Geopolitics is the study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to spatial politics and patterns at various scales (ranging from the level of the state to international). Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies Spatial politics refers to the use of spatial terms to simplify and dramatize political differences and actions It examines the political, economic (see geoeconomics) and strategic significance of geography, where geography is defined in terms of the location, size, function, and relationships of places and resources. Broadly geoeconomics (sometimes geo-economics) is the study of the spatial temporal and political aspects of Economies and resources

The term was coined by Rudolf Kjellén, a Swedish political scientist, at the beginning of the 20th century. Johan Rudolf Kjellén ( 13 June 1864, Torsö &ndash 14 November 1922, Uppsala) was The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Kjellén was inspired by the German geographer Friedrich Ratzel, who published his book Politische Geographie (political geography) in 1897, popularized in English by American diplomat Robert Strausz-Hupé, a faculty member of the University of Pennsylvania. Friedrich Ratzel ( August 30, 1844, Karlsruhe, Baden &ndash August 9, 1904, Ammerland) was a German Political geography is the field of Human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of Political processes and the ways in which Robert Strausz-Hupé ( 25 March 1903 &ndash 24 February 2002) was a U The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Contents 1 Halford Mackinder 2 Other theories 3 Definitions 4 Institutions on geopolitics 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References

Halford Mackinder

The doctrine of Geopolitics gained attention largely through the work of Sir Halford Mackinder in England and his formulation of the Heartland Theory in 1904. The Geographical Pivot of History was an article submitted by Halford John Mackinder in 1904 to the Royal Geographical Society that advanced his The doctrine involved concepts diametrically opposed to the notion of Alfred Thayer Mahan about the significance of navies (he coined the term sea power) in world conflict. Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27 1840–December 1 1914 was a United States Navy Flag officer, geostrategist, and educator The Heartland theory hypothesized the possibility for a huge empire being brought into existence in the Heartland, which wouldn't need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to supply its military industrial complex but would instead use railways, and that this empire couldn't be defeated by all the rest of the world against it.

The basic notions of Mackinder's doctrine involve considering the geography of the Earth as being divided into two sections, the World Island, comprising Eurasia and Africa; and the Periphery, including the Americas, the British Isles, and Oceania. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan Not only was the Periphery noticeably smaller than the World Island, it necessarily required much sea transport to function at the technological level of the World Island, which contained sufficient natural resources for a developed economy. Also, the industrial centers of the Periphery were necessarily located in widely-separated locations. The World Island could send its navy to destroy each one of them in turn. It could locate its own industries in a region further inland than the Periphery could,so they would have a longer struggle reaching them, and would be facing a well-stocked industrial bastion. This region Mackinder termed the Heartland. It essentially comprised Ukraine, Western Russia, and Mitteleuropa. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Mitteleuropa (Central/Middle Europe is a German term equal to Central Europe. The Heartland contained the grain reserves of Ukraine, and many other natural resources. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Mackinder's notion of geopolitics can be summed up in his saying "Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland. Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island. Who rules the World-Island commands the world. " His doctrine was influential during the World Wars and the Cold War, for Germany and later Russia each made territorial strides toward the Heartland. A world war is a War affecting the majority of the world's most powerful and populous nations Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Mackinder's geopolitical theory has been criticised as being too sweeping, his interpretation of human history and geography too simple and mechanistic. In his analysis of the importance of mobility, and the move from sea to rail transport, he failed to predict the revolutionary impact of air power. Critically also he underestimated the importance of social organization in the development of power^[1].

Other theories

After World War I, Kjellen's thoughts and the term were picked up and extended by a number of scientists: in Germany by Karl Haushofer, Erich Obst, Hermann Lautensach and Otto Maull; in England, Mackinder and James Fairgrieve; in France Vidal de la Blache and Vallaux. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Karl Ernst Haushofer ( August 27, 1869 &ndash March 10, 1946) was a German geopolitician and General. Erich Obst (1886 - 1981 was a German Geographer and geopolitician. Otto Maull (1887 - 1957 was a German Geographer and geopolitician. James Fairgrieve (1870 &ndash 1953 was a British geographer, educator, and geopolitician. Paul Vidal de la Blache ( Pézenas, 22 January 1845 - Tamaris, 5 April 1918) was a French geographer In 1923 Karl Haushofer founded the "Zeitschrift für Geopolitik" (Journal for Geopolitics), which developed as a propaganda organ for Nazi Germany. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers However, more recently Haushofer's influence within the Nazi Party has been questioned (O'Tuathail, 1996) since Haushofer failed to incorporate the Nazis' racial ideology into his work. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945

Anton Zischka published Afrika, Europas Gemeinschaftsaufgabe Nr. Anton Emmerich Zischka (von Trochnov ( September 14 1904 in Vienna – May 31 1997 Pollensa ( Majorca, Spain) 1 (Africa, Complement of Europe) in 1952, where he proposed a kind of North–South Empire, from Stockholm to Johannesburg. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa.

Since then, the word geopolitics has been applied to other theories, most notably the notion of the Clash of Civilizations by Samuel Huntington. The Clash of Civilizations is a Theory, proposed by Political scientist Samuel P Samuel Phillips Huntington (born April 18, 1927) is an American political scientist who gained prominence through his " Clash of Civilizations In a peaceable world, neither sea lanes nor surface transport are threatened; hence all countries are effectively close enough to one another physically. It is in the realm of the political ideas, workings, and cultures that there are differences, and the term has shifted more towards this arena, especially in its popular usage. Traditionally, it strictly applies to geography's effect on politics.

Definitions

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In the abstract, geopolitics traditionally indicates the links and causal relationships between political power and geographic space; in concrete terms it is often seen as a body of thought assaying specific strategic prescriptions based on the relative importance of land power and sea power in world history. . . The geopolitical tradition had some consistent concerns, like the geopolitical correlates of power in world politics, the identification of international core areas, and the relationships between naval and terrestrial capabilities. —Oyvind Osterud, "The Uses and Abuses of Geopolitics", Journal of Peace Research, no. The Journal of Peace Research is a peer-reviewed Academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews in the fields of peace studies 2, 1988, p. 191

”

“

By geopolitical, I mean an approach that pays attention to the requirements of equilibrium. Henry Kissinger in Colin S Gray, G R Sloan. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 Geopolitics, Geography, and Strategy. Portland: Frank Cass Publishers, 1999.

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“

Geopolitics is studying geopolitical systems. The geopolitical system is, in my opinion, the ensemble of relations between the interests of international political actors, interests focused to an area, space, geographical element or ways. —Vladimir Toncea, Geopolitical evolution of borders in Danube Basin, PhD 2006. Borders define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions such as Governments States or subnational administrative The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj

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“

Geopolitics as a branch of political geography is the study of reciprocal relations between geography, politics and power and also the intractions arising from combination of them with each other. According to this definition, geopolitics is a scientific discipline and has a basic science nature. (Hafeznia, M. R. 2006. Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics. Popoli Publications: Iran, pp 37–39. )

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Institutions on geopolitics

An increasing number of (inter)national institutions exist that work on (aspects of) Geopolitics:

• International Centre for Geopolitical Studies (I. C. G. S. ) located in Geneva (Switzerland):

Founded in June 2001, I. C. G. S. has the objective of reinforcing international stability and security through the promotion of a better understanding of the causes of conflicts and tensions. As such, I. C. G. S. engages in analysis and studies of world geopolitical issues in order to facilitate a more complex reading of the evolutions taking place in contemporary international relations. It organises a successful annual Summer University Course Geopolitical Analysis of International Relations (two weeks in July each year).

• Institut Français de Géopolitique (I. F. G. ) located in Paris (France):

Created in 1989 out of the journal 'Hérodote. Revue de Géographie et de Géopolitique', the I. F. G. is embedded within the University Paris VIII. It offers a Diplôme de Géopolitique (DEA).

• Instytut Geopolityki (Institute of Geopolitics) located in Czestochowa (Poland)

• Iranian Association of Geopolitics (IAG) located in Tehran (Iran)

See also

• Balkanization
• Critical geopolitics
• Geopolitik
• Geostrategy
• Geostrategy in Central Asia
• Lebensraum
• Natural gas and list of natural gas fields and Category:Natural gas pipelines
• Petroleum politics
• Realpolitik
• Strategic depth
• Theopolitics
• Water politics

Notes

References

• Ankerl, Guy [2000]. Balkanization is a geopolitical term originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often Critical geopolitics refers to a body of radical scholarship that emerged in the early 1990s and bridges the academic disciplines of Geography and International Relations Geopolitik is the branch of uniquely German Geostrategy. It developed as a distinct strain of thought after Otto von Bismarck 's unification Geostrategy, a subfield of Geopolitics, is a type of Foreign policy guided principally by geographical factors as they inform constrain or affect political Central Asia has long been a geostrategic location merely because of its proximity to several Great powers on the Eurasian landmass ( German for " habitat " or literally "living space" served as a major motivation for Nazi Germany 's territorial aggression Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, This list of Natural gas fields includes major fields of the past and present Petroleum politics have been an increasingly important aspect of international diplomacy since the discovery of oil in the Middle East in the early 1900s Realpolitik ( German: de real “realistic” “practical” or “actual” and de Politik “politics” refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily Strategic depth is a term in military literature that refers broadly speaking to the distances between the Front lines or battle sectors and the combatants’ industrial core Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler Water politics, sometimes called hydropolitics, is Politics affected by Water and Water resources. Global communication without universal civilization, INU societal research Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.  
• O'Loughlin, John / Heske, Henning. "From 'Geopolitik' to 'Geopolitique': Converting a Discipline for War to a Discipline for Peace". In: Kliot, N. and Waterman, S. (ed. ): The Political Geography of Conflict and Peace. London: Belhaven Press, 1991
• O'Tuathail, Gearoid, etal. (1998). The Geopolitics Reader. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16271-8.  
• Spang, Christian W. : “Karl Haushofer Re-examined—Geopolitics as a Factor within Japanese-German Rapprochement in the Inter-War Years?”, in: C. W. Spang, R. -H. Wippich (eds. ), Japanese-German Relations, 1895–1945. War, Diplomacy and Public Opinion, London, 2006, pp. 139–157.
• Diamond, Jared, Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997)
• Amineh, Parvizi M. TemplateInfobox writer --> Jared Mason Diamond (b 10 September, 1937) is an American Evolutionary biologist Guns Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a 1997 book by Jared Diamond, professor of Geography and Physiology at UCLA and Henk Houweling, Central Eurasia in Global Politics, (London, Leiden: Brill Academic Publishing. Global politics is the discipline that studies the political and economical patterns of the world Introduction and Chapeter 1.
• Criekemans, David, Geopolitiek, 'geografisch geweten' van de buitenlandse politiek?, Garant, Antwerpen/Apeldoorn, 2007. ISBN 90-441-1969-9.

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