George Armstrong Custer
December 5, 1839 (1839-12-05) – June 25, 1876 (aged 36)
Place of birth	New Rumley, Ohio
Place of death	Little Bighorn, Montana
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1861–76
Rank	Major General of Volunteers Lieutenant Colonel (Regular Army)
Commands held	Michigan Brigade 7th U.S. Cavalry
Battles/wars	American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run Peninsula Campaign Battle of Antietam Battle of Chancellorsville Gettysburg Campaign Battle of Gettysburg Overland Campaign Battle of the Wilderness Battle of Yellow Tavern Battle of Trevilian Station Valley Campaigns of 1864 Siege of Petersburg Indian Wars Battle of the Washita Battle of the Little Bighorn

George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year New Rumley is an unincorporated community in central Rumley Township, Harrison County, Ohio, United States. Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument preserves the site of the June 25, 1876, Battle of the Little Bighorn, near Crow Agency Montana The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies The Regular Army is a name given to the permanent force of a country's army that is maintained during peacetime The Michigan Brigade, sometimes called the Wolverines, the Michigan Cavalry Brigade or Custer's Brigade, was a Brigade of Cavalry Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Background Brig Gen Irvin McDowell was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to command the Army of Northeastern Virginia. The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Forces and plans The Chancellorsville campaign began with the potential of leading to one of the most lopsided clashes in the war The Gettysburg Campaign was a series of battles fought in June and July 1863 during the American Civil War. Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and Background The battlefield was the Wilderness of Spotsylvania an expanse of nearly impenetrable scrub growth and rough terrain that encompassed more than 70 square miles (181 Background The Overland Campaign was Union Lt Gen Ulysses S Grant 's 1864 offensive against General Robert E Background On the days leading up to June 5, 1864, Lt Gen Ulysses S The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October 1864 The Richmond-Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865 The Battle of Washita River (or Battle of the Washita) occurred on November 27, 1868 when Lt The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy and his class's graduation was accelerated so that they could enter the war; Custer graduated last in his class. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, He served at the First Battle of Bull Run and was a staff officer for Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan in the Army of the Potomac's 1862 Peninsula Campaign. Background Brig Gen Irvin McDowell was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to command the Army of Northeastern Virginia. Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 1826 October 29 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. The Army of the Potomac was the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Early in the Gettysburg Campaign, Custer's association with cavalry commander Maj. The Gettysburg Campaign was a series of battles fought in June and July 1863 during the American Civil War. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton earned him promotion from first lieutenant to brigadier general of United States Volunteers at the age of 23. Alfred Pleasonton (July 7 1824 &ndash February 17 1897 was a United States Army officer and General of Union Cavalry during the American In the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, brigadier general is a one-star General ^[1]

Custer established a reputation as an aggressive cavalry brigade commander willing to take personal risks by leading his Michigan Brigade into battle, such as the mounted charges at Hunterstown and East Cavalry Field at the Battle of Gettysburg. The Michigan Brigade, sometimes called the Wolverines, the Michigan Cavalry Brigade or Custer's Brigade, was a Brigade of Cavalry The Battle of Hunterstown was a minor Cavalry engagement in Adams County Pennsylvania, on July 2, 1863, during the Gettysburg Campaign See also Battle of Gettysburg See also [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] and [[Gettysburg Union order Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] In 1864, with the Cavalry Corps under the command of Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan, Custer led his "Wolverines", and later a division, through the Overland Campaign, including the Battle of Trevilian Station, where Custer was humiliated by having his division trains overrun and his personal baggage captured by the Confederates. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and Background On the days leading up to June 5, 1864, Lt Gen Ulysses S The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. Custer and Sheridan defeated the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. This article is about a United States military rank For other countries that use a similar rank see Lieutenant General. Jubal Anderson Early ( November 3 1816 &ndash March 2 1894) was a Lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October 1864 In 1865, Custer played a key role in the Appomattox Campaign, with his division blocking Robert E. Lee's retreat on its final day. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated ^[2]

At the end of the Civil War (April 15, 1865), Custer was promoted to major general of United States Volunteers. ^[1] In 1866, he was appointed to the regular army position of lieutenant colonel of the 7th U.S. Cavalry and served in the Indian Wars. Please see Regular Army (disambiguation for countries other than the United States that use this term The United States Regular Army Please see " Lieutenant Colonel " for other countries which use this rank In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps He was defeated and killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, against a coalition of Native American tribes composed almost exclusively of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors, and led by the Sioux chiefs Crazy Horse and Gall and by the Hunkpapa seer and medicine man, Sitting Bull. The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly The Arapaho (in French: Gens de Vache) tribe of Native Americans historically living on the eastern plains of Colorado and Wyoming Crazy Horse ( Lakota: Thašuŋka Witko, literally "His-Horse-is-Crazy" (ca Gall (c 1840 &ndash 1895 ( Lakota Pizí, "gall bladder" was a battle leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota and was one of The Hunkpapa are a Native American group one of the seven branches of the Lakota Sioux tribe Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca This confrontation has come to be popularly known in American history as Custer's Last Stand. The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass

Birth and family

Custer was born in New Rumley, Ohio, to Emanuel Henry Custer (1806-1892), a farmer and blacksmith, and Marie Ward Kirkpatrick (1807-1882). New Rumley is an unincorporated community in central Rumley Township, Harrison County, Ohio, United States. ^[3] Throughout his life Custer was known by a variety of nicknames. He was called alternately Autie (his early attempt to pronounce his middle name) and Armstrong. The names Curley and Jack (a phonetic name for his initials GAC which was on his satchel) were used by his troops. When he went west, the Plains Indians called him Yellow Hair and Son of the Morning Star. The Plains Indians are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. His brothers Thomas Custer and Boston Custer died with him at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, as did his brother-in-law, James Calhoun, and nephew, Autie Reed. Thomas Ward Custer (March 15 1845 &ndash June 25 1876 was a United States Army officer and two-time recipient of the Medal of Honor for bravery during the Boston Custer ( October 31, 1848 &ndash June 25, 1876) was the youngest brother of U James Calhoun ( August 24, 1845 &ndash June 25, 1876) was a soldier in the United States Army during the American Civil War Henry Armstrong Reed ( April 27, 1858 &ndash June 25, 1876) was the nephew of George Armstrong Custer. His other full siblings were Nevin Custer and Margaret Custer; he also had several older half-siblings.

The Custer family had emigrated to America in the late 17th century from Westphalia, Germany. Westphalia (Westfalen) is a region in Germany, centred on the cities of Bielefeld, Bochum, Dortmund, Gelsenkirchen, Münster Their surname originally was "Küster". George Armstrong Custer was a great great grandson of Arnold Küster from Kaldenkirchen, Duchy of Jülich (today North Rhine-Westphalia state), who settled in Hanover, Pennsylvania. North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen usually shortened to NRW, official short form NW is the westernmost and - in terms of population and economic output - the See also Hanover Township Pennsylvania Hanover is a Borough in York County, Pennsylvania

Custer's mother's maiden name was Marie Ward. At the age of 16, she married Israel Kirkpatrick, who died in 1835. She married Emanuel Henry Custer in 1836. Marie's grandparents, George Ward (1724-1811) and Mary Ward (nee Grier) (1733-1811), were from County Durham, England. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Their son James Grier Ward (1765-1824) was born in Dauphin, Pennsylvania and married Catherine Rogers (1776-1829), and their daughter, Marie Ward, was Custer's mother. Catherine Rogers was a daughter of Thomas Rogers and Sarah Armstrong. According to family letters in The Custer Story, Custer was named after George Armstrong, a minister, in the hopes of his devout father that his son might become part of the clergy.

Early life

USMA Cadet George Armstrong "Autie" Custer, ca. 1859

Custer spent much of his boyhood living with his half-sister and his brother-in-law in Monroe, Michigan, where he attended school and is now honored by a statue in the center of town. Monroe is a city in the US state of Michigan. In the 2000 census, the city population was 22076 ^[4] Before entering the United States Military Academy, Custer attended the McNeely Normal School, later known as Hopedale Normal College, in Hopedale, Ohio and known as the first coeducational college for teachers in eastern Ohio. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, Hopedale is a village in Harrison County, Ohio, United States. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads While attending Hopedale, Custer, together with classmate William Enos Emery, was known to have carried coal to help pay for their room and board. Custer graduated from McNeely Normal School in 1856 and taught school in Ohio.

Custer was graduated a year early, last in the Class of 1861 from the United States Military Academy, just after the start of the Civil War. "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, ^[5] Ordinarily, such a showing would be a ticket to an obscure posting and career, but he had the fortune to graduate just as the war caused the army to experience a sudden need for new officers. His tenure at the academy was a rocky one and he came close to expulsion each of his four years due to excessive demerits, many from pulling pranks on fellow cadets. His distinguished war record, which started with riding dispatches for General Scott, has been overshadowed in history by his role and fate in the Indian Wars.

Civil War

McClellan and Pleasonton

Second Lieutenant George Custer (right) with captured Confederate Lieutenant Washington, at Fair Oaks, 1862 (Library of Congress)

Custer was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 2nd U. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. S. Cavalry and immediately joined his regiment at the First Battle of Bull Run, where Army commander Winfield Scott detailed him to carry messages to Maj. Background Brig Gen Irvin McDowell was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln to command the Army of Northeastern Virginia. Winfield Scott ( June 13, 1786 &ndash May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general Diplomat, and presidential candidate Gen. Irvin McDowell. Irvin McDowell ( October 15, 1818 &ndash May 4, 1885) was a career American army officer, famous for his defeat during After the battle he was reassigned to the 5th U. S. Cavalry, with which he served through the early days of the Peninsula Campaign in 1862. The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern During the pursuit of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston up the Peninsula, on May 24, 1862, Custer persuaded a colonel to allow him to lead an attack with four companies of Michigan infantry across the Chickahominy River above New Bridge. The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3 1807 &ndash March 21 1891 was a career U Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday For the tribe see Chickahominy (tribe. Chickahominy also known as "the Chick" is a River in the southeastern portion The attack was successful, capturing 50 Confederates. Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, commander of the Army of the Potomac, termed it a "very gallant affair", congratulated Custer personally, and brought him onto his staff as an aide-de-camp with the temporary rank of captain. George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 1826 October 29 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. The Army of the Potomac was the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. See " Captain " for other versions of this rank In the uniformed services of the United States, captain is a federal In this role, Custer began his lifelong pursuit of publicity. On one occasion when McClellan and his staff were reconnoitering a potential crossing point on the Chickahominy River, they stopped and Custer overheard his commander mutter to himself, "I wish I knew how deep it is. For the tribe see Chickahominy (tribe. Chickahominy also known as "the Chick" is a River in the southeastern portion " Custer dashed forward on his horse out to the middle of the river and turned to the astonished officers of the staff and shouted triumphantly, "That's how deep it is, General!"

Custer (extreme right) with President Lincoln, George B. McClellan and other officers at the Battle of Antietam, 1862

When McClellan was relieved of command in November 1862, Custer reverted to the rank of first lieutenant. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal George Brinton McClellan ( December 3 1826 October 29 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. First Lieutenant is a Military rank. The rank of Lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations (see Comparative military ranks Custer fell into the orbit of Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton, who was commanding a cavalry division. Alfred Pleasonton (July 7 1824 &ndash February 17 1897 was a United States Army officer and General of Union Cavalry during the American The general was Custer's introduction to the world of extravagant uniforms and political maneuvering and the young lieutenant became his protégé, serving on Pleasonton's staff while continuing his assignment with his regiment. Custer was quoted as saying that "no father could love his son more than General Pleasonton loves me. " After the Battle of Chancellorsville, Pleasonton became the commander of the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac and his first assignment was to locate the army of Robert E. Lee, moving north through the Shenandoah Valley in the beginning of the Gettysburg Campaign. Forces and plans The Chancellorsville campaign began with the potential of leading to one of the most lopsided clashes in the war Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated The Shenandoah Valley region of western Virginia and West Virginia is bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east and the Appalachian The Gettysburg Campaign was a series of battles fought in June and July 1863 during the American Civil War. In his first command, Custer affected a showy, personalized uniform style that alienated his men, but he won them over with his readiness to lead attacks (a contrast to the many officers who would hang back, hoping to avoid being hit); his men began to adopt elements of his uniform customization. Custer distinguished himself by fearless, aggressive actions in some of the numerous cavalry engagements that started off the campaign, including Brandy Station and Aldie. The Battle of Brandy Station, also called the Battle of Fleetwood Hill, was the largest predominantly Cavalry engagement of the American Civil War, The Battle of Aldie took place on June 17, 1863, in Loudoun County Virginia, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil

Brigade command and Gettysburg

Captain Custer (left) with General Alfred Pleasonton (right) on horseback in Falmouth, Virginia. Alfred Pleasonton (July 7 1824 &ndash February 17 1897 was a United States Army officer and General of Union Cavalry during the American Falmouth is an Unincorporated community in Stafford County, Virginia, United States.

On June 28, 1863, three days prior to the Battle of Gettysburg, General Pleasonton promoted Custer from lieutenant to brigadier general of volunteers. Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] ^[1][6] Despite having no direct command experience, he became one of the youngest generals in the Union Army at age 23. The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. Two captains—Wesley Merritt and Elon J. Farnsworth—were promoted along with Custer, although they did have command experience. Wesley Merritt ( June 16, 1836 &ndash December 3, 1910) was a general in the United States Army during the American Civil War Elon John Farnsworth ( July 30, 1837 &ndash July 3, 1863) was a Union Army cavalry general in the American Civil War, killed Custer lost no time in implanting his aggressive character on his brigade, part of the division of Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick. Hugh Judson Kilpatrick ( January 14, 1836 &ndash December 4, 1881) was an officer in the Union Army during the American He fought against the Confederate cavalry of J.E.B. Stuart at Hanover and Hunterstown, on the way to the main event at Gettysburg. James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart ( February 6, 1833 &ndash May 12, 1864) was an American soldier from Virginia and a The Battle of Hanover took place on June 30, 1863, in Hanover in York County Pennsylvania, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign The Battle of Hunterstown was a minor Cavalry engagement in Adams County Pennsylvania, on July 2, 1863, during the Gettysburg Campaign

Custer's style of battle was often claimed to be reckless or foolhardy, but military planning was always the basis of every Custer "dash". As the Custer Story in Letters explained, "George Custer meticulously scouted every battlefield, gauged the enemies weak points and strengths, ascertained the best line of attack and only after he was satisfied was the "Custer Dash" with a Michigan yell focused with complete surprise on the enemy in routing them every time. One of his greatest attributes during the Civil War was what Custer wrote of as "luck" and he needed it to survive some of these charges.

At Hunterstown, in an ill-considered charge ordered by Kilpatrick against the brigade of Wade Hampton, Custer fell from his wounded horse directly before the enemy and became the target of numerous enemy rifles. Wade Hampton III ( March 28, 1818 April 11, 1902) was a Confederate Cavalry leader during the American Civil War He was rescued by the bugler of the 1st Michigan Cavalry, Norville Churchill, who galloped up, shot Custer's nearest assailant, and allowed Custer to mount behind him for a dash to safety.

One of many of Custer's finest hours in the Civil War was just east of Gettysburg on July 3, 1863. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common In conjunction with Pickett's Charge to the west, Robert E. See also Battle of Gettysburg See also [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] and [[Gettysburg Union order Lee dispatched Stuart's cavalry on a mission into the rear of the Union Army. Custer encountered the Union cavalry division of David McM. Gregg, directly in the path of Stuart's horsemen. David McMurtrie Gregg (April 10 1833&ndashAugust 7 1916 was a farmer diplomat and a Union Cavalry General in the American Civil War. He convinced Gregg to allow him to stay and fight, while his own division was stationed to the south out of the action. At East Cavalry Field, hours of charges and hand-to-hand combat ensued. See also Battle of Gettysburg See also [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] and [[Gettysburg Union order Custer led a mounted charge of the 1st Michigan Cavalry, breaking the back of the Confederate assault. Custer's brigade lost 257 men at Gettysburg, the highest loss of any Union cavalry brigade. ^[7] For this General Custer and the division were given the honor of leading the army on point after the battle.

Marriage

George and Libbie Custer, 1864

Custer married Elizabeth Clift Bacon (1842–1933) on February 9, 1864. Elizabeth Bacon Custer ( April 8, 1842 - April 6, 1933) was the wife of General George Armstrong Custer. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year She was born in Monroe, Michigan, to Daniel Stanton Bacon and Eleanor Sophia Page. Monroe is a city in the US state of Michigan. In the 2000 census, the city population was 22076 Following the Battle of Washita River in November 1868, Custer was alleged (by Captain Frederick Benteen, chief of scouts Ben Clark, and Cheyenne oral tradition) to have had a sexual relationship during the winter and early spring of 1868-1869 with Monaseetah, daughter of the Cheyenne chief Little Rock (killed in the Washita battle). The Battle of Washita River (or Battle of the Washita) occurred on November 27, 1868 when Lt Mo-nah-se-tah or Mo-nah-see-tah (c 1851 - 1922 aka Me-o-tzi, was the daughter of the Cheyenne chief Little Rock, who was killed ^[8] Monahsetah gave birth to a child in January 1869, two months after the Washita battle; Cheyenne oral history also alleges that she bore a second child, fathered by Custer, in late 1869. ^[8]

The Valley and Appomattox

When the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac was reorganized under Philip Sheridan in 1864, Custer took part in the various actions of the cavalry in the Overland Campaign, including the Battle of the Wilderness (after which he ascended to division command), the Battle of Yellow Tavern, where Jeb Stuart was mortally wounded, and the Battle of Trevilian Station, where Custer was humiliated by having his division trains overrun and his personal baggage captured by the Confederates. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War The Overland Campaign, also known as Grant's Overland Campaign and the Wilderness Campaign, was a series of battles fought in Virginia during May and Background The battlefield was the Wilderness of Spotsylvania an expanse of nearly impenetrable scrub growth and rough terrain that encompassed more than 70 square miles (181 A division is a large Military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to thirty thousand soldiers Background The Overland Campaign was Union Lt Gen Ulysses S Grant 's 1864 offensive against General Robert E Background On the days leading up to June 5, 1864, Lt Gen Ulysses S When Confederate General Jubal A. Early moved down the Shenandoah Valley and threatened Washington, D.C., Custer's division was dispatched along with Sheridan to the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Jubal Anderson Early ( November 3 1816 &ndash March 2 1894) was a Lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The Valley Campaigns of 1864 were American Civil War operations and battles that took place in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia from May to October 1864 They pursued the Confederates at Winchester and effectively destroyed Early's army during Sheridan's counterattack at Cedar Creek. Background Maj Gen Philip H Sheridan was given command of the Army of the Shenandoah and sent to the Shenandoah Valley to deal with the Confederate threat of Lt The Battle of Cedar Creek, or The Battle of Belle Grove, October 19 1864, was one of the final and most decisive battles in the Valley Campaigns

Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer, US Army, 1865

Custer and Sheridan, having defeated Early, returned to the main Union Army lines at the Siege of Petersburg, where they spent the winter. The Richmond-Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865 In April 1865 the Confederate lines were finally broken and Robert E. Lee began his retreat to Appomattox Court House, pursued by the Union cavalry. The Appomattox Campaign ( March 29, 1865 &ndash April 9, 1865) was a series of battles fought in Virginia that culminated in the surrender Appomattox Court House is a village located three miles (5 km east of Appomattox, Virginia, USA (25 miles east of Lynchburg Virginia, in the Custer distinguished himself by his actions at Waynesboro, Dinwiddie Court House, and Five Forks. The Battle of Waynesboro, was fought on March 2, 1865, in Augusta County Virginia, in the American Civil War. The Battle of Dinwiddie Court House was a minor engagement in the Appomattox Campaign of the American Civil War that was the immediate prelude to the decisive The Battle of Five Forks was fought on April 1, 1865, southwest of Petersburg Virginia, in Dinwiddie County, during the Appomattox His division blocked Lee's retreat on its final day and received the first flag of truce from the Confederate force. Custer was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court House and the table upon which the surrender was signed was presented to him as a gift for his gallantry. Before the close of the war Custer received brevet promotions to brigadier and major general in the Regular Army and major general in the volunteers. The Regular Army is a name given to the permanent force of a country's army that is maintained during peacetime As with most wartime promotions, these senior ranks were only temporary.

Indian Wars

Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer, 7th U. S. Cavalry, ca. 1875

On February 1, 1866, Custer was mustered out of the volunteer service and returned to his permanent rank of captain in the Regular Army, assigned to the 5th U.S. Cavalry. The 5th Cavalry Regiment is a historical unit of the United States Army that began its service in the decade prior to the American Civil War and continues in modified Custer took an extended leave, exploring options in New York City,^[9] where he considered careers in railroads and mining. The City of New York ^[10] Offered a position as adjutant general of the army of Benito Juárez of Mexico, who was then in a struggle with Maximilian, Custer applied for a one-year leave of absence from the U. Benito Pablo Juárez García (benit̪o paβ̞lo xwaɾes gaɾsia ( March 21, 1806 – July 18, 1872) was a Zapotec Amerindian The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Maximilian I Emperor of Mexico (Emperador Maximiliano I de México (6 July 1832 – 19 June 1867 (born Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was a member of Austria S. Army, but his appointment was blocked by U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward, who feared offending France. This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[10] Following the death of his father-in-law in May 1866, Custer returned to Monroe, Michigan, where he considered running for Congress and took part in public discussion over the treatment of the American South in the aftermath of the Civil War, advocating a policy of moderation. ^[10] In September 1866 he accompanied President Andrew Johnson on a train journey to build up public support for Johnson's policies towards the South. Andrew Johnson (December 29 1808 – July 31 1875 was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865-69 succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination Custer denied a charge by the newspapers that Johnson had promised him a colonel's commission in return for his support, though Custer had written to Johnson some weeks before seeking such a commission. ^[11]

Custer was offered command of the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment (otherwise known as the Buffalo Soldiers)^[12], a position with the permanent rank of full colonel, but turned the command down in favor of a lieutenant colonelcy of the newly created U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment,^[13] headquartered at Fort Riley, Kansas. Buffalo Soldiers is a Nickname originally applied to the members of the U Fort Riley is a United States Army installation located in Northeast Kansas, on the Kansas River, between Junction City Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " ^[14] As a result of a plea by his patron General Philip Sheridan, Custer was also recipient of a brevet rank of major general. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War ^[13] He then took part in General Winfield Scott Hancock's expedition against the Cheyenne in 1867. Winfield Scott Hancock ( February 14 1824 &ndash February 9 1886) was a career U Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly

His career took a brief detour following the Hancock campaign when he was court-martialed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas for being AWOL, after abandoning his post to see his wife, and was suspended for duty for one year. A court-martial (plural courts-martial) is a Military court. These military courts can determine Punishments for members of the Military subject Fort Leavenworth is a United States Army facility located in Leavenworth County Kansas (just north of the city of Leavenworth) in the upper northeast In Military terminology desertion is the Abandonment of a " Duty " or post without permission from one's Government or superior He returned to duty in 1868, before his term of suspension had expired, at the request of General Philip Sheridan, who wanted Custer for his planned winter campaign against the Cheyenne. Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6 1831 &ndash August 5 1888 was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War

Under Sheridan's orders, Custer took part in establishing Camp Supply in Indian Territory in early November 1868 as a supply base for the winter campaign. Fort Supply (originally Camp Supply) was a United States Army post established on November 18, 1868, in Indian Territory to protect the Custer then led the 7th U. S. Cavalry in an attack on the Cheyenne encampment of Black Kettle - the Battle of Washita River on November 27, 1868. Chief Black Kettle ( Cheyenne, Moke-tav-a-to) (born Ca 1813 died November 27 The Battle of Washita River (or Battle of the Washita) occurred on November 27, 1868 when Lt Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Custer reported killing 103 warriors, though estimates by the Cheyenne themselves of the number of Indian casualties were substantially lower; some women and children were also killed, and 53 women and children were taken prisoner. Custer had his men shoot most of the 875 Indian ponies the troops had captured. This was regarded as the first substantial U. S. victory in the Comanche War, helping to force a significant portion of the Southern Cheyennes onto a U. The Comanche Campaign (1867&ndash1875 was a series of conflicts that took place throughout the border regions of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and S. appointed reservation.

In 1873, he was sent to the Dakota Territory to protect a railroad survey party against the Sioux. Dakota Territory was the name of an organized territory of the United States that existed from 1861 to 1889 Sioux (pronounced SUE are a Native American and First Nations people On August 4, 1873, near the Tongue River, Custer and the 7th U. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Tongue River is a Tributary of the Yellowstone, approximately 265 mi (426 km long in the U S. Cavalry clashed for the first time with the Sioux. Only one man on each side was killed. In 1874, Custer led an expedition into the Black Hills and announced the discovery of gold on French Creek near present-day Custer, South Dakota. Custer's 1874 Black Hills Expedition was an expedition by United States then- Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer that set out on July 2 The Black Hills ( Pahá Sápa in Lakota, Moˀȯhta-voˀhonáaeva in Cheyenne) are a small isolated Mountain range rising from the French Creek is an Intermittent stream located in the Black Hills region of western South Dakota, USA. Custer is a city in Custer County, South Dakota, United States. Custer's announcement triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush and gave rise to the lawless town of Deadwood, South Dakota. The Black Hills Gold Rush took place in Dakota Territory in the United States, and is general considered to have started 1860 -70 Deadwood, named for the dead trees found in its Gulch, is a city in and the County seat of Lawrence County, South Dakota,

Battle of the Little Bighorn

Main article: Battle of the Little Bighorn

An 1899 chromolithograph entitled Custer Massacre at Big Horn, Montana — June 25, 1876, artist unknown. The Battle of the Little Bighorn &mdashalso known as Custer's Last Stand, and in the parlance of the relevant Native Americans, the Battle of the Greasy Grass Chromolithography is a method for making multi-color prints. This type of color printing stemmed from the process of Lithography, and it includes all types of lithography

By the time of Custer's expedition to the Black Hills in 1874, the level of conflict and tension between the U. S. and many plains Indians tribes (including the Lakota Sioux and the Cheyenne) had become exceedingly high. The Lakota (laˈkˣota (also Teton, Tetonwan) are a Native American tribe Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taa'e (more commonly Indians killed settlers and railroad workers, Americans continually broke treaty agreements and advanced further westward. To take possession of the Black Hills (and thus the gold deposits), and to stop Indian attacks, the U. S. decided to corral all remaining free plains Indians. The Grant government set a deadline of January 31, 1876 for all Lakota and Northern Cheyenne to report to their designated agencies (reservations) or be considered a "hostile". Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year

The 7th Cavalry departed from Fort Lincoln on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1876 ( MDCCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota chief Sitting Bull had called together the largest ever gathering of plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites. Sitting Bull ( Lakota: Tȟatȟaŋka Iyotȟaŋka or Ta-Tanka I-Yotank, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow" Ca ^[15] It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

On June 25, some of Custer's Crow Indian scouts identified what they claimed was a large Indian encampment along the Little Bighorn River. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsáalooke, are a tribe of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone The Little Bighorn River is a tributary of the Bighorn River in the United States in the states of Wyoming and Montana. Custer divided his forces into three battalions: one led by major Marcus Reno, one by Captain Frederick Benteen, and one by himself. Please see " Major " for other countries that use this rank In the United States, Major is a Military rank denotes Marcus Albert Reno ( November 15, 1834 &ndash March 30, 1889) was a career military officer in the American Civil War and in the Frederick William Benteen ( August 24, 1834 - June 22[[ 898]] was a military officer during the American Civil War and then during the Black Captain Thomas M. McDougall and Company B were with the pack train. Benteen was sent south and west, to cut off any attempted escape by the Indians, Reno was sent north to charge the southern end of the encampment, and Custer rode north, hidden to the east of the encampment by bluffs, and planning to circle around and attack from the north. ^[16][17]

Reno began a charge on the southern end of the village, but halted midway and had his men dismount and form a skirmish line. ^[18][17] They were soon overcome by the Lakota and Cheyenne warriors who counterattacked en masse,^[19] forcing Reno and his men to take cover in the trees along the river. Eventually, however, this position became untenable and the troopers were forced into a bloody retreat up onto the bluffs above the river, where they made their own stand. ^[20][21] This, the opening action of the battle, cost Reno a quarter of his command.

Meanwhile, unaware of Reno's failure, Custer had led his command to the northern end the main encampment, where he apparently planned to sandwich the Indians between his attacking troopers and Reno's command. According to Grinnell's account, based on the testimony of the Cheyenne warriors who survived the fight,^[22] at least part of Custer's command attempted to ford the river at the north end of the camp but were driven off by stiff resistance from the Indians and were pursued by hundreds of warriors onto a ridge north of the encampment. There, Custer was prevented from digging in by Crazy Horse, whose warriors had outflanked him and were now to his north, at the crest of the ridge. ^[23] Traditional white accounts attribute to Gall the attack that drove Custer up onto the ridge, but Indian witnesses have disputed that account. ^[24] For a time, Custer's men were deployed by company, in standard cavalry fighting formation--the skirmish line, with every fourth man holding the horses. This arrangement, however, robbed Custer of a quarter of his firepower, and as the fight intensified, many soldiers took to holding their own horses or hobbling them, further reducing their effective fire. When Crazy Horse and White Bull mounted the charge that broke through the center of Custer's lines, pandemonium broke out among the men of Calhoun's command,^[25] though Keogh's men seem to have fought and died where they stood. Many of the panicking soldiers threw down their weapons^[26] and either rode or ran towards the knoll where Custer, the other officers, and about 40 men were making a stand. Along the way, the Indians rode them down, counting coup by whacking the fleeing troopers with their quirts or lances. ^[27]

Initially, Custer had 208 officers and men under his command, with an additional 142 under Reno and just over a hundred under Benteen. The Indians fielded over 1800 warriors. ^[28] As the troopers were cut down, moreover, the Indians stripped the dead of their firearms and ammunition, with the result that the return fire from the cavalry steadily decreased, while the fire from the Indians steadily increased. With Custer and the survivors shooting the remaining horses to use them as breastworks and making a final stand on the knoll at the north end of the ridge, the Indians closed in for the final attack and killed all in Custer's command. As a result, the Battle of the Little Bighorn has come to be popularly known as "Custer's Last Stand".

When the cavalry's main column did arrive three days later, they found most of the soldiers' corpses stripped, scalped, and mutilated. ^[29] Custer’s body had two bullet holes, one in the left temple and one just above the heart. ^[30] Following the recovery of Custer's body, he was given a funeral with full military honors, and was buried on the battlefield, and later reinterred in the West Point Cemetery on October 10, 1877. West Point Cemetery is an historic Cemetery on the grounds of the United States Military Academy in West Point New York. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1877 ( MDCCCLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The site of the battle was designated a National Cemetery in 1876. 4 Fort Snelling Looking SouthwestJPG|thumb|200px| Fort Snelling National Cemetery, Minneapolis Minnesota]]" United States National Cemetery " is a designation for 139

Controversial legacy

George A. Custer in civilian clothes, ca. 1876

After his death, Custer achieved the lasting fame that eluded him in life. The public saw him as a tragic military hero and gentleman who sacrificed his life for his country. Custer's wife, Elizabeth, who accompanied him in many of his frontier expeditions, did much to advance this view with the publication of several books about her late husband: Boots and Saddles, Life with General Custer in Dakota (1885), Tenting on the Plains (1887), and Following the Guidon (1891). Elizabeth Bacon Custer ( April 8, 1842 - April 6, 1933) was the wife of General George Armstrong Custer. General Custer himself wrote about the Indian wars in My Life on the Plains (1874) and was the posthumous co-author of The Custer Story (1950).

Today Custer would be called a "media personality" who understood the value of good public relations and leveraged media effectively; he frequently invited correspondents to accompany him on his campaigns, and their favorable reportage contributed to his high reputation that lasted well into the 20th century. After being promoted to brigadier general, Custer sported a uniform that included shiny jackboots, tight olive corduroy trousers, a wide-brimmed slouch hat, tight hussar jacket of black velveteen with silver piping on the sleeves, a sailor shirt with silver stars on his collar, and a red cravat. He wore his hair in long glistening ringlets liberally sprinkled with cinnamon-scented hair oil. Later in his campaigns against the Indians, Custer wore a buckskin outfit along with his familiar red tie.

The assessment of Custer's actions during the Indian Wars has undergone substantial reconsideration in modern times. For many critics, Custer was the personification of the U. S. Government's ill-treatment of the Native American tribes, while others see him as a scapegoat for the Grant Indian policy, which he personally opposed. His testimony on behalf of the abuses sustained by the reservation Indians nearly cost him his command by the Grant administration. Custer once wrote that if he were an Indian, he would rather fight for his freedom alongside the hostile warriors "than be confined to the limits of a reservation".

Many criticized Custer's actions during the battle of the Little Bighorn, claiming his actions were impulsive and foolish, while others praised him as a fallen hero who was betrayed by the incompetence of his subordinate officers. The controversy over who is to blame for the disaster at Little Bighorn continues to this day. Critics at the time through the present have asserted at least three military blunders. First, Custer refused the support offered by General Terry on 21 June of an additional battalion. At the same time, he left behind at the steamer Far West on the Yellowstone a battery of Gatling guns, knowing he was facing superior numbers. Finally, on the day of the battle, he divided his 600-man command in the face of superior numbers. Certainly reducing the size of his force by at least a sixth, and rejecting the firepower offered by the Gatling guns played into the events of 25 June to the disadvantage of the 7th cavalry. ^[31]

Monuments and memorials

Custer Memorial at his birthplace in New Rumley, Ohio

* Counties are named in Custer's honor in five states: Colorado, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma and South Dakota. New Rumley is an unincorporated community in central Rumley Township, Harrison County, Ohio, United States. Custer County is the tenth least populous of the 64 counties of the State of Colorado of the United States. Custer County is a County located in the US state of Montana. Custer County is a County located in the US state of Nebraska. Custer County is a County located in the US state of Oklahoma. Custer County is a County located in the US state of South Dakota. Custer County, Idaho, is named for the General Custer mine, which, in turn, was named after Custer. Custer County is a County located in the US state of Idaho. It was established in 1881 There are several townships named for Custer in Minnesota and Michigan. Custer Township may refer to the following places in the United States Custer Township Will County Illinois Custer Township Antrim County There are also the towns of Custer, Michigan, Custer, South Dakota, Custar, Ohio, and the unincorporated town of Custer, Wisconsin. A portion of Monroe County, Michigan, is informally referred to as "Custerville. Monroe County is a county in the US state of Michigan. As of the 2000 census, the population was 145945 with the 2007 Census Bureau estimate " [1]

• Custer National Cemetery is within Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the site of Custer's death. Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument preserves the site of the June 25, 1876, Battle of the Little Bighorn, near Crow Agency Montana Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument preserves the site of the June 25, 1876, Battle of the Little Bighorn, near Crow Agency Montana

• There is an equestrian statue of Custer in Monroe, Michigan, his boyhood home. Monroe is a city in the US state of Michigan. In the 2000 census, the city population was 22076 Originally located near city hall, in the center of town, it was moved years later to Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Park, a small park near the River Raisin and away from the main thoroughfares of the city. Due to lobbying by Libbie Custer and others, it was eventually moved to its current location, on the corner of Monroe and Elm Streets, on the edge of downtown Monroe.

• Fort Custer National Military Reservation, near Augusta, Michigan, was built in 1917 on 130 parcels of land, mainly small farms leased to the government by the local chamber of commerce as part of the military mobilization for World War I. Augusta is a village in Kalamazoo County in the US state of Michigan. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All During the war, some 90,000 troops passed through Camp Custer. Following the Armistice of 1918, the camp became a demobilization base for over 100,000 men. In the years following World War I, the camp was used to train the Officer Reserve Corps and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC) was a Work relief program for young men from unemployed families established on March 21, 1933, by U On August 17, 1940, Camp Custer was designated Fort Custer and became a permanent military training base. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. During World War II, more than 300,000 troops trained there, including the famed 5th Infantry Division (also known as the "Red Diamond Division") which left for combat in Normandy, France, June 1944. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized &mdashnicknamed the Red Diamond and the Red Devils &mdash was an infantry division of the United States Army Fort Custer also served as a prisoner of war camp for 5,000 German soldiers until 1945. Today Fort Custer's training facilities are used by the Michigan National Guard and other branches of the armed forces, primarily from Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana. Many Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) students from colleges in Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana also train at this facility, as well as do the FBI, the Michigan State Police, and various other law enforcement agencies. ROTC links here For other uses see ROTC (disambiguation A Reserve Officers' Training Corps ( ROTC) ROTC produces officers in all branches The Michigan State Police (MSP is the State police agency for the State of Michigan. (https://www.mi.ngb.army.mil/ftcuster/default.asp)

• The establishment of Fort Custer National Cemetery (originally Fort Custer Post Cemetery) took place on September 18, 1943, with the first interment. Fort Custer National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located just outside of the Village of Augusta in Kalamazoo County Michigan. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. As early as the 1960s, local politicians and veterans organizations advocated the establishment of a national cemetery at Fort Custer. The National Cemeteries Act of 1973 directed the Veterans' Administration to develop a plan to provide burial space to all veterans who desired interment in a national cemetery. After much study, the NCS adopted what became the regional concept. Fort Custer became the Veterans' Administration's choice for its Region V national cemetery. Toward this goal, Congress created Fort Custer National Cemetery in September 1981. The cemetery received 566 acres from the Fort Custer Military Reservation and 203 acres from the VA Medical Center. The first burial took place on June 1, 1982. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) At the same time, approximately 2,600 gravesites were available in the post cemetery, which made it possible for veterans to be buried there while the new facility was being developed. On Memorial Day 1982, more than 33 years after the first resolution had been introduced in Congress, impressive ceremonies marked the official opening of the cemetery. (http://www.cem.va.gov/nchp/ftcuster.htm)

• Custer Hill is the main troop billeting area at Fort Riley, Kansas. Fort Riley is a United States Army installation located in Northeast Kansas, on the Kansas River, between Junction City

• The US 85th Infantry Division was nicknamed The Custer Division. The 85th Infantry Division also known as Custer Division was named after the famous cavalry commander George Armstrong Custer.

• The Black Hills of South Dakota is full of evidence of Custer, with a county, town, and the Custer State Park all located in the area. Custer State Park is a State park and wildlife reserve in the Black Hills of southwestern South Dakota, USA

• Custer Observatory is the oldest observatory on Long Island. Custer Observatory is an astronomical Observatory owned and operated by Custer Institute Located in Southold, New York, it was founded in 1927 by Charles Elmer (co-founder of the Perkin-Elmer Optical Company ), along with a group of fellow amateur-astronomers. Charles Wesley Elmer (1872-1954 was an American amateur astronomer and court reporter who co-founded the Perkin-Elmer optical company in 1937 This name was chosen to honor the hospitality of Mrs. Elmer, formerly May Custer, the Grand Niece of General George Armstrong Custer.

See also

• Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer

Notes

References

• Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996 [1975]). Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors. New York: Anchor Books.
• Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher. (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.  
• Goodrich, Thomas. Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865-1879. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997.
• Gray, John S. (1993). Custer’s Last Campaign: Mitch Boyer and the Little Bighorn Remembered. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7040-2.  
• Grinnell, George Bird (1915). The Fighting Cheyennes. The University of Oklahoma Press reprint 1956, 296-307. ISBN 0-7394-0373-7.  
• Longacre, Edward G. (2000). Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1049-1.
• Mails, Thomas E. Mystic Warriors of the Plains. New York: Marlowe & Co. , 1996.
• Marshall, Joseph M. III. (2007). The Day the World Ended at Little Bighorn: A Lakota History. New York: Viking Press.
• Merington, Marguerite, Ed. The Custer Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of General Custer and his Wife Elizabeth. (1950)
• Michno, Gregory F. (1997). Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of Custer's Defeat. Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8784-2349-4.
• Perrett, Bryan. Last Stand: Famous Battles Against the Odds. London: Arms & Armour, 1993.
• Scott, Douglas D. , Richard A. Fox, Melissa A. Connor, and Dick Harmon. (1989). Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3292-2.  
• Punke, Michael, "Last Stand: George Bird Grinnell, the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West", Smithsonian Books, 2007, ISBN 978 0 06 089782 6
• Tagg, Larry. George Bird Grinnell ( September 20, 1849 – April 11, 1938) was an American Anthropologist, Historian, (1988). The Generals of Gettysburg. Savas Publishing. ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
• Urwin, Gregory J. W. Custer Victorious, University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978-0803295568
• Utley, Robert M. (2001). Cavalier in Buckskin: George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier, revised edition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3387-2.
• Vestal, Stanley. Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1934.
• Warner, Ezra J. (1964). Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0822-7.  
• Welch, James, with Paul Stekler. (2007 [1994]). Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
• Wert, Jeffry D. Custer: The controversial life of George Armstrong Custer. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964/1996. ISBN 0-684-83275-5.
• Wittenberg, Eric J. (2001). Glory Enough for All : Sheridan's Second Raid and the Battle of Trevilian Station. Brassey's Inc. ISBN 1-57488-353-4.  

Further reading

• Newsom TM (2007). History: Thrilling scenes among the Indians. With a graphic description of Custer's last fight with Sitting Bull. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0548629888. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.  
• Victor FF (1877). History: Thrilling scenes among the Indians. With a graphic description of Custer's last fight with Sitting Bull. Columbian book company. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.  
• Whittaker F (1876). A complete life of Gen. George A. Custer : Major-General of Volunteers; Brevet Major-General, U.S. Army; and Lieutenant-Colonel, Seventh U.S. Cavalry. Sheldon and Company. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.  
• Finerty JF (1890). War-path and bivouac : or, The conquest of the Sioux : a narrative of stirring personal experiences and adventures in the Big Horn and Yellowstone expedition of 1876, and in the campaign on the British border, in 1879. Donohue Brothers. Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.  

External links

• George Armstrong Custer at Find A Grave Retrieved on 2008-02-12
• Little Bighorn History Alliance
• Custerwest.org:Site For Traditional Scholarship