Political Life
Recognition efforts
During the 1918 Westminster Election, Duffy was elected as a Sinn Féin MP for South County Dublin. The Irish general election of 1918 was that part of the 1918 United Kingdom general election that took place in Ireland. Sinn Féin () is a political party in Ireland. The current party led by Gerry Adams was formed following a split in January 1970 A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. He was sent to Paris to join Seán T. O'Kelly as an envoy of the self-declared Irish Republic. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Seán Thomas O'Kelly (Seán Tomás Ó Ceallaigh 25 August 1882–23 November 1966 was the second President of Ireland (1945–1959 The Irish Republic ( Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a unilaterally declared independent state of Ireland proclaimed Duffy published articles and pamphlets urging recognition of Ireland as a sovereign nation at the Paris Peace Conference, which caused increasing embarrassment to the French establishment, who believed his publications were damaging Franco-British relations. Gavan-Duffy and O'Kelly had the great problem of seeking France's help against Britain when the treaties ending the First World War had not yet been signed; Britain had been France's main ally in the war, in which France had suffered enormous losses. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Further, the British position was that it was preparing a new system of Irish Home Rule which would be effected after the Peace Conference, and that it had tried to solve the Irish Question at the Irish Convention in 1917 which Sinn Féin had boycotted. The Irish Convention was an assembly which sat in Ireland from July 1917 until March 1918 to address the Irish Question and other constitutional problems Sinn Féin had joined in the campaign against conscription in 1918 and applauded the 1916 Easter Rising. The Conscription Crisis of 1918 stemmed from a move by the Government of the United Kingdom to impose Conscription in Ireland, and contributed to pivotal The Easter Rising (Éirí Amach na Cásca was a rebellion staged in Ireland in Easter Week, 1916 A final letter of June 1919 to the French prime minister Georges Clemenceau demanding recognition was not replied to. Georges Benjamin Clemenceau ( Mouilleron-en-Pareds ( Vendée) 28 September 1841 24 November 1929 was a French statesman physician and Journalist
Finally, after publishing a letter he had sent to Clemenceau in protest against the maltreatment of Terence MacSwiney in prison, Duffy was banished from Paris. Terence Joseph MacSwiney (məkˈswiːni Tordhealbhach Mac Suibhne (20 March 1879 – 25 October 1920 was born in Cork City, County Cork Ireland. He then went to Rome and from there travelled through Europe on behalf of the Ministry of the Irish Republic, without securing its recognition. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Irish Republic ( Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann or Saorstát Éireann) was a unilaterally declared independent state of Ireland proclaimed
Anglo-Irish Treaty
When Éamon de Valera chose his plenipotentiaries to negotiate the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921 Duffy was chosen due mainly to his legal expertise. Éamon de Valera (ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə (born Edward George de Valera) (14 October 1882 &ndash 29 August 1975 was one of the dominant political figures in 20th century The Anglo-Irish Treaty (An Conradh Angla-Éireannach officially called the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was a Treaty He protested against signing the Treaty but did so reluctantly, becoming the last person to sign. During the debates which followed in Dáil Éireann, Duffy stated that he would recommend the Treaty reluctantly but sincerely as he saw no alternative for the achievement of independence. ga '''Dáil Éireann''' ( English House of Representatives of Ireland) is the principal chamber of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament He also placed the onus on the people who were responsible for drafting the Constitution of the Irish Free State to frame it in accordance with the terms of the Treaty. He disagreed, however, with Griffith’s decision to show the draft constitution to Lloyd George who immediately ordered that references to the King had to be inserted as well as an Oath of Allegiance. David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only
On 21 December 1921 he gave his main reason for supporting the treaty, the impact of renewed war on the people, concluding:
- "You may gamble on the prospects of a renewal of that horrible war, which I for one have only seen from afar, but which I know those who have so nobly withstood do not wish to see begun again without a clear prospect of getting further than they are to-day. We are told that this is a surrender of principle. If that be so, we must be asked to believe that every one of those who have gone before us in previous fights, and who in the end have had to lay down their arms or surrender in order to avert a greater evil to the people, have likewise been guilty of a breach of principle. I do not think an argument of that kind will get you much further. No! The solid principle, the solid basis upon which every honest man ought to make up his mind on this issue, may be summed up in the principle that we all claimed when it was first enunciated by the President, the principle of government by the consent of the governed. I say that no serious person here, whatever his feelings, knowing as he must what the people of this country think of the matter, will be doing his duty if, under these circumstances, he refuses to ratify the Treaty. Ratify it with the most dignified protest you can, ratify because you cannot do otherwise, but ratify it in the interests of the people you must. "
Resignations
This prompted Duffy to resign but he was compelled to remain in office, serving as Minister for Foreign Affairs from January 1922 to July 1922. The Minister for Foreign Affairs (Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha is the senior minister at the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Government of Ireland.
Duffy's tenure in office was cut short by his decision to resign again when the Executive Council of the Irish Free State abolished the Republican Courts and executed his good friend Erskine Childers. The Executive Council (Ard-Chomhairle was the cabinet and de facto Executive branch of government of the 1922&ndash1937 Irish Free State. Erskine Childers may refer to Robert Erskine Childers (1870&ndash1922 author and Irish nationalist who served as secretary-general of the Irish delegation He stood in the 1923 general election as an independent candidate but failed to be re-elected. The Irish general election of 1923 was held on 27 August 1923
Barrister and Judge
Duffy returned to the Irish Bar and built up a large practice and was engaged in some notable constitutional cases such as the Land Annuities controversy in which he claimed that the Irish Free State could not be bound either in honour or in law to hand over annuities to Britain. The Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann (1922&ndash1937 was the state established as a Dominion on 6 December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by He was appointed Senior Counsel in 1930 and Judge of the High Court in 1936. The title of Senior Counsel ( Postnominal SC; 資深大律師 in Hong Kong; 高级律师 in Singapore or State Counsel is given to He acted as an unofficial legal advisor to de Valera during the drafting of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland and was consulted on many issues pertaining to it. The Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann came into force on 29 December 1937 after having been passed by a national plebiscite the previous July He was also a member of the commission to set up the second house of the Oireachtas, Seanad Éireann, in 1937. The Oireachtas (ɛrʲaxt̪ˠasˠ is the "national parliament" or Legislature of Ireland, sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann. Seanad Éireann (ɕan̪ˠad̪ˠ erʲan̪ˠ English Senate of Ireland) also known unofficially as the Senate, is the Upper house of the Oireachtas
In 1946, at the height of his legal career, he was appointed President of the High Court, a position he held for the rest of his life.
Duffy died at his home in Bushy Park Road, Terenure on 10 June 1951. Terenure (Tír an Iúir 'Land of the Yew Trees' is a residential Suburb of Dublin, Ireland. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January
References
- Golding, G. M. George Gavan Duffy 1882-1951: a legal biography (Dublin, 1982)
- Gavan-Duffy's speech on 21 Dec 1921, pp.86-89
- Letter to Clemenceau demanding recognition, June 1919
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Arthur Griffith |
Minister for Foreign Affairs Jan. Arthur Griffith (Art Ó Gríobhtha 31 March 1872 &ndash 12 August 1922 was the founder and third leader of Sinn Féin. The Minister for Foreign Affairs (Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha is the senior minister at the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Government of Ireland. 1922 – Jul. 1922 |
Succeeded by Arthur Griffith |
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