The Geology of England is mainly sedimentary. A cenotaph is a tomb or a Monument erected in honour of a person or group of persons whose remains are elsewhere Whitehall is a road in Westminster in London, England. It is the main artery running north from Parliament Square, towards traditional London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Portland stone is a Limestone from the Jurassic period quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset. Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock) The youngest rocks are in the south east around London, progressing in age in a north westerly direction. The geology of London comprises various differing layers of sedimentary rock upon which London, England is built [1] The Tees-Exe line marks the division between younger, softer and low-lying rocks in the south east and older, harder, and generally a higher relief in north west of the line. The Tees-Exe line is an imaginary line that can be drawn on a map of Great Britain which roughly divides the lowland and upland regions of the country The geology of England is recognisable in the landscape of its counties, the building materials of its towns and its regional extractive industries. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The counties of England are territorial divisions of England for the purposes of administrative political and geographical demarcation A town is a type of settlement ranging from a few to several thousand (occasionally hundreds of thousands inhabitants although it may be applied loosely even to huge metropolitan A quarry is a type of open-pit mine from which rock or Minerals are extracted
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Bedrock
The bedrock consists of many layers formed over vast periods of time. Bedrock is the native consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet usually the Earth. These were laid down in various climates as the global climate changed, the landmasses moved due to continental drift, and the land and sea levels rose or fell. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Continental drift is the movement of the Earth 's Continents relative to each other From time to time horizontal forces caused the rock to undergo considerable deformation, folding the layers of rock to form mountains which have since been eroded and overlain with other layers. In Materials science, deformation is a change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind To further complicate the geology, the land has also been subject to periods of earthquakes and volcanic activity. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the
Deposits by glaciers
Overprinted on this bedrock geology ("solid geology" in the terminology of the maps) is a somewhat variable distribution of soils and fragmental material deposited by glaciers (boulder clay, and other forms of glacial drift in the recent past. Bedrock is the native consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet usually the Earth. Boulder clay, in Geology, is a deposit of Clay, often full of boulders which is formed in and beneath Glaciers and ice-sheets wherever they are found but Many now-familiar glacial Landforms were created by the movement of huge sheets of Ice called continental Glaciers during the Pleistocene Epoch Maps showing the distribution of this "drift" geology are frequently produced as either separate maps, or as literal overprints on the solid geology maps. When ordering maps, this distinction should be kept in mind. Catalogues often distinguish them as "S", "D" or "S+D" maps. "Drift" geology is often more important than "solid" geology when considering building works, drainage, siting water boreholes, soil fertility, and many other issues.
Glaciation and the resulting glacial and fluvio-glacial deposition has had a vast impact on the geology of England covering many areas with a veneer of glacial till in the lower lying areas north of a line running from Bristol to London. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. In the Ribble valley, Lancashire in north west England the resulting drumlins are clearly visible. The River Ribble is a river that runs through North Yorkshire and Lancashire, in the North of England. Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A drumlin (Irish droimnín, a little hill ridge is an elongated whale-shaped Hill formed by glacial action Cromer Ridge in East Anglia is terminal moraine. Cromer Ridge is a ridge of old glacial Moraines (terminal moraine that stands next to the coast above Cromer, Norfolk, England. East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. A terminal moraine, also called end moraine, is a Moraine that forms at the end of the Glacier called the snout Indeed most of East Anglia is covered with glacial till which has produced its rich loamy soils. East Anglia is often used as a shorthand for the Kingdom of the East Angles. Till is unsorted glacial sediment Glacial drift is a general term for the coarsely graded and extremely heterogeneous Sediments of glacial origin Loam is Soil composed of Sand, Silt, and Clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively considered This unconsolidated material (it is not stuck tightly together) is very easily eroded hence the rapid rate of retreat of the coastline.
A similar situation exists in east Yorkshire in the Holderness region. Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. Holderness is an area of England on the coast of Yorkshire. An area of rich agricultural land Holderness was marshland until it was drained in the Middle Ages The chalk outcrop at Flamborough Head in the north produces a headland resistant to coastal erosion whilst the coastline south of this at such places as Mappleton and Hornsea with their soft glacial deposits are vulnerable. Flamborough Head is a seven Mile (≈113 km long Promontory on the Yorkshire Coast of England, between the Filey Mappleton is a village and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Hornsea is a small Seaside resort Town and Civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England at the eastern end of the Trans
Former ice caps did not reach south of the line running from Bristol to London, so this area has only been impacted by fluvio-glacial deposition which is represented in gravel beds around rivers such as the Thames. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. As the ice caps retreated north wards, more fluvio-glacial deposition occurred for example in the vale of York
Geological history
Proterozoic Era
Proterozoic (2,500-542 Mya). "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. This article is about the geographical area For the UK parliamentary constituency see Vale of York (UK Parliament constituency. The Proterozoic (ˌproʊtərəˈzoʊɪk is a geological eon representing a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth. The early geological development of the Avalonia terrane, including England, is believed to have been in volcanic arcs near a subduction zone on the margin of the Gondwana continent. Avalonia was an ancient Microcontinent or Terrane whose history formed much of the older rocks of Western Europe, Atlantic Canada and parts of the A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanic islands or Mountains formed by Plate tectonics as an oceanic Tectonic plate subducts under In Geology, a subduction zone is an area on Earth where two tectonic plates meet and move towards one another with one sliding underneath the other Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago [2] Some material may have accreted from volcanic island arcs which formed further out in the ocean and later collided with Gondwana as a result of plate tectonic movements. Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere The igneous activity had started by 730 million years ago and continued until around 570 million years ago, [3] resulting in a region of volcanic islands within a shallow sea. The remains of these islands underlie much of central England with small outcrops visible in various places.
Dartmoor, Bodmin Moor and the Isles of Scilly in Cornwall were formed at this time and hence have a significantly different geology to the rest of England. Dartmoor is an area of Moorland in the centre of Devon, England. Dartmoor is an area of Moorland in the centre of Devon, England. Bodmin Moor ( Cornish: Goen Bren) is a Granite Moorland in northeastern Cornwall, UK, 208 km² (80 sq mile in size dating Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland These areas are igneous batholiths and are, therefore, made of granite. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. The surrounding metamorphic auriole has produced metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change Hence tin was mined extensively in the area. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 The granite tors are important elements in the landscape of Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor. A tor is a rock outcrop formed by Weathering, usually found on or near the summit of a Hill. Dartmoor is an area of Moorland in the centre of Devon, England. Bodmin Moor ( Cornish: Goen Bren) is a Granite Moorland in northeastern Cornwall, UK, 208 km² (80 sq mile in size dating The weathering by hydrolysis of the granite in these regions has led to deposits of kaolin which has been excavated as it is an important source of china clay in the production of such products as porcelain and shiny printing paper. Weathering is the decomposition of earth rocks, Soils and their Minerals through direct contact with the planet's Atmosphere. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Kaolinite is a Clay mineral with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5( OH)4 Kaolinite is a Clay mineral with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5( OH)4 Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures It is due to the resistance of granite to erosion and weathering that these outcrops are considerably higher than the surrounding landscape which produces dramatic and desolate vistas. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Weathering is the decomposition of earth rocks, Soils and their Minerals through direct contact with the planet's Atmosphere.
Around 600 million years ago, the Cadomian Orogeny (mountain building period) caused the English landscape to be transformed into a mountainous region, along with much of north west Europe. The Cadomian Orogeny was a tectonic event or series of events in the late Neoproterozoic, about 650-550 Ma, which probably included the formation of
Paleozoic Era
Paleozoic (542-251 mya). The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" In the early Cambrian period the volcanoes and mountains of England were eroded as the land became flooded by a rise in sea level, and new layers of sediment were laid down. The Cambrian is a geologic period and system that began about Ma (million years ago at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Cambrian shales laid down in a shallow sea are exposed in the Midlands at Nuneaton. Nuneaton is the largest town in the English county of Warwickshire, and the borough of Nuneaton and Bedworth. Much of central England formed a stable block of crust which has remained largely undeformed ever since.
Dec2004.jpg/280px-Helvellyn(SimonLedingham)Dec2004.jpg)
500 million years ago, in the Ordovician period, southern Britain, the east coast of North America and south-east Newfoundland broke away from Gondwanaland to form the continent of Avalonia. |} Helvellyn is a mountain in the English Lake District, the apex of the Eastern Fells. The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in North West England. The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six of the Paleozoic era, and covers the time between 488 Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago Avalonia was an ancient Microcontinent or Terrane whose history formed much of the older rocks of Western Europe, Atlantic Canada and parts of the The Skiddaw Slates of the Lake District consist of metamorphosed marine sediments laid down on the northern margin of Avalonia. |} Skiddaw is a Mountain in the Lake District National Park in the United Kingdom. Slate is a fine-grained foliated homogeneous, Metamorphic rock derived from an original Shale -type Sedimentary rock composed of Clay The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in North West England. Avalonia was an ancient Microcontinent or Terrane whose history formed much of the older rocks of Western Europe, Atlantic Canada and parts of the [4]
Large quantities of volcanic lava and ash known as the Borrowdale Volcanics covered the Lake District, still seen in the form of mountains such as Helvellyn and Scafell Pike. Lava is molten rock expelled by a Volcano during an eruption When first expelled from a volcanic vent it is a Liquid at Temperatures The Borrowdale Volcanic Group is a development of volcanic rocks named after the Borrowdale area of the Lake District, in England. The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in North West England. |} Helvellyn is a mountain in the English Lake District, the apex of the Eastern Fells. |} At 978 metres (3209 feet Scafell Pike is the highest mountain in England.
In the Silurian period, sandstones and mudstones were deposited in some parts of England. The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443 Volcanic ashes and lavas deposited during the period are still found in the Mendip Hills. The Mendip Hills (commonly called The Mendips) are a range of Limestone hills situated to the south of Bristol and Bath in Somerset
Avalonia had now joined with the continent of Baltica, and the combined landmass collided with Laurentia around 425 million years ago, joining the southern and northern halves of the British Isles together. Baltica redirects here For the Russian beer, see Baltika Breweries Baltica is a name applied by geologists to a late- Proterozoic, Laurentia (also known as the North American craton) like all Craton land was created as continents moved about the surface of the Earth The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan The resulting Caledonian Orogeny produced an Alpine-style mountain range. The Caledonian orogeny is a mountain building event recorded in the Mountains and Hills of northern Scotland, Ireland, England, England lay on the southern fringe of this range.
In the Devonian period, northern England was a region uplifted by the Caledonian Orogeny. The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era spanning from to million years ago. The uplifted regions were gradually eroded down, resulting in the deposition of numerous sedimentary rock layers in lowlands and seas. The Old Red Sandstone was deposited across much of central and southern England. The Old Red Sandstone is a Rock formation of considerable importance to early Paleontology. Sea levels varied considerably at this time with the coastline advancing and retreating from north to south across England. The Old Red Sandstone of Devon gave the period its name. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name [5]
Around 360 million years ago during the Carboniferous period, England was lying at the equator, covered by the warm shallow waters of the Rheic Ocean. Malham Cove is a natural Limestone formation near Malham, North Yorkshire, England. The Yorkshire Dales (also known as The Dales) is the name given to an upland area in Northern England. Carboniferous Limestone is a type of Limestone rock, which was laid down in Great Britain and Ireland in the Dinantian stage The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 The Rheic Ocean was an Ocean in the Paleozoic Era that existed between to the north the Continent of Baltica (northern During this time carboniferous limestone was deposited, as found in the Mendip Hills, in the Peak District of Derbyshire, north Lancashire and the northern Pennines. Carboniferous Limestone is a type of Limestone rock, which was laid down in Great Britain and Ireland in the Dinantian stage The Mendip Hills (commonly called The Mendips) are a range of Limestone hills situated to the south of Bristol and Bath in Somerset The Peak District is an upland area in central and northern England, lying mainly in northern Derbyshire, but also covering parts of Cheshire, Greater History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Lancashire is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England, bounded to the west by the Irish Sea The Pennines are a low-rising Mountain range in Northern England and southern Scotland. The erosion of this landscape by carbonation has led to a very distinctive scenery. Particularly notable is the area around Malham in the Yorkshire Dales with its limestone pavements, sink holes and shake holes. Malham is a Village in Craven, North Yorkshire, England, in the Yorkshire Dales with a population of 120 The Yorkshire Dales (also known as The Dales) is the name given to an upland area in Northern England. A limestone pavement is a natural Karst landform consisting of a flat incised surface of exposed Limestone that resembles an artificial pavement A sinkhole, also known as a sink, shake hole, swallow hole, swallet, doline or Cenote, is a natural depression A sinkhole, also known as a sink, shake hole, swallow hole, swallet, doline or Cenote, is a natural depression Gaping Gill is a waterfall disappearing underground into the carboniferous limestone. Gaping Gill (also known as Gaping Ghyll) is one of the unmistakable landmarks on the mountain of Ingleborough in North Yorkshire, a 105
The formation of carboniferous limestone was followed by the deposition of dark marine shales, siltstones and coarse sandstones of the Millstone Grit, notably in the area later uplifted to form the Pennine anticline. Carboniferous Limestone is a type of Limestone rock, which was laid down in Great Britain and Ireland in the Dinantian stage Shale (also called mudstone) is a fine-grained Sedimentary rock whose original constituents were Clay minerals or Muds It is characterized by Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Gritstone — otherwise called Millstone grit — is a Sedimentary rock composed of coarse sand grains with inclusions of small stones In Structural geology, an anticline is a fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core This sequence can be seen in the Yorkshire Dales with Ingleborough protruding up above the carboniferous limestone landscape below. The Yorkshire Dales (also known as The Dales) is the name given to an upland area in Northern England. Ingleborough is the second highest mountain in the Yorkshire Dales.
Later, river deltas formed and the sediments deposited were colonised by swamps and rain forest. A delta is a Landform where the mouth of a River flows into an Ocean, Sea, Estuary, Lake or another river A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches It was in this environment that the cyclic coal measures were formed. Cyclic sediments (also called rhythmic sediments) are sequences of Sedimentary rocks that are characterised by repetitive patterns of different rock types The Coal Measures is a lithostratigraphical term used mainly in the British Isles for the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System Coal can be found as far south as Kent with deposits stretching northwards to Tyne and Wear; though coal has largely been mined in the Midlands and northern England. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format This article is mainly about the English Midlands For other uses see Midlands (disambiguation. One of the best exposures of the Coal Measures is on the north east coast between Whitley Bay and Seaton Sluice. The Coal Measures is a lithostratigraphical term used mainly in the British Isles for the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System Whitley Bay is a town in North Tyneside, in Tyne and Wear, England Seaton Sluice is a village in Northumberland. It lies on the coast at the mouth of the Seaton Burn, midway between Whitley Bay and Blyth [6]
Throughout the period, south west England was affected by the collision of continental plates. The Cheesewring is an unusual geological formation on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. A tor is a rock outcrop formed by Weathering, usually found on or near the summit of a Hill. Bodmin Moor ( Cornish: Goen Bren) is a Granite Moorland in northeastern Cornwall, UK, 208 km² (80 sq mile in size dating The Variscan orogeny (mountain building period) around 280 million years ago caused major deformation in south west England. The Variscan (or Hercynian) orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late Paleozoic Continental collision between Laurasia The granite, that had previously been formed beneath the overlying rocks of Devon and Cornwall, was now exposed as Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Dartmoor is an area of Moorland in the centre of Devon, England. Bodmin Moor ( Cornish: Goen Bren) is a Granite Moorland in northeastern Cornwall, UK, 208 km² (80 sq mile in size dating The general region of Variscan folding was south of an east-west line roughly from Avon to Kent. The Variscan (or Hercynian) orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late Paleozoic Continental collision between Laurasia The former County of Avon was a non-metropolitan county and ceremonial county in the west of England, named after the River Avon, which KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format The main tectonic pressure was from the south or south-east, and may have resulted in dextral strike-slip faulting. In Geology a fault, or fault line, is a planar rock fracture which shows evidence of relative movement The Devon-Cornwall massif may originally have been some distance further east, then to be moved westwards. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Lesser Variscan folding took place as far north as Derbyshire and Berwick-upon-Tweed. History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ˈbɛrɪk- ( Scots: Berwick or historically South Berwick) situated in the county of Northumberland, is the northernmost
By the end of the period, England had a hot arid desert climate, with frequent flash floods leaving deposits that formed red beds, somewhat similar to the later, Triassic New Red Sandstone. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago The New Red Sandstone is a chiefly British geological term for the beds of red sandstone laid throughout the Permian (280 million years ago to the beginning
After the end of the Carboniferous period (about 280 million year old) intrusion of quartz dolerite forming the Whin Sill. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 An Intrusive rock similar to Dolerite, but with an excess of Quartz. Whin Sill is a tabular layer of Igneous rock or sill, in County Durham and Northumberland, in the Northeast of England. The river Tees flows over this at High Force on the Alston Block. The Tees is a river in Northern England. It rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the Pennines, and flows eastwards for about 85 miles High Force is a Waterfall on the River Tees, near Middleton-in-Teesdale, Tees Valley, England. Whin Sill is also seen again at Hadrian's Wall. Whin Sill is a tabular layer of Igneous rock or sill, in County Durham and Northumberland, in the Northeast of England. Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman The country rock is Lower Carboniferous limestone and shales. [7]
The Permian period was characterised for 30 million years by arid desert and erosion of the areas uplifted in the Variscan Orogeny (southwest England and adjacent areas in the present-day English Channel). The Permian is a geologic period and system that extends from 299 A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. The Variscan (or Hercynian) orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late Paleozoic Continental collision between Laurasia Later, much of England was submerged in shallow waters as the polar ice sheets melted and the Tethys Ocean and Zechstein Sea formed, depositing shale, limestone, gravel, and marl, before finally receding to leave a flat desert with salt pans. The Tethys Ocean was a Mesozoic era Ocean that existed between the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia before the opening of the Indian The Zechstein ( German either from mine stone or tough stone) is a unit of Sedimentary rock layers of Middle to Late Permian ( Guadalupian Shale (also called mudstone) is a fine-grained Sedimentary rock whose original constituents were Clay minerals or Muds It is characterized by Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Gravel is rock that is of a specific Particle size range In Geology, gravel is any loose rock that is larger than two millimeters (2mm Marl or Marlstone is a Calcium carbonate or lime -rich mud or Mudstone which contains variable amounts of Clays and Aragonite [8]
Mesozoic Era
Mesozoic (251-65 mya). The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon. As Pangaea drifted during the Triassic period, England moved away from the equator until they were between 20° and 30° north. The Triassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about 251 to 199 Ma (million years ago Red beds, including sandstones and red mudstones form the main sediments of the New Red Sandstone. Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Mudstone (also called mudrock) is a fine grained Sedimentary rock whose original constituents were Clays or Muds Grain size is up The New Red Sandstone is a chiefly British geological term for the beds of red sandstone laid throughout the Permian (280 million years ago to the beginning The remnants of the Variscan uplands in France to the south were eroded down, resulting in layers of the New Red Sandstone being deposited across central England, and in faulted basins in Cheshire. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. In Geology a fault, or fault line, is a planar rock fracture which shows evidence of relative movement Cheshire (or archaically the County of Chester) is a county in North West England. A basin developed in the Hampshire region around this time. Wildlife Hampshire has wildlife typical of the island of Great Britain Rifting occurred within and around England, prior to the breakup of the super-continent in the Jurassic period. In Geology, a rift is a place where the Earth 's crust and Lithosphere are being pulled apart and is an example of Extensional tectonics
Rock fragments found near Bristol appear to indicate that in 214 million years ago England was showered with a fine layer of debris from an asteroid impact at the Manicouagan Impact Crater in Canada, although this is still being debated. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London See also Impact crater An impact event is the Collision of a large Meteoroid, Asteroid or Comet (generically Manicouagan Reservoir (also Lake Manicouagan) is an annular lake in central Quebec, Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
As the Jurassic period started, Pangaea began to break up and sea levels rose, as England drifted on the Eurasian Plate to between 30° and 40° north. The Uffington White Horse is a highly stylised Prehistoric Hill figure, 374 feet (110 m long cut into the turf of the upper slopes of White England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning Pangaea, Pangæa or Pangea (pænˈdʒiːə from παν pan, meaning entire, and Γαῖα Gaea, meaning Earth in The Eurasian Plate is a Tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional Continents of Europe With much of England under water again, sedimentary rocks were deposited and can now be found underlying much of southern England from the Cleveland Hills of Yorkshire to the Jurassic Coast in Dorset, including clays, sandstones, greensands, oolitic limestone of the Cotswold Hills, corallian limestone of the Vale of White Horse and the Isle of Portland. Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock) The Cleveland Hills are a range of hills on the northern edge of the North York Moors in North Yorkshire, England, overlooking Cleveland and Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. The Jurassic Coast is a World Heritage Site on the English Channel coast of southern England. Dorset, England, rests on a variety of different rock types which give the county its interesting landscapes and habitats. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Greensand is an olive-green coloured Sandstone rock which is commonly found in narrow bands particularly associated with bands of Chalk and Oolite ( egg stone) is a Sedimentary rock formed from Ooids spherical grains composed of concentric layers Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 See also Cotswold The Cotswolds is a range of Hills in west-central England, sometimes called the "Heart of England" Corallian Limestone is a coralliferous Sedimentary rock laid down in Jurassic times Geography It is the valley of the Ock, a stream which joins the Thames from the West at Abingdon Portland stone is a Limestone from the Jurassic period quarried on the Isle of Portland, Dorset. A particularly interesting Jurassic site is on the North Yorkshire coast between Staithes and Port Mulgrave. The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain. ||-| |-||-||-||} Staithes is a seaside village in North Yorkshire, England. Hinderwell is a village and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire, England. [9]
The burial of algae and bacteria below the mud of the sea floor during this time resulted in the formation of North Sea oil and natural gas, much of it trapped in overlying sandstone by salt deposits formed as the seas fell to form the swamps and salty lakes and lagoons that were home to dinosaurs. Algae ( sing. alga are a large and diverse group of simple typically Autotrophic organisms ranging from Unicellular to Multicellular forms The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have North Sea oil refers to oil and Natural gas ( Hydrocarbons produced from Oil reservoirs beneath the North Sea. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants
After 20 million years during the Cretaceous period, the seas started to flood the land again until much of England was again below the sea, though sea levels frequently changed. The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of Chalk and flints were deposited over much of England, now notably exposed at the White Cliffs of Dover and the Seven Sisters, and also forming Salisbury Plain. Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite. Flint (or flintstone) is a hard sedimentary Cryptocrystalline form of the Mineral Quartz, categorized as a variety of Chert The white cliffs of Dover are Cliffs which form part of the British coastline facing the Strait of Dover and France. The Seven Sisters are a series of Chalk cliffs by the English Channel. Salisbury Plain is a Chalk Plateau in central southern England covering. The high sea levels left only small areas of land exposed. This caused the general lack of land-origin sand, mud or clay sediments around this time - some of the late Cretaceous strata are almost pure chalk.
Cenozoic Era
Cenozoic (65 mya-present). Chalk (ʧɔːk is a soft white porous Sedimentary rock, a form of Limestone composed of the Mineral Calcite. The Cenozoic (also Caenozoic or Cainozoic) Era (ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk/ /ˌsɛn- (meaning "new life" ( Greek ( kainos) "new" In the early Paleogene period between 63 and 52 million years ago, the last volcanic rocks in England were formed. The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65 The volcanic Lundy Island in the Bristol Channel dates from this period. Lundy is the largest island in the Bristol Channel, lying off the coast of Devon, England, approximately one third of the distance across the The Bristol Channel ( Môr Hafren) is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from Devon and Somerset
The Alpine Orogeny that took place about 50 million years ago was responsible for the shaping of the London Basin syncline and the Weald anticline to the south. The Alpine orogeny (sometimes also called Alpide orogeny) is an orogenic phase in the Tertiary that formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt The London Basin is an elongated roughly triangular Syncline approximately long which underlies London and a large area of south east England and south eastern In Structural geology, a syncline is a downward-curving fold, with layers that dip toward the center of the structure The Weald (wɪəld is the name given to a physiographic area in south-east England situated between the parallel Chalk Escarpments of the North In Structural geology, an anticline is a fold that is convex up and has its oldest beds at its core This orogeny also led to the development of the North Downs, South Downs and Chiltern Hills escarpments, and the near-vertical folds in south Dorset and the Isle of Wight. The North Downs are a ridge of Chalk hills in south east England that stretch for 120 miles (190 km from Farnham in Surrey to the White The South Downs is one of the four areas of Chalk Downland in southern England. The Chiltern Hills are a Chalk Escarpment in Southeast England. In Geomorphology, an escarpment is a transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves a sharp steep Elevation differential characterized Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast The Isle of Wight is an English Island and county in the English Channel between three and five miles (8 km from the south coast of the
During the period England was uplifted. Tectonic uplift is a geological process most often caused by Plate tectonics which increases elevation Some of this uplift was along old lines of weakness from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies long before. The Caledonian orogeny is a mountain building event recorded in the Mountains and Hills of northern Scotland, Ireland, England, The Variscan (or Hercynian) orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late Paleozoic Continental collision between Laurasia The uplifted areas were then eroded, and further sediments were deposited over southern England, including the London Clay, while the English Channel consisted of mud flats and river deposited sands. The London Clay is a Marine geological formation of Ypresian (Lower Eocene Epoch c Mudflats (also tidal flats, tide flats, etc are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers Sand is a naturally occurring Granular material composed of finely divided rock and Mineral particles Much of the midlands and north of England may have been covered by Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits at the start of the Paleogene, but lost them through erosion. The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65 By 35 million years ago, the landscape included beech, oak, redwood and palm trees, along with grassland. For the babyfood see Beech-Nut. Beech ( Fagus) is a genus of ten Species of Deciduous Trees in the The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin The Cupressaceae or Cypress family is a Conifer family with worldwide distribution Arecaceae or Palmae (also known by the name Palmaceae, which is taxonomically invalid or commonly palm tree) the palm family is a family of Flowering Grass is the common word that generally describes Monocotyledonous green Plants The family Gramineae ( Poaceae) are the "true grasses" and include
In the Miocene and Pliocene epochs of the Neogene period, further uplift and erosion occurred, particularly in the Pennines. The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene period and extends from about 23 The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends The Neogene is a geologic period and system starting 2303 ± 0 Plant and animal types developed into their modern forms, and by about 2 million years ago the landscape would have been broadly recognisable today.
The major changes during the Pleistocene epoch have been brought about by several recent ice ages. Ill Crag is a fell in the English Lake District. By some counts it is the fourth highest peak in England although many people including Alfred The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in North West England. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets The most severe was the Anglian glaciation, with ice up to 1,000 m (3300 ft) thick that reached as far south as London and Bristol, took place between about 500,000 to 400,000 years ago, and was responsible for the diversion of the River Thames onto its present course. The Kansan Glaciation (known in the UK as the Anglian glaciation, Elster glaciation in northern Europe and the Mindel glaciation in the London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England.
There is extensive evidence in the form of stone tools that southern England was colonised by human populations during the warm Hoxnian interglacial period that followed the Anglian Glaciation. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus It is possible that the English Channel repeatedly opened and closed during this period, causing Britain to become an island from time to time. The oldest human fossils in the Isles also date from this time, including the skull of Swanscombe Man from 250,000 years ago, and the earlier Clactonian Man. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Swanscombe Heritage Park is a National Nature Reserve and a Site of Special Scientific Interest near the village of Swanscombe in north-west Kent The Clactonian is the name given by Archaeologists to an industry of European flint tool manufacture that dates to the early part of the Interglacial period
The Wolstonian glaciation, between about 200,000 to 130,000 years ago, and thought to have peaked around 150,000 years ago, was named after the town of Wolston south of Birmingham which is thought to mark the southern limit of the ice. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um
The Wolstonian was followed by the Ipswichian interglacial, during which hippopotamus are known to have lived as far north as Leeds. The Eemian interglacial era, now known as the Eemian Stage is temporally equivalent to the Sangamon Stage in North America, the Ipswichian Stage in The hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius) from the Greek ἱπποπόταμος ( hippopotamos, ιππος hippos meaning "horse" Leeds ( is located on the River Aire in West Yorkshire, England
During the most recent Devensian glaciation, which is thought to have started around 115,000 years ago, peaked around 20,000 years ago and ended a mere 10,000 years ago, the Usk valley and Wye valley were eroded by glaciers, with the ice sheet itself reaching south to Birmingham. "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period The River Usk (Afon Wysg rises in the Carmarthen Fans Mountains or Fan Brycheiniog of mid- Wales, in the westernmost This article is about the river that flows along or close to the Anglo-Welsh border "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Birmingham ( ˈbɜːmɪŋəm Ber -ming-um It is thought that the country was eventually abandoned as the ice sheet reached its peak, being recolonised as it retreated. By 5,000 years ago it is thought that the British Isles were warmer than they are at present.
Among the features left behind by the ice the glaciated U-shaped valleys of the Lake District and erratics (blocks of rock) that have been transported from the Oslo region of Norway and deposited on the coast of Yorkshire. In Geology, a valley (also called a vale, dale, glen or strath and near or in Appalachia, a draw) is The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in North West England. A glacial erratic is a piece of rock that deviates from the size and type of rock native to the area in which it rests the name " erratic " is based on the (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Yorkshire is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in Great Britain.
Over the last twelve thousand years during the Holocene epoch the most significant new geological features have been the deposits of peat in Ireland and Scotland, as well as in coastal areas that have recently been artificially drained such as the Somerset Levels, The Fens and Romney Marsh in England. Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. The Romney Marsh is a sparsely-populated Wetland area in the counties of Kent and East Sussex in the south-east of England. The Holocene is a Geological epoch which began approximately 10000 years ago (about 8000 BC Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Somerset Levels (or Somerset Levels and Moors as they are less commonly but more correctly called is a sparsely populated Wetland area of central Somerset The Fens, also known as the Fenland, is a geographic area in eastern England, in the United Kingdom. The Romney Marsh is a sparsely-populated Wetland area in the counties of Kent and East Sussex in the south-east of England.
Since humans began clearing the forest during the new stone age, most of the land has now been deforested, speeding the natural processes of erosion. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Erosion is the carrying away or displacement of solids ( Sediment, Soil, rock and other particles usually by the agents of currents such as wind Large quantities of stone, gravel and clay are extracted each year, and by 2000 11% of England was covered by roads or buildings. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. In Architecture, Construction, Engineering and real estate development the word building may refer to one of the following Any man-made
At the present time, due to Scotland's continuing to rise as a result of the weight of Devensian ice being lifted, England is sinking. This is generally estimated at 1mm (1/25 inch) per year, with the London area sinking at double the speed partly due to the continuing compression of the recent clay deposits. A contributary factor is the draining of many stretchs of land.
In addition, rises in sea level thought to be due to global warming appear likely to make low lying areas of land increasingly susceptible to flooding, while in some areas the coastline continues to erode at a geologically rapid rate. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the
Recent flooding events leave geological evidence such as the Bristol Channel floods in 1607. On 30 January, 1607 ( New style) the Bristol Channel floods resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2000 or more people with houses and
The British Isles continue to be subject to several very minor earthquakes each month, and occasional light to moderate ones. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer During the 20th century 25 earthquakes with a magnitude of 4. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on 5 to 6. 1 on the Richter scale were felt [10], many of them originating within England itself. The Richter magnitude scale, or more correctly local magnitude M L scale assigns a single number to quantify the amount of seismic energy released Notable was the Colchester earthquake in 1884 and the 2002 Dudley earthquake. The Earthquake known as the Colchester Earthquake occurred on April 22 1884, and caused considerable damage in Colchester and the surrounding Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The 2002 Dudley earthquake was an Earthquake registering 47 on the Richter scale that struck the Midlands of England, on 22 September 2002
Tectonics of Avalonia
Avalonia was an ancient microcontinent or terrane whose history formed much of the older rocks of Western Europe. Avalonia was an ancient Microcontinent or Terrane whose history formed much of the older rocks of Western Europe, Atlantic Canada and parts of the Continental crustal fragments or microcontinents are fragments of continents thought to have been broken off from the main continental mass forming distinct islands possibly A terrane in Geology is a fragment of crustal material formed on or broken off from one Tectonic plate and accreted — " sutured " The name is derived from the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland. The Avalon Peninsula is a large Peninsula (10360 km²) that makes up the southeast portion of the island of Newfoundland. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of England was entirely contained within the Avalonian block, as shown in the map, and thus shares its geolocation chronology.
In the early Cambrian, the supercontinent Pannotia broke up and Avalonia drifted off northwards from Gondwana. The Cambrian is a geologic period and system that began about Ma (million years ago at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with In Geology, a supercontinent is a Landmass comprising more than one Continental core or Craton. Pannotia, first described by Ian W D Dalziel in 1997 is a hypothetical Supercontinent that existed from the Pan-African orogeny about 600 million years ago to the Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago This independent movement of Avalonia started from a latitude of about 60° South. The eastern end of Avalonia collided with Baltica, a continental plate occupying the latitudes from about 30°S to 55°S, as the latter slowly rotated anticlockwise towards it. Baltica redirects here For the Russian beer, see Baltika Breweries Baltica is a name applied by geologists to a late- Proterozoic, This happened at the end of the Ordovician and during the early Silurian. The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six of the Paleozoic era, and covers the time between 488 The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443
In the late Silurian and lower Devonian, the combined Baltica and Avalonia collided progressively, with Laurentia, beginning with the long extremity of Avalonia which is now attached to America. The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443 The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era spanning from to million years ago. Laurentia (also known as the North American craton) like all Craton land was created as continents moved about the surface of the Earth The result of this was the formation of Euramerica. Euramerica (also known as Laurussia or Old Red Continent) was a minor Supercontinent created in the Devonian as the result of a collision between At the completion of this stage, the site of Britain was at 30°S and Nova Scotia at about 45°S. Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's This collision is represented by the Caledonian folding or in North America as an early phase in the Acadian orogeny. The Caledonian orogeny is a mountain building event recorded in the Mountains and Hills of northern Scotland, Ireland, England, The Acadian orogeny is a middle Paleozoic deformation especially in the northern Appalachians, between New York and Newfoundland.
In the Permian, the new continent and another terrane, Armorica which included Iberia, drifted in from Gondwana, trapping Avalonia between it and the continent so adding Iberia/Armorica to Euramerica. The Permian is a geologic period and system that extends from 299 This was followed up by the arrival of Gondwana. The effects of these collisions are seen in Europe as the Variscan folding. The Variscan (or Hercynian) orogeny is a geologic mountain-building event caused by Late Paleozoic Continental collision between Laurasia In North America it shows as later phases of the Acadian orogeny. This was happening at around the Equator during the later Carboniferous, forming Pangaea in such a way that Avalonia was near its centre but partially flooded by shallow sea. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 Pangaea, Pangæa or Pangea (pænˈdʒiːə from παν pan, meaning entire, and Γαῖα Gaea, meaning Earth in
In the Jurassic, Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwana, with Avalonia as part of Laurasia. The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning Laurasia (lɔˈreɪʃiə lɔˈreɪʒə was a Supercontinent that most recently existed as a part of the split of the Pangaean supercontinent in the late Mesozoic In the Cretaceous, Laurasia broke up into North America and Eurasia with Avalonia split between them. The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Institutions
See also
- List of geology of English counties
- British Geological Survey
- Stone
- Geologic timescale
- Coal Measures
- Coal Seams of the South Yorkshire Coalfield
- Chalk Formation
- London Clay
- Gault Clay
- Old Red Sandstone
- New Red Sandstone
- Geology of Alderley Edge
- Geology of Lizard, Cornwall
- Woolwich-and-Reading Beds
- Jurassic Coast
- London Basin
References
- ^ Southampton University retrieved 21/1/07
- ^ Virtual Explorer
- ^ Woodcock, N. The Geological Society of London is a Learned society based in the United Kingdom with the aim of "investigating the mineral structure of the Earth" The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental The Geology of Great Britain is hugely varied and complex and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the islands The geography of Ireland describes an Island in Northwest Europe in the north Atlantic Ocean. The geology of Scotland is unusually varied for a country of its size with a large number of differing geological features Wales is a Peninsula in the south-west of the island of Great Britain. See also Geology of England Study of Geology by English counties: Bedfordshire Berkshire The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental Geographical list of stone used for decorative purposes in Construction and Sculpture; currently or historically produced in various countries The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other The Coal Measures is a lithostratigraphical term used mainly in the British Isles for the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System The coal seams worked in the South Yorkshire Coalfield lie mainly in the middle Coal measures. The Chalk Formations of Europe are thick deposits of Chalk, a soft porous white Limestone, deposited in a marine environment during the upper Cretaceous The London Clay is a Marine geological formation of Ypresian (Lower Eocene Epoch c The Gault Clay is a formation of stiff blue Clay deposited in a calm fairly deep water marine environment during the Lower Cretaceous Period (Upper and Middle The Old Red Sandstone is a Rock formation of considerable importance to early Paleontology. The New Red Sandstone is a chiefly British geological term for the beds of red sandstone laid throughout the Permian (280 million years ago to the beginning Alderley Edge in Cheshire is one of the classic locations for the study of Triassic Sandstones in the United Kingdom. The Geology of The Lizard, Cornwall in the United Kingdom has been the subject of much study The Lambeth Group, also known as the Reading Beds and the Woolwich Beds, is a geological formation comprising a complex of vertically and laterally varying gravels The Jurassic Coast is a World Heritage Site on the English Channel coast of southern England. The London Basin is an elongated roughly triangular Syncline approximately long which underlies London and a large area of south east England and south eastern & Strachan, R. , eds, (2000) Geological History of Britain and Ireland, Blackwell, pp 127-139
- ^ Geological Society of North East England retrieved 21/1/07
- ^ Devonian period by North East Geological Society retrieved 21/1/07
- ^ Carboniferous review by NE England Geological Society retrieved 21/1/07
- ^ Southampton University retrieved 21/1/07
- ^ Permian times by NE Geology societyretrieved 21/1/07
- ^ North east Jurassic coast by NE Geology society retrieved 21/1/07
- ^ Information on Earthquakes
External links
- UK Earthquakes
- UK Peak District Geology
- Northern Ireland Geology
- UK Geology/Fossil locations
- Southampton University Geology of the South Coast
- Geology map of Europe
